Annual Report 2001-2002 - CPCB ENVIScpcbenvis.nic.in/annual_report/AnnualReport_6_annual... · 2013-11-26 · The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing a key role in controlling

Annual Report 2001-2002

INTRODUCTION

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted as Central Board for Prevention and Control of WaterPollution (CBPCWP) on 22nd September, 1974 under the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control ofPollution) Act, 1974, and later under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1988 (No. 53 of1988) its name was amended as Central Pollution Control Board. The main functions of CPCB, as spelt out in TheWater (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,are: (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States through prevention, control andabatement of water pollution; and (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.

The Central Pollution Control Board has been playing a key role in controlling pollution by generating relevant data,providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and development of manpower, through activities for promoting awareness at different levels of theGovernment and Public at large. The Central Board has enlisted the thrust areas requiring immediate attention and assisted government to formulate National Plans and to execute them appropriately.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD

1. Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollutionand improvement of the quality of air;

2. Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of waterand air pollution;

3. Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them; 4. Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and

research relating to problems of water and air pollution, and for their prevention, control or abatement; 5. Plan and organise training of persons engaged in programmes for prevention, control or abatement of

water and air pollution; 6. Organise through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on prevention, control or

abatement of water and air pollution; 7. Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution and the

measures devised for their effective prevention, control or abatement; 8. Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents

as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts; 9. Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution and their prevention and

control; 10. Lay down, modify or annul, in consultation with the State Governments concerned, the standards for

stream or well, and lay down standards for the quality of air; and, 11. Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD AS STATE BOARD FOR THE UNION TERRITORIES

1. Advise the Governments of Union Territories with respect to the suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to pollute a stream or well or cause air pollution;

2. Lay down standards for treatment of sewage and trade effluents and for emissions from automobiles,industrial plants, and any other polluting source;

3. Evolve efficient methods for disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land; 4. Develop reliable and economically viable methods for treatment of sewage, trade effluents and air

pollution control equipment; 5. Identify any area or areas within Union Territories as air pollution control area or areas to be notified under

the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; and, 6. Assess the quality of ambient air and water, and inspect wastewater treatment installations, air pollution

control equipment, industrial plants or manufacturing processes to evaluate their performance and to takesteps for the prevention, control and abatement of air and water pollution.

DELEGATION OF POWERS BY CPCB

As per policy decision of the Government of India, the Central Pollution Control Board, delegated its powers andfunctions under The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, The Water (Prevention and Control ofPollution) Cess Act, 1977 and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 with respect to Union

Territories to respective Pollution Control Committees under the local Administration.

ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS, POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS, RULES AND NOTIFICATIONS ENFORCED

Source Legislation

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as amended in 1988

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Second Amendment Rules, 1976

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 as amended by Amendment Act, 1991

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978

Water Pollution

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amended Rules, 1989

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, as amended by Amendment Act, 1987

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Union Territories Rules, 1983

Air Pollution

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Rules, 1988

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules, 1987

The Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 1987

The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995

The National Environment Tribunal Rules, 1995

Environment

Notification on Emission Standards and Guidelines for Location of Industries, mining operation etc. for various areas

The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 Public Liability

The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991

Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 (amended in 2000)

Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001

Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989

Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response for Chemical Disasters Rules, 1995

Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro-organisms, Genetically Modified Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1993

Hazardous Microorganisms and Genetically Modified Organisms (Manufacture, Use, Import Expert and Storage) Rules, 1999.

Hazardous Waste

Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1998

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999

Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999

Guidelines for seeking Environmental Clearance

Rules/ Guidelines Notification

National Conservation Strategy and Policy

Statement on Environment and Development, 1992

Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response of chemical Accident Rules

Ecomark Criteria for 16 Product Categories

Temperature Limit for Discharge of Condenser Cooling water from Thermal Power Plant

Environmental Standards for Gas/Naphtha Based Power Plants

Use of Beneficiated coal with ash content not more than 34% in thermal power plants

Restricting Use of Top Soil for manufacture of bricks and other building materials within specified radius of 50 km from coal/lignite based Thermal Power Plants to promote use of fly ash utilization

The Coimbatore Charter on Environment and Forests, January, 2001

CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL BOARD

According to the provisions of The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Central Board consist of the following members :

i. A full-time Chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the Central Government;

ii. Such number of officials, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government to represent Government;

iii. Such number of persons, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the Central Government, from amongst the members of the State Boards, of whom not exceeding two shall be from amongst the members of the local authorities;

iv. Such number of non-officials, not exceeding three to be nominated by the Central Government, to represent the interest of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the Central Government, ought to be represented;

v. Two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the Central Government, to be nominated by the Government; and

vi. A full-time Member Secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the Central Government.

vii. The organisational structure of the Central Board is provided in Annexure-I. Staff strength as on March 31, 2002 is furnished in Annexure-II. List of Board Members during 2001-2002 is provided in Annexure-III.

MEETINGS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD

MEETINGS OF THE BOARD During the reporting period (i.e. April 1, 2001 to March 31, 2002), three meetings of the Central Board were held as under :

S.No. Meeting No. Date Place 1. 119 April 18, 2001 Delhi

2. 120 October 18, 2001 Chennai

3. 121 December 21, 2001 Delhi

MAJOR DECISIONS TAKEN BY THE BOARD

i. Approach and strategy for reduction of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) in Ambient Air;

ii. Direction to thermal power plant regarding use of beneficiated coal having 34% ash; iii. Restriction on installation of incinerator by individual health care facilities; iv. Review of water quality criteria; v. Revision of water quality monitoring network and maintenance cost thereof; vi. Approved sampling and analysis charges; vii. Annual Action Plan for 2001-2002, Annual Report 2000-2001 and Report of Working Group on

Environment for Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) were approved; viii. Laboratories were recognised under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (Annexure VI);

and, ix. Revision/amandement regarding effluent standards in case of soda ash industry and pulp &

paper industry.

COMMITTEES CONSTITUTED BY THE BOARD AND THEIR ACTIVITIES

NATIONAL TASK FORCE ON ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY

A National Task Force was constituted on November 2, 2001 for review of standards and improvement of Environment Management in Aluminium Industry. The first meeting of the Task Force was held in December 2001, followed by visits to NALCO, Angul and INDAL, Hirakud. The terms of reference of the National Task Force are as follow:

i. To assess the implementation of notified standards, and environmental management in aluminum industry in the country;

ii. To prepare the guidelines, review the standards, and decide the technologies studies to be carried out, etc. for better environmental management in the industry;

iii. To take up implementation of standards and guidelines with the industry and concerned agencies; and,

iv. To discuss and share information on environmental issues among the industries.

NATIONAL TASK FORCE ON CEMENT PLANTS

The Board constituted a National Task Force (NTF) for the implementation of environmental standards in cement plants under the chairmanship of Shri Paritosh C. Tyagi, Ex-Chairman, CPCB. NTF comprises members from Cement Manufacturer's Association, organisation related to cement technology, air pollution control equipment manufacturers, State Pollution Control Boards and other concerned organisations. The objectives of the National Task Force are as follow:

i. To assess the progress made in the implementation of Emission Standards in cement industries;

ii. To take up implementation of Environmental Standards with the industries and concerned agencies;

iii. To discuss & share information on environment management and energy conservation amongst the industries;

iv. To motivate the industries for utilization of flyash; and, v. To advise the industries to control the fugitive emissions.

COMMITTEES WHERE CPCB IS ACTIVELY PARTICIPATING

i. Expert Committee to formulate a long term policy/strategy to deal with Indian Asbestos Industrial Sector and use is constituted by the Ministry of Environment & Forests;

ii. Committee to examine applications seeking custom duty exemption for kits to be implemented for conversion of petrol/diesel driven vehicles into CNG/Propane driven vehicles in the country, was constituted by MoEF;

iii. Environmental Pollution Control Authority for National Capital Region Delhi, constituted by the Ministry of Environment & Forests;

iv. Inter-ministerial Task Force to evolve a long term policy and road map to be followed in vehicular emission standards and auto-fuel quality constituted by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas;

v. Committee of Experts on reformulated and oxygenated gasoline in Kolkata and Mumbai constituted by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas;

vi. Society for Independent Fuel Testing Laboratory constituted by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas;

vii. Working Group on Adulteration of Petroleum Products constituted by Bureau of Indian Standards; and,

viii. Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Policy constituted by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in September 2001 and Sub Groups constituted by the Expert Committee:

• Sub-group on Air Quality and Vehicular Emission norms; • Sub-group on Auto Fuel Quality; • Sub-group on Costs of Public Health Deterioration due to air/vehicular pollution; • Sub-group on Automobile Exhaust on Ambient Air Quality; • Sub-group on Inspection Maintenance Programmes, Emission Warranty, Fuel

Economy Standards and other measures; • Sub-group on Next Stage Emission Norms for 2- and 3-wheelers; and, • Sub-group on Institutional Mechanism for addressing issues of auto emissions and

fuel quality.

RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) undertakes R&D activities covering different areas related to prevention and control of pollution.

A Research Advisory Committee has been constituted for guiding and reviewing the research activities of the organization.

AIR AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

WATER QUALITY MONITORING

National Water Quality Monitoring Programme

For rational planning of water-pollution control programme, it is imperative to understand the nature and extent of pollution control required. To achieve this, a sound scientific water quality monitoring programme is essential and accordingly water quality monitoring was initiated in the country as early as in year 1976 with limited number of monitoring stations. The monitoring programme was gradually extended all over the country covering all important water bodies. The programme was extensively reviewed during year 2000-2001. During 2001, the number of monitoring stations under the National Water Quality Monitoring Programme has been increased to 784 from 507. The State-wise and water body-wise distribution of water quality monitoring stations is presented in Table 5.1. A number of groundwater stations have been included in the programme. The parameters have also been revised and micro pollutants are introduced in some of the water bodies, which are significantly polluted.

The water quality monitoring results obtained during 2001 indicated that faecal pollution, indicated by high BOD and high coliform density, continue to be the predominant source of pollution. This is mainly due to the large quantity of domestic wastewater being discharged. An attempt is made to classify the

observations under different levels of pollution with respect to most critical parameters i.e. BOD, Total & Faecal Coliform. It is observed that 59% of the total 4119 observations taken on BOD during 2001 are having BOD less than 3 mg/l, which is same as observed during the previous year. However, number of observations having BOD more than 6 mg/l has increased from 16% during the year 2000 to 18% during 2001 indicating that pollution load is on increase and water bodies are further being polluted. This can be attributed to water scarcity due to over-abstraction, low rainfall in many parts of the country and increasing pollution load. However, the number of observations having high coliform density have somewhat reduced.

State-wise number of observations falling under different BOD levels, total coliform and faecal coliform is presented in Table 5.2. The data indicate that Maharashtra has highest pollution level in terms of organic pollution which is mainly industrial in nature followed by Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Similarly, Coliform levels were found highest in Uttar Pradesh.

The total riverine length under different pollution level is presented in Fig 5.4. The State-wise reverine length under different levels of pollution is presented in Fig 5.5.

Table 5.1 Statewise and water body wise Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations

No. of Monitoring Stations under Program

Water body-wise distribution State/UT

MINARS GEMS YAP Total River Ground Water

Lakes Others

Andhra Pradesh 50 9 - 59 28 24 4 3

Assam 29 - - 29 17 10 - 2

Bihar 11 4 - 15 15 - - -

Chhatisgarh 11 - - 11 11 - - -

Goa 11 - - 11 10 - 1 -

Gujarat 32 9 - 41 34 3 4 -

Haryana 16 - 1 17 4 - 2 11

Himachal Pradesh 36 - - 36 25 8 3 -

J & K 9 - - 9 7 -- 2 -

Karnataka 31 5 - 36 34 -- 2 -

Kerala 46 9 - 55 30 15 10 -

M.P. 47 5 - 52 40 9 3 -

Maharashtra 33 5 - 38 35 - - 3

Meghalaya 13 - - 13 5 5 3 -

Manipur 12 - - 12 8 - 4 -

Orissa 54 - - 54 39 15 - -

Punjab 37 - - 37 35 - 2 -

Pondicherry 10 - - 10 1 7 2 -

Rajasthan 32 - - 32 7 18 7 -

Tamil Nadu 28 4 - 32 27 2 3 -

Tripura 13 - - 13 3 7 2 1

U.P. 77 - 14 91 60 26 2 3

West Bengal 34 - - 34 18 15 1 -

Daman and Diu 3 - - 3 2 1 - -

Dadra Nagar Haveli 2 - - 2 1 1 - -

Lakshadweep 16 - - 16 - 15 - 1

Nagaland 5 5 5 - - -

Sikkim 9 9 9 - - -

Delhi 2 - 10 12 4 - - 8

Total 50 25 514 181 57 32

The water quality trend based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform of past several years is presented in Fig 5.1 to Fig 5.3:

Fig 5.1 Water Quality Trend based on Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Fig 5.2 Water Quality Trend based on Total Coliform

Fig 5.3 Water Quality Trend based on Faecal Coliform

Table 5.2 Number of Observations Derived from the Water Quality Monitoring Data (2001)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand Total Coliform No/100ml

Faecal Coliform

No/100 ml STATE

<3 3-6 >6 <500 500-5000 >5000 <500 500-

5000 >5000

Andhra Pradesh 121 57 52 29 13 0 39 0 0

Assam 107 9 11 16 51 51 25 30 8

Bihar 146 3 0 11 74 44 52 69 7

Delhi 13 2 94 0 3 24 6 8 13

Goa 37 11 0 46 0 0 46 0 0

Gujarat 100 28 84 89 48 75 123 58 31

Himachal Pradesh 101 4 3 88 18 0 99 5 0

Haryana 54 5 13 3 3 17 7 8 6

Karnataka 366 33 14 157 204 0 226 131 0

Kerala 265 0 0 114 151 0 232 32 0

Lakshdweep 7 0 0 3 5 0 5 2 0

Maharashtra 0 264 179 364 78 0 442 0 0

Manipur 32 13 1 46 0 0 0 0 0

Meghalaya 13 2 19 22 12 0 21 10 0

Madhya Pradesh 344 73 34 300 91 10 92 6 2

Orissa 173 137 8 104 130 84 146 112 60

Punjab 34 22 22 17 49 13 60 16 1

Pondicherry 12 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

Rajasthan 59 8 6 41 26 1 63 0 0

Sikkim 17 0 1 0 11 7 0 14 4

Tamil Nadu 164 46 41 164 78 9 212 27 5

Tripura 40 0 0 5 17 0 19 3 0

Uttar Pradesh 176 119 155 21 158 236 56 144 129

West Bengal 104 47 13 8 4 98 11 2 96

TOTAL 2485 884 750 1649 1224 669 1983 677 362

TOTAL NO. OF RECORDS RECEIVED 4119

Status of Wastewater Generation & Treatment

It is estimated that 22900 MLD of domestic wastewater is generated from urban centres against 13000 MLD industrial wastewater (Fig 5.6). The treatment capacity available for domestic wastewater is only for 6000 MLD, against 8000 MLD of industrial wastewater. Thus, there is a big gap in treatment of domestic wastewater. Govt. of India is assisting the local bodies to establish sewage treatment plants under the Ganga Action Plan and subsequently under the National River Action Plan. Since the task is massive, it may take long time to tackle the treatment of entire wastewater. It is estimated that the total cost for establishing treatment system for the entire domestic wastewater would be around Rs. 7560 crores. Operation & maintenance cost would be in addition to this cost. Similarly, there is a gap in

treatment of about 5000 MLD of industrial wastewater, mainly generated from small-scale industries. Establishing effluent treatment systems in small scale industries is a problem, since a large number of them are located in residential areas, where space is a constraint. Moreover, the small-scale industries are not having adequate resources to establish treatment systems. Such industries need to establish common effluent treatment plants (CETPs). A number of such facilities have been established across the country. It is expected that establishment of CETPs would reduce the pollution load in the aquatic resources of the country to a large extent.

Status of Sewage Treatment in the Ganga Basin

The Ganga basin spreads over an area of 8,61,404 Km 2 covering the States of Uttaranchal, Uttar Pardesh, Haryana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand & West Bengal. There are 223 cities/towns (Municipalities/ Corporations) generating significant amount of sewage in the Ganga basin. These cities/towns generate about 8250 MLD (million litre per day) of wastewater, out of which about

2460 MLD is directly discharged into the Ganga river, about 4570 MLD is discharged into its tributaries or sub- tributaries and about 1220 MLD is disposed on land or on low- lying areas ( Fig 5.7 and Table

5.3).

Table 5.3 Summary of Sewage Generation, Treatment and Disposal in the Ganga Basin

Sewage Generation

1. Total number of towns generating significant amount of sewage ( Class I cities and class II towns )

222

2. Sewage generating from these towns 8250 MLD

3. Sewage directly disposed into the Ganga River 2460 MLD

4. Sewage disposed into tributaries of the Ganga River 4570 MLD

5. Sewage disposed on land or low lying areas 1220 MLD

Sewage Treatment

1. Sewage Treatment capacity created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-I 882 MLD

2. Sewage Treatment capacity created along the Yamuna 2647 MLD

3. Additional towns where sewage treatment capacity is being created under GAP Phase-II

48 (600 MLD)

4. Number of towns where sewage treatment capacity is being created on tributaries of the Ganga

23 (750 MLD)

Out of 8250 MLD wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, the treatment facilities available for 3500 MLD of wastewater. Out of 3500 MLD treatment capacity, 882 MLD is created under the Ganga Action

Plan, 720 MLD is created under the Yamuna Action Plan by NRCD/MoEF and about 1927 MLD treatment capacity is created or under augmentation by the Govt. of Delhi for restoration of water quality in Yamuna river. The treatment facilities at 48 additional towns along the Ganga river and 23 towns on

its tributaries/sub- tributaries are being created under GAP Phase-II and National River Action Plan. It is expected that after completion of these plans, an additional capacity of about 1500 MLD will be created.

However, still there will be a large gap between the wastewater generation and treatment capacity.

Sewage Treatment Plants along the Ganga

The status of operation and maintenance of the STPs along the Ganga was inspected by CPCB during the year 2001. The findings of the inspection are summarised below :

1. Out of 35 STPs planned under GAP Phase I (3 STPs in Uttaranchal, 10 STPs in U.P., 7 STPs in Bihar, and 15 STPs in West Bengal), 32 have been commissioned and 29 were found functioning. Adequate fund allocation for Operation & Maintenance of STPs is not provided particularly in Bihar and U.P.

2. A number of sewage treatment plants are under-loaded e.g. Jajmau Kanpur, DLW Varanasi, Naini Allahabad and some are over-loaded e.g. Dinapur and Bhagwanpur at Varanasi.

3. Many treatment plants needs upgradation e.g. all the STPs of Bihar, Swargashram at Rishikesh, Kankhal Haridwar, Jajmau Bhatpara, Titagarh, Panihati.

4. O ut of 1345 MLD of sewage joining the Ganga river as estimated during 1985, the STPs were planned for only 875 MLD. Since then, the volume of sewage has significantly increased.

5. I n Bihar, the treatment plants at Karmali Chak (Patna), and Munger are yet to be constructed. Similarly STP at Chapra and Bhagalpur are under-designed as their capacity is 2 MLD & 11 MLD against 8.74 MLD and 28 MLD respectively. The Chapra STP is not receiving the sewage as it is located far away (5 km) and there is siltation in the drain, which is supposed to carry the sewage through gravity flow.

6. None of the STPs has obtained consent from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards, although it is obligatory under The Water Act, 1974.

7. Inadequacy of trained personal for Operation & Maintenance work is a major shortcoming. 8. Non- availability of uninterrupted power is another problem in most of the places. Since the

STPs are biological in nature, their continuous operation is required in order to maintain the biological growth at activated level.

Status of Sewage Treatment at Delhi

Delhi generates about 3600 MLD of wastewater. Out of which operational treatment facility is available for 1680 MLD. Plant-wise sewage treatment capacity is presented in Table 5.4. It is observed that there

is continuous efforts by the Delhi Govt to augment the treatment capacity. However, the exponential population growth is nullifying the results. Fig 5.8 presents the decadal growth of sewage generation and its treatment. As evident from the figure, the gap between generation and treatment is widening

inspite of the efforts of the authorities and monitoring by the Hon'ble Supreme Court.

Table 5.4 Status of Sewage Treatment Plant in Delhi (Total capacity Vs Actual Flow

Sewage Treatment Plant Total Capacity (Million litres per day )

Actual Flow (Million litres per day )

Mehrauli 22.7 Nil

Vasant Kunj 22.7 18.16

Okhla 635.0 594.74

Najafgarh 22.7 Nil

Papan Kalan 90.8 40.9

Keshopur 272.4 363.2

Nilothi 181.6 Under Construction

Coronation Pillar 181.6 127.12

Rohini 68.1 Under Construction

Narela 45.4 2.27

Rithala 363.2 249.7

Yamuna Vihar 45.4 36.32

Kondli 204.3 99.88

Sen Nursing Home 10.0 11.95

Delhi Gate Rajghat 10.0 11.90

Timarpur Oxidation Pond 27.24 4.54

Monitoring of Yamuna River for Assessment of Water Quality

River Yamuna, a tributary of River Ganga flow in a stretch of 1376 km from Yamunotri to Allahabad. The river is influenced by three major urban centers i.e. Delhi, Mathura-Vrindavan and Agra during its course. Among these three urban centers, Delhi stands first based on the pollution contribution into the river Yamuna. The water quality of river Yamuna from origin upto Delhi u/s Wazirabad remains fairly good most of the time, while the river stretch from downstream Wazirabad Delhi to upstream Chambal confluence to the river carries deteriorated water quality mainly because of contribution and impact of

urban centers located on its bank. Out of 341 km stretch, 22 km of Delhi segment is the most polluted. The main reason of pollution in this segment is the wastewater discharge from domestic and industrial sources.

The Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring Yamuna river on monthly basis in Delhi segment at three locations i.e. Palla, Nizamuddin barrage and Okhla barrage. In addition, monitoring of 22 drains, which are the major source of pollution in the river are also being undertaken regularly. The water quality of drains and river Yamuna in Delhi stretch is depicted in Table 5.5 and 5.6. The total calculated discharge of these 22 drains is approx. 46.30 m3 /sec, which contributes 311.05 Tonnes of BOD load per day. From the total discharge of these drains Yamuna receives more than 90% wastewater discharge and rest wastewaters contributed by two drains joining canals. Similarly out of 311.05 Tonnes of BOD load, Yamuna receives 283.98 tonnes of BOD load per day and rest received by canals.

Table 5.5 Pollution Load of Drains Meeting River Yamuna in Delhi (January – December 2001)

S. No. Drains Flow

m3 /sec

%

Contribution

BOD Load

Tonnes/day

%

Contribution

1. Najafgarh Drain 23.85 51.51 78.13 25.12

2. Magazine Road 0.09 0.19 1.64 0.52

3. Sweepers Colony 1.21 2.61 1.04 0.33

4. Khyber Pass 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.02

5. Metcalf Drain 0.08 0.17 0.38 0.12

6. Mori Gate Drain 0.48 1.04 4.66 1.50

7. Tonga Stand 0.07 0.15 1.20 0.39

8. Civil Mill Drain 0.70 1.51 14.15 4.55

9. Power House 0.47 1.02 7.86 2.53

10. Moat Drain 0.03 0.06 0.19 0.06

11. Sen Nursing Home 1.86 4.02 34.28 11.02

12. Drain No. 12 A 0.23 0.50 0.69 0.22

13. Drain No. 14 1.59 3.43 15.27 4.91

14. Barapulla Drain 1.38 2.98 9.22 2.96

15. Maharani Bagh 1.09 2.35 32.78 10.54

16. Kalkaji Drain 0.09 0.19 0.36 0.12

17. Tuglakabad 0.14 0.30 1.23 0.39

18. Shahdara Drain 6.70 14.47 48.44 15.57

19. Sarita Vihar Drain 1.10 2.38 25.42 8.17

20. Drain Near LPG Plant 0.48 1.04 2.74 0.88

21. Drain Near Bridge Sarita Vihar

4.49 9.70 29.66 9.53

22. Tehkhand Drain 0.11 0.24 1.65 0.53

Total 46.30 100 311.05 100

The Delhi segment of river Yamuna has oligotrophic head with saprobic tail end, and characterized by high bacterial load (except at Palla) having high BOD with strong disagreeable odour. The anaerobic condition in river is frequently reflected by masses of gaseous sludge rising from the bottom and floating at the surface of water.

Table 5.6 Water Quality of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch (22 kms) (January – December 2001)

Monitored Location S. No. Parameters

Palla Nizamuddin Bridge

D/s Okhla Barrage

Min 7.18 6.94 6.91

Max 8.42 7.55 7.43

1. pH

Av 7.76 7.22 7.22

Min 5.9 Nil Nil

Max 9.8 3.7 2.0

2. Dissolved Oxygen mg/l

Av 8.5 0.80 0.40

Min 1.0 6.0 6.0

Max 3.0 54.0 77.0

3. Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l

Av 1.5 22.7 41.3

Min 600 80,000 88,000

Max 69,000 7,00,00,000 7,00,00,000

4. Total Coliforms Nos./100 ml

Av 22,662 88,89,166 1,02,53,166

Min 34 500 2,000

Max 5,000 1,41,00,000 57,00,000

5. Faecal Coliforms Nos./100 ml

Av 882 26,23,075 21,37,216

Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; Av = Average

Performance Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants (STP's) under Yamuna Action Plan (YAP)

The National River Conservation Directorate, Ministry of Environment & Forests has assigned project to Central Pollution Control Board for Performance Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants under Yamuna Action Plan during March, 1999. The performance monitoring of five sewage treatment plants (four in Haryana and one in Delhi) is undertaken since May, 1999 on monthly basis (Table 5.7). 24 Hrs composite at 2 hourly interval samples of STP influent and effluent are being collected from influent and effluent channels and being analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, Temperature, Suspended Solids, Volatile Suspended Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, COD, NO 3 ,-N, NH 3 ,-N, Phosphate, Total coliform, Faecal Coliform etc. In addition, the generated sewage sludge from STP is also being collected and analyzed for pH, Heavy metals (seven trace metals) and pesticides.

Table 5.7: Sewage Treatment Plants (STP's) under Yamuna Action Plan Monitored under NRCD Project

S. No. State Monitored STP Treatment Capacity

Type of Treatment

1. Delhi Sen Nursing Home 10 MLD Aerobic

STP Gurgaon 30 MLD UASB

STP Zone-I Faridabad 20 MLD UASB

STP Zone-II Faridabad 45 MLD UASB

2. Haryana

STP Zone-III Faridabad 50 MLD UASB

Performance Monitoring of Oxidation Pond Based Sewage Treatment Plants in Uttar Pradesh under Yamuna Action Plan

The monitoring of Oxidation Ponds in Uttar Pradesh as identified by National River Conservation Directorate, Ministry of Environment & Forests being undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board Laboratories in addition to STP's already being monitored. Following seven Oxidation ponds, as identified by National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) are being monitored on monthly basis since January, 2002:

Table 5.8: Oxidation Pond based Sewage Treatment Plants in Uttar Pradesh Monitored by CPCB

S. No STP Location Capacity (MLD)

1. Main Town, Vrindavan 4

2. Kaliadah, Vrindavan 0.5

3. Trans Yamuna, Mathura 14

4. Masani, Mathura 14

5. Trans Yamuna, Agra 10

6. Buria Ka Nagla, Agra 2.5

7. Main Town, Etawah 10

Grab samples are collected on monthly basis from inlet and outlet of each Oxidation Pond and analyzed for flow (analyzed in field, temperature (Analyzed in field), pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand and Dissolved Oxygen (Analyzed in the field) apart from bacteriological parameters viz. Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms.

Performance Monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants (STP's) at Delhi

The project for surveillance of raw sewage & treated effluent quality from sewage treatment plants installed in NCT-Delhi has been undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board for performance monitoring. The performance monitoring of Sewage Treatment Plants has been undertaken between September, 2000 to September 2001 on monthly basis under Delhi Jal Board sponsored project. Grab samples have been collected from the raw sewage and treated sewage wastewater of various units of sewage treatment plants and analyzed for seven physico-chemical parameters i.e. flow, temperature, BOD, COD, suspended solids, pH, oil & grease. In addition, heavy metals and pesticides have also been analyzed in raw sewage, treated sewage & in sludge on regular basis.

Table 5.9 STP's Monitored Under Delhi Jal Board Sponsored Project with Treatment Capacity

S. No. ame of STP Wastewater Treatment Capacity

1. Yamuna Vihar 10 MGD

2. Coronation Pillar 40 MGD

3. Rithala 40 MGD

4. Keshopur 60 MGD

5. Sen Nursing Home 10 MLD

6. Delhi Gate 10 MLD

7. Kondli 35 MGD

8. Okhla 140 MGD

9. Vasant Kunj 5.2 MGD

BIO-MONITORING OF RIVERS/WATER BODIES

BIO-MONITORING OF RIVERS/WATER BODIES AT CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS/RIVER STRETCHES

The importance and use of biological monitoring system, as a cost-effective tool, has been realized in recent past to maintain and restore the wholesomeness of water quality in terms of ecological sustainability of various designated best-uses of water bodies. It has been observed that the desired quality levels are quite often delinked with the observed water quality of water bodies for designated best uses due to number of integrated environmental management problems as a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization. On the basis of environmental status, twenty four problem areas have been identified in the country. The recipient water bodies of these problem areas are bearing the affect due to environmental degradation.

The bio-monitoring studies in water bodies existing in problem areas have been undertaken at nineteen problem areas in the country in order to make an integrated approach towards environmental management. The main objective of the studies are:

Biological assessment of water quality of surface water bodies existing in problem areas.

- To evaluate the improvement in water quality as a result of action taken for pollution control in problem areas.

During the reporting period, the bio-monitoring studies at water bodies in vicinity of following problem areas have been accomplished:

Table 5.10 Surface water resources (fresh water) monitored in vicinity of problem areas and their water use status

S. No.

Problem area City/town Surface water resources Water use status of water

bodies

Vaniambadi Vinnamangalam lake Wild life, cattle wading, domestic waste discharge from villages, treated industrial effluents from tanneries

Yelagiri Hills Yelagiri Lake Tourism, drinking water source for villagers

Gudiatham Solaiyur Lake Wild life, drinking water source

Ranipet Pullianthengal lake Irrigation in paddy cultivated lands, domestic, industrial waste discharge

Ranipet, Pulliankannu village near Panchayat Union Primary School

Karai Lake Irrigation in cultivated lands, domestic and industrial waste discharge from SIPCOT Industrial complex

1. Ambedkar Nagar (Tamilnadu)

Monitored from February 28 – 3 March, 2001

Kaveripakkam, River Palar u/s Dry river throughout the

Anicut

7 km from Walajat town

stretch of Vaniambadi, Girisamudram, Patchakuppam, Madharur village

Rengali River Brahmani d/s Dam Hydro-electric power generation, irrigation, cooling water intake

Samal D/s barrage Irrigation

Kamalanga D/s Talcher NALCO Captive power plant

NALCO Ash pond Treatment of coal ash slurry

Nandira Jhor u/s Drinking water source

2. Angul, Talcher (Orissa)

Monitored in October 2000

Talcher

Nandira Jhor d/s Washing, bathing, over flow discharge from NALCO Ash pond

3. Vagra vilayat water supply at Nand Head works Bharuch

River Narmada Drinking water supply to GIDC, transported to Dahej treatment plant, irrigation, Intake for cooling water NTPC unit

Ankleshwar (Gujarat)

Monitored in November 2000

Ankleshwar at Golden bridge

Estuary of river Narmada Religious offerings, bathing, submergence of ashes, fishing

Furja at Bharuch Estuary of River Narmada Domestic waste water discharge of Bharuch through drain near Dutta temple and surface run offs, washing, fishing

Juna Dhanturia village

Estuary of River Narmada Irrigation to cultivated lands, fishing industrial waste water discharge from Ankleshwar industrial area through Amlakhadi drain

4. Lakkavalli River Bhadra at Bhadravathi barrage

Drinking water source, irrigation, fishing

Bhadravathi (Karnataka)

Monitored in March 2001

River Bhadra at d/s Bhadravathi barrage

Hydro-electric power

generation, cooling water discharge, irrigation, drinking water source (direct)

Bhadravathi town, near bus stand

Bhadra river Domestic and industrial waste discharge from Bhadravathi town

Shimoga, Mehboob Nagar

River Tunga u/s Open defaecation, domestic waste discharge in d/s stretches

Gondhichatnahalli River Tunga d/s Irrigation, fishing

Kudli River Tunga and Bhadra after confluence

Industrial waste water discharge from MPM & VSIL from Bhadravathi irrigation, fishing, religious offerings

Honali River Tungbhadra Drinking water source (direct after filtration), washing bathing etc.

Harihar River Tungbhadra u/s Harihar Religious offerings, washing bathing, cremation, fishing etc.

D/s Harihar Industrial discharges from M/s Harihar Polyfibres and Grasim industries, irrigation, fishing

5. Dhanbad (Jharkhand)

Talmacchu Bridge River Damodar b/c Ganga river Bokaro Thermal Power Station township and industrial discharge, waste water from coal washery and collieries


River Damodar a/c Garga river Domestic waste water discharge through Garga river, coal ash slurry discharge

Jitpur, Jamadoba water works

River Damodar b/c Karizore Nalla Drinking water source at

Jamadoba, industrial coal washery and collieries. Religious offerings, bathing

Dungri village River Damodar a/c Karizore Nalla Domestic and coal mine discharges from Washeries and collieries, mass bathing, religious ceremonies & offerings

Panchet River Damodar at Panchet Dam Drinking water supply, irrigation fishing, wild life, tourism, bathing, Hydro-electric power generation, religious offerings

Maithan River Damodar at Maithan Dam Drinking water supply, irrigation, fishing, wildlife, religious offerings, bathing, hydro-electric power generation

Anopur Topchanchi lake Drinking water source, wildlife, religious offerings

6. Durgapur (West Bengal)

Kulti in Asansol River Barakar Drinking water source, irrigation, coal mining process


Purulia village, Dishergarh Ghat in Bardhman district

River Damodar a/c of River Barakar

Drinking water source, fishing, bathing etc.

Majhar Mana village in Shyampur

River Damodar b/c Tamla nalla Drinking water source, irrigation

Narayan Puri village River Damodar Industrial and domestic waste water discharge from coal mines and Thermal power plants etc.

Dhena village River Damodar a/c of Damra and Dihika drain

Drinking water supply intake, discharge from coal Washeries, industrial and domestic waste

discharge from IISCO Burnpur

7. Howrah (West Bengal)


Diamond Harbour, Kolkata Port Trust

Estuary of River Hooghli b/c Bay of Bengal

Fishing, tourism, religious, offerings, industrial and domestic waste discharges of Howrah, mass bathing on religious occasions

Nazirgunge, Khaya Ghat

River Hooghli u/s Botanical garden, transportation, dockyard, Thermal Power Plant's cooling water intake, fishing, religious offerings

Palta Water Works Barrackpore

River Hooghli u/s Drinking water supply

Baranagar CMDA Kamarhati Water Works

River Hooghli u/s Drinking water supply, raw water pumping station

8. Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Kurigaon River Jojri Domestic waste water discharge after treatment, irrigation

Monitored in November 2000

Salavas River Jojri Textile and pickling industrial waste, water discharge after treatment, irrigation

Kaylana Kaylana lake (termination of Indira Gandhi Canal)

Drinking water source, irrigation, tourism

9. Kochi (Kerala)

Monitored during February 22 – March 2, 2002

Ambalamedu (Udyogmandal Division)

Eloor-Alwaye Belt

Ambalamedu Lake, Water source from River Periyar at Bhoothathan Kettu Barrage

Industrial use for M/s FACT, Cochin Division, M/s Cochin Refinery, M/s HOC Ltd., bird Sanctuary, Drinking water source for township

Bhoothathan-Kettu River Periyar on Periyar Barrage Irrigation, Tourism

Idukki town River Periyar d/s of Cheruthoni Check Dam

Washing clothes, automobiles, bathing tourism

3 km u/s from Idukki town near school

Cheruthoni Dam and Idukki Arch Dam on River Periyar

Hydro-electric power

generation, irrigation water supply, wildlife sanctuary

Kanjar at 5 km from Moolamattom

River Thodupuza d/s of Malankara Reservoir at Moolamattom

Receiving tail race water of Idukki Hydel Project, Irrigation, bathing washing, tourism

Kalady near International air port

River Periyar Water supply, irrigation washing etc.

Alwaye Mangalapuzha Branch of River Periyar

Sewage disposal point, bathing, washing, fishing, transport, irrigation, tourism

FACT (Udyogmandal Division) Kalamassery

Idamula Branch from Marthandavarma Branch of River Periyar

Fresh water intake point for water treatment intake well of M/s FACT, Udyogmandal Division

10. Korba, (Chhattisgarh)

Kathghora River Hasdeo at Bango Dam u/s Drinking water source (direct), irrigation

Monitored in April 2001

River Hasdeo at d/s Bango Dam Bango Hydro-electric power generation cooling water discharge, irrigation, drinking water source

Ghamota village Lotlota Ashdyke Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) Korba

River Hasdeo u/s Drinking water source, irrigation, fishing

Korba Lotlota Ash dyke seepage drain Ash dyke seepage discharge, bathing etc. washing treatment of coal ash (CSEB)

River Hasdeo d/s seepage discharge

Ash dyke seepage discharge, cattle wading, washing, fishing etc..

NTPC Korba NTPC ash pond seepage drain near right bank canal NTPC

Treatment of coal ash slurry of NTPC

Purani Basti Rani Road Korba

River Hasdeo a/c river Ahiran, d/s Korba

Overflow from Ash ponds discharge, surface runoff from mine over burden, Dengur Nullah, Belgiri and Jharia Nullah from coal mines discharges

Champa River Hasdeo d/s Korba Coal Washeries, collieries, coal ash, industrial and domestic discharge of Korba and Champa

Manjhia village in Kera

River Mahanadi b/c river Hasdeo Irrigation, drinking water source

Saliaghat in Bhatgaon

River Mahanadi a/c River Hasdeo Irrigation, fishing, bathing, cattle wading, drinking water source, religious offerings, discharges through river Hasdeo from u/s at Kera

11. Kala-Amb

(Himachal Pradesh)

Kharjuna village near Shambhuwala, 6 km u/s of Kala-Amb (H.P.)

River Markanda u/s Tourism, domestic waste water discharge of Nahan town, agriculture

Monitored in

June 2001

Kala-Amb, adjacent to Vashist chemicals at Haryana border

River Markanda opposite to Suketi Fossil Park

Tourism, industrial activities of Turpentine, lime kiln, cement, steel melting and rolling, agriculture, u/s of Ruchira Paper Mill

Kala-Amb d/s Ruchira Paper Mills

River Markanda d/s of Jattanwala Nullah

Industrial wastewater discharge of paper industries, agriculture

Assan in Paonta Sahib (H.P.)

Upstream of river Yamuna near Assan reservoir

Hydel project, irrigation canals, waste water discharge from domestic and industrial area

of Gondpur and Ranbaxy

Sataun River Giri Lime Stone mining activities of Sirmour, agriculture area, Lime stone stock yard of Hiyona mines, Batamandi, Paonta Sahib, Manal lime stone mines, CCI of Rajban distt. Sirmour, H.P.

12. Manali (Tamilnadu) Walazah Road bridge Chepauk, Chennai

Buckingham Canal Waste water discharge


Laws bridge, Ayyamudali street, Chindadhirpet Chennai

River Cooum Waste water discharge

Nandambakkam IDPL Township

River Adyar Waste water discharge

U/s of Nesapakkam STP, Thangavel Nagar

River Adyar Waste water discharge from sewage treatment plant

U/s Koturpuram sewage pumping station

River Adyar Waste water discharge from sewage treatment plant

D/s Koturpuram River Adyar b/c to Bay of Bengal Tourism

Red Hills, Chennai Red hills lake Drinking water supply of Krishna water project, tourism

13. Nagda-Ratlam

(Madhya Pradesh)

Nagda, near Intake point

River Chambal u/s Nagda city at weir

Drinking water supply, industrial use for Grasim industries

Between Gidgarh and Ninawad village

River Chambal a/c of major drain at Juna Nagda

Industrial and domestic waste discharge of Nagda city

Banwara River Chambal No direct use

Jadwasa Khurd River Kurel B/c of Dosigaon drain Irrigation, Dry river

Monitored in October 2000

Bangroad D/s of Ratlam city Irrigation, Dry river

14. Najafgarh Drain Basin

(Delhi)

Palla River Yamuna Drinking water source for Delhi water supply, irrigation, sand dredging, Ranny wells,

tube wells etc.

Monitored during June to December 2001

Wazirabad water works

River Yamuna Drinking water source for Delhi water supply

Wazirabad River Yamuna Drinking water supply, religious offering, bathing

Majnu Ka Tila, Delhi River Yamuna d/s Wazirabad barrage

Domestic and industrial waste water discharge of Haryana and Delhi through drain No. 6 and Najafgarh drain

Sonia Vihar U/s Wazirabad barrage Sand dredging, cultivation, Renny well, tube well

ITO Bridge, Gautam Puri

River Yamuna Melon farming, cooling water intake and discharge of Rajghat Thermal Power Plant, domestic waste water discharge

ITO Barrage near Kishan Kunj

River Yamuna Cultivation

Mundella Kalan Mundella Khurd Irrigation, domestic waste discharge

Bhalswa Bhalswa lake Tourism

15. Pali (Rajasthan) Pali River Bandi at Bajrang Bari Textile waste from dyeing units along with domestic waste water discharge

Monitored in November, 2000

River Bandi at Main Mandia road Treated effluent from CETP I, II, III phase are discharged in river Bandi

Manpura Bhakri 3 km from Pali

Hemavas dam Drinking water source

16. Parwanoo (Himachal Pradesh)

Kamli village River Kaushalya at u/s Kamli water works scheme

Drinking water source, agriculture, bathing, washing

Monitored in June 2001

Kamli village near Himachal Oxygen factory

River Kaushalya at d/s Kamli water works scheme

Domestic discharge from Kamli village

Ambota village, Near Shivloti Temple, Bhagwala

Sukhna Nallah at u/s of water supply scheme of Sector 5

Bathing, religious activities of Shivloti temple, various

plantation schemes of Nahan, drinking water source of Parwanoo

Parwanoo Sukhna Nalla at Samtel India Ltd., Plot No. 6

Industrial and domestic waste discharges of Sector-2 industrial area

Sukhna Nallah at d/s water supply scheme, Kalka near Parwanoo Barrier

Discharges from Parwanoo sector 2, 5 & 8 industrial area, small scale electroplating industries and pharmaceutical industries, Eicher Ltd., HPMC Fruit Processing units etc.

17. Patancheru Bollaram (Andhra Pradesh)

Monitored in February 2001

Sangareddy, Hyderabad

River Manjira at Manjira barrage Major wetland site for wildlife, drinking water source, raw water intake, Hyderabad Metro Water Sewerage Board, Satya Sai water supply project at Shivampet village

Shivampet, Hyderabad

River Manjira u/s Industrial waste water discharge from Charminar Breweries and Ganpathi sugars

Gondicherla River Manjira 2 km d/s of confluence to Nakkavagu

Irrigation, drinking water (direct) source, industrial waste water discharge through Nakkavagu

Gandiguda village at Patancheru Mandal

Gandigudem Cheruvu Industrial waste water discharge, idol submersion

Kistareddypet village, Ramchandrapuram mandal

Kistareddypet Tank Bollaram IDA industrial discharge, domestic waste water discharge

Gandipet at Hyderabad

U/s of River Musi at Osman Sagar Drinking water source, tourism

Pratapsingaram village

D/s of River Musi Domestic waste water discharge, irrigation in

adjacent cultivated land

Hyderabad, near Necklace Road

Hussain Sagar on west side of lake

Tourism

Hyderabad, behind the Youth hostel boat club

Hussain sagar, north side of lake Domestic waste water discharge, boating etc.

18. Singrauli (Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh)

Zorha, 5 km from NTPC Rihand

River Azir b/c Rihand Reservoir Irrigation, cattle wading, bathing etc.

Monitored during April, June, and September 2000

Rakasganda at Balangi (M.P.)

River Rihand u/s Bathing

Bijpur-Waidhan road River Rihand b/c to Rihand reservoir

Irrigation

Pipri-Sonbhadra River Rihand d/s Rihand Dam Hydroelectric power generation, burning ghat at Swargpuri

Pipri-Renukut River Rihand d/s Rihand Dam -

Bijpur-Sidhi River Kanchan Irrigation

River Mayar Irrigation

Chopan-Sonbhadra RiverSone u/s Industrial waste discharge

Chopan-Sonbhadra RiverSone a/c River Rihand Cooling water discharge from Obra Thermal power plant, intake water

Varanasi River Ganga a/c river Son

Fishing, dead bodies disposal, bathing, washing etc. domestic sewage pumping (intermittent)

Varanasi-Shakti Nagar Road, Singrauli

Siltation tank a/c Bina colliery drain

Bina coal mine processing, discharge

Sonbhadra Balia nullah at Jayant road Jayant coal mine processing discharge

Tilgawan Rihand reservoir Domestic waste water alongwith Balia nalla carrying coal mine waste water

Kohraul Rihand reservoir -

Pipri Sonwani Rihand reservoir -

Sasan village Rihand reservoir a/c river Mayar Irrigation

Gaubha Tola Balsota

Rihand reservoir Irrigation

Sidhi (M.P.) Rihand reservoir NTPC-Rihand Cooling water discharge of NTPC Rihand

Rihand Nagar Rihand reservoir at Boat point Cooling water intake for NTPC Rihand

Cooling water intake at screening pit of NTPC Rihand TPP

Cooling water intake of NTPC Rihand Thermal Power Plant

Shakti Nagar Rihand reservoir Cooling water intake of Singrauli Super Thermal Power Plant

Shahpur Rihand reservoir Cooling water discharge from Vindhyachal and Singrauli Super Thermal Power Plant

Shahpur Rihand reservoir Ash dyke of SSTPP, coal ash slurry discharge

Renukut Shiv Mandir near Renu Sagar & Anpara

Rihand reservoir at Ash dyke Coal ash slurry discharge from Renu Sagar and Anpara Thermal Power Plant, Fishing

Renu Sagar Thermal Power Plant

Rihand reservoir Raw water intake at Make up pump house of Renu Sagar Thermal Power Plant

Dongia village Renukut near Rly colony

Rihand reservoir Drinking water source from underground stream. Industrial waste water discharge

Dongia Nullah Industrial waste water from Kanodia Chemicals, drinking water source, fishing, bathing

19. Vapi (Gujarat) Madhuban at Silvassa

River Damanganga d/s Madhuban dam

Drinking water source, irrigation

Monitored during Oct. and Nov. 2000

Silvassa (Dadra Nagar Haveli)

River Damanganga at Ras Resort Burning Ghat

Piparia in Silvassa River Damanganga Washing, cattle wadding, irrigation, drinking water source at d/s reaches at Weir

GIDC, Vapi River Damanganga d/s GIDC, Common

effluent treatment plant's treated water discharge, municipal solid waste dumping

National Highway No. 8, Vapi

River Kolak u/s Vapi Dredging sand

Vattar village River Kolak d/s of Billkhadi Drain Dredging sand, industrial domestic waste discharge of Vapi through Billkhadi drain.

u/s = upstream; d/s = downstream; a/c = after confluence; b/c = before confluence

Water Quality Assessment through Bio-Monitoring of Major Wetlands in Wildlife Habitats of India

The wetlands are the richest and most biologically diverse ecosystem. Many wetlands in India support spectacular diversity of wildlife. Some are centres of rare, threatened and endangered species. Many of them are home of rich variety of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. There is also a phenomenal diversity of insects associated with wetlands. In recent years, wetlands have been the focus of innumerable studies. This is also the only ecosystem type to have its own international convention, namely, the convention on wetlands of International importance especially as waterfowl habitats better known as the Ramsar convention to which India is a signatory.

The high biological productivity and bio-diversity values of wetlands, and the sustenance that these habitats provide to communities, have long been realized. However, the contribution of wetlands in maintaining the food chain in open waters, and in providing a variety of services such as; water quality improvement, flood control, and ground water recharge, among others been emphasized in the context of conservation. With the increase in human population, pressure on land for agriculture and urban and industrial expansion, wetland habitats in India have been destroyed by over exploitation activities. In many cases, such human excesses have greatly reduced bio-diversity, thus upsetting the ecological balance and decreased the values of wetlands. The need and importance of wetlands in water quality management has been greatly realized for improving water quality and wetlands species as bio-indicators. The project studies are undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board with following major objectives

1. Bio-monitoring of wetlands in wildlife ecosystem will help in prediction and detection of ecological effects to protect rare and endangered biotic species in cost-effective manner.

2. Generate base line data on bio-monitoring of water bodies being used for propagation of wildlife habitats in India.

3. Training / interaction to local authorities, NGO's other institutions such as forest Department State Pollution Control Boards and other concerned organizations.

Water Quality Status of Lakes and Reservoirs in Delhi

Lakes and reservoirs are considered as the most productive and biologically rich inland surface water ecosystem. The growing urbanization, scarcity of potable water and ever increasing anthropogenic influences have been constantly exerting pressure on surface water bodies. The study on water quality status of lakes and reservoir in Delhi have been undertaken with following objectives:

1. Evaluation of water quality of the selected lentic water bodies in National Capital Territory - Delhi for various physico-chemical parameters including trace metals and pesticides.

2. application of bio-monitoring using Benthic macro-invertebrates as indicators of water quality and evaluation of water quality in cost effective manner.

3. To assess the aesthetic water quality of lakes and reservoirs in Delhi through bacteriological counts.

4. Bio-accumulation of studies on fishes of few lentic water bodies, which are used for human consumption.

5. To study the impact of urbanization occurred over the years on these water bodies and to identify the critical factors responsible for their degradation.

Delhi has about 38 lakes or depression and many of these are at the verge of extinction due to rapid urbanization of the city. Delhi Tourism has identified as may as 15 ancient lakes within the city limit for reclamation and restoration of water quality. The selected lakes/reservoirs for the present study and their existing uses are presented in Table 5.11:

Table 5.11 Lakes/Reservoirs in Delhi and their existing uses

S. No.

Lakes/Reservoir Location Existing Uses

1. Bhalswa Lake Bhalswa Tourism

2. Naini Lake Model Town Tourism, wildlife, fishing

3. Jehangirpuri Marsh Jehangirpuri near J.J. Colony

Dumping of waste, construction material, sewage from adjoining areas etc.

4. Mundella Khurd Mundella Kalan Cattle wading, wastewater discharge from village, cultivation etc.

5. Mayapuri Lake Mayapuri Dumping of solid waste, construction material, sewage discharges from slums, open defecation

6. Harinagar Lake (Tihar Jheel)

Hari Nagar Tourism, fishing

7. Dwarka Depression Papankalan Automobile waste discharge, cattle wading

8. Bagdola Pond Bagdola, Papankalan Tourism, fishing

9. Sanjay Lake Trilokpuri Tourism, wildlife, fishing

10. Seelampur Depression

Seelampur Wastewater discharge from adjoining colonies, open defecation

11. Jhilmil Colony Depression

Jhilmil Colony Opp. Police Station

Cattle wading, open defecation

12. Jhilmil Colony Lake near Hanuman Mandir

Barapulia Waste water discharge, open defecation

13. Duckweed Pond Wazirabad Duckweed culture, fish culture, waste water treatment

14. Fish Pond Wazirabad Fish culture

Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Water Quality

The water quality status of lakes/reservoirs in Delhi indicate that most of the water bodies are shallow with water temperature between 23-35° C. Some water bodies are silt laden which normally absorb sunrays and warm up more rapidly than clear water. Tihar Jheel and Dwarka Lake were the typical example of such phenomenon. The pH of water in various water bodies ranged between 7.00 to 8.04. The high values of conductivity in water of lakes indicate high level of dissolved solids, causing ionic imbalance in a water body to an extent, which may disrupts aquatic life. Maximum concentration of total dissolved solids (4002 mg/l) leading to very high conductivity (6160.0 µmhos/cm 2 ) of water was observed in Bhalsawa Lake. The increased dissolved oxygen levels in the lakes during daytime depict eutrophic conditions in most lakes/reservoirs. The nutrient level of the lakes in the form of BOD, COD, Nitrites, Nitrates, Phosphates etc. have been found quite elevated. Almost all the lakes/ reservoirs have been affected by faecal contamination. The sources of increased number of Total Coliforms indicate soil-originated contamination of the water bodies.

Table 5.12 Trace Metals in Water of Lakes and Reservoirs in Delhi

Trace Metals, mg/l S. No.

Lakes/Reservoirs

Cadmium Chromium Copper Iron Nickel Lead Zinc

1. Sanjay Lake NT 0.02 NT 0.58 NT NT 0.06

2. Tihar Jheel NT NT NT 3.72 NT NT NT

3. Naini Lake NT NT NT 0.70 0.20 NT NT

4. Jhilmil Colony Lake NT 0.19 1.42 21.38 0.17 NT 0.79

5. Bhalsawa Lake NT NT NT 0.75 0.04 NT NT

6. Mayapuri Lake NT 0.01 0.01 0.28 NT NT NT

7. Mundella Khurd NT 0.07 0.07 15.38 0.32 NT 0.09

8. Dwarka Lake NT NT 0.01 3.36 NT NT NT

9. Bagdola Pond NT 0.02 NT 0.49 NT NT NT

10. Duckweed Pond NT NT NT 0.39 NT NT 0.03

11. Fish Pond NT 0.05 0.02 13.99 NT NT 0.01

NT = Not traceable

Fig 5.11 Water Quality Characteristics in Lakes/Reservoirs in Delhi

Table 5.13 Pesticide Residue in water of Lakes/Reservoirs in Delhi

Pesticides Residue Concentration, nanogram/l S. No.

Lakes/Reservoir

Total BHC Aldrin Total Endosulfan Dieldrin Total

DDT

1. Sanjay Lake 26.16 NT 40.78 1.63 NT

2. Tihar Jheel 17.96 NT NT NT NT

3. Naini Lake 28.51 NT NT NT NT

4. Jhilmil Colony Lake NT 57.59 NT NT NT

5. Bhalswa Lake NT NT NT NT NT

6. Mayapuri Lake NT NT NT NT NT

7. Mundella Khurd 49.66 NT NT 4.28 NT

8. Dwarka Depression 19.73 NT NT NT NT

9. Bagdola Pond 23.04 NT NT NT 33.07

10. Duckweed Pond 17.94 NT NT NT NT

11. Fish Pond 752.65 NT 2.99 NT NT

NT = Not traceable

The trace metals contamination have been found maximum at Jhilmil Colony Lake , where all the trace metals except Cadmium and Lead have been recorded probably because of discharge/surface run off from adjoining Jhilmil Colony industrial units. Among Pesticides, the concentration of Total BHC has been found maximum in Fish Pond at Wazirabad, Aldrin at Jhilmil Colony Lake, Total Endosulfan at Sanjay Lake, Dieldrin at Mundella Khurd and Total DDT at Bagdola Pond. The presence of Total BHC has been observed in most of the water bodies probably due to extensive use of pesticide for Mosquito control.

Biological Water Quality of Lakes/Reservoirs in Delhi

The Biological Water Quality Criteria (BWQC) have been applied for water quality assessment of lakes/ponds/reservoirs in NCT - Delhi. The findings of biological water quality evaluation are presented

below:

1. It was observed from the taxonomic composition that 72.7% of the total invertebrates belonged to Arthropoda, 22.7% Mollusca and 4.5% Annelida. A total of 22 families of Benthic macro-invertebrates were collected from Delhi's Lakes/Reservoirs.

2. Maximum numbers of Benthic-macro invertebrate families were collected from Bagdola pond at Papankalan, Mundella Khurd at Mundella Kalan and Tihar Jheel at Hari Nagar. All these water bodies are located in rural areas of Delhi. Lakes/Ponds in Papankalan indicated deposits of oil and grease all around the water body, which greatly influence the habitats of benthic macro-invertebrates and their presence.

3. The aquatic life of some lakes has been restored by protecting the water quality from soil-erosion and prohibiting these by use of squatters. Saprobic and diversity score in few lakes/ponds in Delhi such as Sanjay Lake, Tihar Jheel, Naini Lake, Bagdola Pond and Duckweed ponds indicate moderate pollution (Class `C' of Biological Water Quality Criteria).It is observed that Diversity Score has been maximum at Bagdola Pond while Saprobic Score were highest at Mundella Khurd indicating that the water quality in these water bodies have moderate pollution but high productivity.

4. The bio-assessment of various lakes and ponds in Delhi located at Mayapuri, Seelampur Depression and Jehangirpuri Marsh depicted significant loss of biological life due to poor water quality and sedimentation due to excessive growth of water hyacinth.

5. Bhalswa Lake was totally devoid of aquatic life including fish, plants, and invertebrates. The foaming in the water body on the banks indicated presence of detergent compounds in water body from the surroundings. The sediments of Bhalswa Lake comprise dead shells of Molluscs mainly gastropods indicating that the gastropods were available at the lake sometimes back, but living gastropods were not encountered.

Bio-monitoring on River Hugli, Kolkata

Biological monitoring of water quality could be useful for assessing the overall health of the water bodies. It is an assessment, which depends on the fact that pollution of water body will disrupt the ecological balance of the system. Thus by measuring the extent of the ecological degradation the

intensity of pollution arising out of the improper disposal may be estimated. As river Hooghly runs through the heart of one of the largest urbanized city – the Kolkata, it has been continuously affected by the anthropogenic environment distortion and the rich variety of fauna being threatened. The increased silt deposition and reduced discharge from feeder rivers, discharge of large amount of Industrial effluents and domestic sewage from innumerable industries and Urban centers and withdrawal of huge amount of water both for human consumption and industrial requirement considerably altering the condition of the river in terms of its diversity. The changes in river water quality brought about by modern civilization can be assessed by chemical and biological analysis.

Benthos are regarded as the best indicator of pollution as they are sedentary, sessile, long lived and easily collectable. It is an assesment which depends on the fact that pollution in water body will cause changes in the physical and chemical environment of the water and that those changes will disrupt the ecological balance of the system. Thus, by measuring the extent of the ecological upset, the severity of the pollution can be estimated.

Biomonitoring studies have been undertaken at seven monitoring stations at the Hooghly river of Ganga basin. Diamond Harbour is the extreme downstream station and Behrampore is the extreme upstream station. In between the extreme downstream station and upstream station there are other stations, which are:

o Garden reach o Botanical garden o Ariadaha o Palta. o Serrampore.

Apart from the above, one station is on Roopnarayan River and four more are in the Damodar River. The biological data generated from these stations are being analysed for computing the respective biological indices.

Monitoring of Polluted stretches of rivers - River Subarnarekha

The Subarnarekha river is an interstate river flowing through the States of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal. The 450 kilometres long Subarnarekha 'the streak of gold' for its gold bearing sands originates from Chotanagpur plateau, about 15 kilometres south-east of capital city of Ranchi. It flows through plateaus and plains area of Jharkhand for about 324 kilometre, 62 kilometre in Orissa and 64 kilometre in West Bengal before meeting Bay of Bengal. Major sources of organic and inorganic pollutants are both domestic and industrial sectors. It is estimated that more than 0.4 million cubic metres of untreated and partially treated wastewater are discharged daily into the Subarnarekha river. Besides, certain quantity of uncontrolled discharge of mine waste and allied economic activities in the basin account for both metallic and non-metallic substances.

The middle stretch of the river from Jamshedpur to Behragora has been chosen for the present study because:

• the area is densely populated; • intensive industrial activities (Jamshedpur to Ghatsila); • major urban centres including a place of tourists' interest (Ghatsila); and, • river water is used for various purposes besides water supply.

Six sampling stations were identified under the study as U/S Jamshedpur, D/S Jamshedpur, Jaduguda, Ghatsila, Mushabani and Behragora. With specific location-wise consideration the river water quality, in terms of primary criteria parameters for designated use, at up and down streams Jamshedpur, Ghatsila and Beharagora do not conform to the desired class `C' whereas the water quality at Jaduguda and Mushabani meets the required criteria. While considering the study stretch as a whole and the mean values of BOD (>3mg/l) and Total Coliform Bacteria (>5000 MPN/100 ml), the stretch does not qualify the desired class. The present status of water quality is summarized in Table 5.14. Besides the concentration of metals in sediment and in water are presented in Table 5.15 and 5.16.

Table 5.14 Water Quality Status of River Subarnarekha

Present Status of Water Quality River

Stretch Assigned

Class Designated

Use Criteria

Parameters pH DO BOD TC

Remarks Critical Parameter

Jamshedpur U/S C 8 8.1 3 9000

Does not conform Class `C'

TC

Jamshedpur D/S C 7.9 7.6 5 16000

Does not conform Class `C'

TC & BOD

Jaduguda C 7.9 7.6 3 2800 Class `C'

Ghatsila C 7.6 6.9 3 9000 Does not conform Class `C'

TC

Mushabani C 7.7 7.8 3 2200 Class `C'

Behragora C

Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection

pH : 6-9 DO : 4 mg/l or more BOD : 3 mg/l or less Total Coliform (TC) : 5000 MPN/

100ml

7.4 8.2 5 9000 Does not conform Class `C'

TC & BOD

Table 5.15 Heavy metals content in water (µg/l) of Subarnarekha

Station Fe Pb Zn Mn Cu Cd As Hg Cr Co Ni

Jamshedpur U/S 24 NT .05 NT NT NT 0.012 NT NT NT NT

Jamshedpur D/S 28 NT NT NT NT NT 0.012 NT NT NT NT

Jaduguda 0.15 NT NT NT NT NT 0.012 NT NT NT NT

Ghatsila 0.16 NT NT NT .06 NT 0.01 NT NT NT NT

Mushabani 0.12 NT NT NT .05 NT 0.012 NT NT NT NT

Behragora 0.09 NT NT NT NT NT 0.01 NT NT NT NT

NT = Not Traceable

Table 5.16 Heavy metals content in Sediment (mg/kg) of Subarnarekha

Parameters Jamshedpur U/S

Jamshedpur D/S Jaduguda Ghatsila

Musha

Bani

Behra

gora

Lead (Pb) ND ND ND ND ND ND

Cadmium (Cd) ND ND ND ND ND ND

Mercury (Hg) - 1.0 0.7 0.9 3.3 1.8

Arsenic (As) 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02

Cobalt (Co) 13 72 28 51 60 46

Zinc (Zn) 44 77 34 63 52 33

Copper (Cu) 17 27 15 93 229 57

Chromium (Cr) 48 72 28 51 60 46

Manganese (Mn) 440 950 362 500 394 269

ND = Not Detectable

Bio-monitoring of Lakes at Bangalore

Bio-monitoring was conducted in Yellemalappa, Sankey and Ulsoor lakes in addition to T.G.Halli reservoir including its riverine system of Arkavati and Kumudvati. The water quality analysis , in respect of Physico-chemical and Biological parameters, is presented in Table 5.17 and 5.18.

Table 5.17 Physico-chemical Water Quality of Lakes in Bangalore

Lake/ Reservoir

pH Cond-uctivity

DO Alkal-

inity

TDS BOD COD Chlo-rides

Na+ Phos-phate

Sulp-hate

Nitrate Nitrogen

Ammonical

Nitrogen

Sankey 7.6 419 7.9 142 295 5 34 49 44. 0.15 5 <1 0.19

Ulsoor 7.4 624 8.8 244 441 34 115 63 79 2.79 19 3 1.32

Yellema- lappa

8.7 1071 10 235 556 9 41 186 157 1.14 16 9 -

TG Halli 8.6 283 7.2 100 171 2 10 34 34 0.03 9.7 2 0.06

Note: All values are expressed in mg/l except pH and conductivity (uS/cm).

Table 5.18 Biological Water Quality of Lakes in Bangalore

Lake / Reservoir Chlorophyll (mg/cu.m )

P / R SCI BMWP

Sanky 28.2 1.1 0.2-0.8 5-6.8

Ulsoor 152 <1 Less than 0.5 0.0-0.7

Yellemalappa 288 < 1 0.2-0.9 5.1-6.6

TGHalli 20.6 1.2 0.1-1 Above 7

P/R : Photosynthesis/ Respiration ratio, SCI : Sequential Comparison Index. The SCI (diversity score) is the ratio of total number of runs and total number of organisms encountered. The ratio is equal to or less than one. BMWP : Biological Monitoring Working Party (Saprobic score) indicates preference for oxygen availability.

The high level of BOD and COD in Ulsoor and Yellemalappa lakes, depict deteriorating water quality. Further, high concentrations of Phosphorus, Ammonia and Chlorophyll with low P/R ratio indicate that Ulsoor lake is affected due to domestic discharge, whereas the presence of high conductivity, and Boron reveal that industrial discharges are taking place into the Yellemalappa lake. At TG Halli reservoir, the water quality appears to be close to drinking standards. Sankey Lake have moderate water quality and used only for recreational purpose. Except T.G. Halli reservoir, the three lakes are used for " Ganesha" idol immersion and religious activities. Biological analysis supported by physico-chemical analysis of the lakes and reservoirs reveal that TGHalli reservoir is relatively clean, followed by Sankey, Yellemalappa and Ulsoor lakes. It is observed that the diversity score is low in both Ulsoor lake and T.G. Halli reservoir. However, Saprobic score in case of T.G. Halli reservoir indicates the abundance of species requiring high oxygen availability.

Monitoring of River Godavari at Andhra Pradesh

A survey along the Andhra Pradesh stretch of river Godavari was undertaken followed by water quality monitoring at 21 identified locations. Based on the flow data of the river and the quantum of industrial discharge, the total load of pollution as estimated is presented in Table 5.19. A detailed report being prepared to develop an action plan for improvement of water quality.

Table 5.19 Water Quality Status of Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh

Note:- All values are expressed in mg/l except pH and Turbidity (NTU).

1. Bio-mapping of River Ramganga

Monthly monitoring of river Ramganga has been undertaken at ten locations during the year. The data collected for Diversity Indices and Saprobity Indices are presented in Table 5.20 and existing water quality class is depicted in the map below.

From data, it is evident that as long as the river passes through the hills and reserve forests (Jim Corbett National Park) the deterioration of biological water quality is negligible. The deterioration of water quality starts in Bijnor district as some industries dispose their waste into the river. At downstream of Moradabad, where drain and river Dhela joins the river, the river stretch is affected. The river regains itself a bit but sudden load from Rampur deteriorates its quality to class D. Further downstream, it slowly recovers its biota and maintains Class C till it joins the river Ganga.

AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Air Quality Assessment

The air quality of different cities/towns with respect to three criteria pollutants has been compared with the respective National Ambient Air Quality Standards and categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant with that of a respective standard). The Exceedence Factor (EF) is calculated as follows:

Observed annual mean concentration of criteria pollutant Exceedence Factor =---------------------------------------------------------------

Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class

The four air quality categories are:

• Critical pollution (C) : when EF is more than 1.5; • High pollution (H) : when the EF is between 1.0 - 1.5;

• Moderate pollution (M) : with and EF between 0.5 - 1.0; and • Low pollution (L) : where the EF is less than 0.5.

This analysis contains the air quality assessment of 155 monitoring locations (in 64 cities/towns), out of which 81 are in residential, 71 in industrial and 3 in sensitive areas. At 49 locations (27 residential and 22 industrial), data are insufficient ( < 50 monitoring days in the year) with respect to gaseous pollutants and at 56 locations (36 residential, 19 industrial and 1 sensitive) with respect to SPM (Table 5.21). Such locations have not been considered for air quality assessment.

Table 5.21 Classification of Monitoring Stations

Area type Number of monitoring stations with adequate data

Number of locations with inadequate data

Gaseous Pollutants SPM

Residential 81 27 36

Industrial 71 22 19

Sensitive 3 - 1

Total 155 49 56

Table 5.22 Ambient Air Quality Status of various cities/towns during Year 2000

Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3 )

Industrial (I) Residential (R)

Pollution level

SO2 & NO 2 SPM SO2 & NO 2 SPM

Low (L) 0-40 0-180 0-30 0-70

Moderate (M) 40-80 180-360 30-60 70-140

High (H) 80-120 360-540 60-90 140-210

Critical (C) >120 >540 >90 >210

STATE / CITY SO2 NO 2 SPM

AREA CLASS I R I R I R

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad L L M L M M

Vishakhapatnam L L L L L M

Assam

Guwahati L M H

Bihar/Jharkhand

Dhanbad L L L L M C

Jharia L - L - H -

Jamshedpur M M M M M C

Patna - L - L - C

Delhi

Delhi L L M H M C

Gujarat

Ahmedabad L L L M - -

Goa

Ponda - L - L - M

Vasco L - L - L -

Himachal Pradesh

Damtal - L - L - C

Parwanoo L L L L M H

Paonta Sahib L - L - L -

Shimla - L - L - L

Haryana

Yamuna Nagar L - L - M -

Karnataka

Bangalore L L L M L C

Mysore L - L - L -

Kerala

Cochin M L L M L -

Kottayam L - L - L -

Kozhikode L L L L L L

Palakad L - M - L -

Thiruvananthapuram L L L L L L



Maharashtra

Mumbai L L L M - -

Chandrapur L L M M L H

Nagpur L L L M L H

Nasik L M L L L M

Pune M M M H L H

Solapur L L M M H C

Madhya Pradesh

Bhilai L L L M L M

Bhopal L L L L L H

Indore L L L L M C

Jabalpur - - - L - M

Korba - L - L - M

Nagda M M M L L M

Raipur L L L M L H

Satna L L L L M M

Meghalaya

Motinagar - L - L - L

Orissa

Angul - L - L - H

Rourkela L L L L L H

Talcher L - L - L -

Punjab

Gobindgarh L - L - H -

Jalandhar L L L M M C

Ludhiana L L L M M C

Rajasthan

Alwar L L H H M C

Jaipur L L M M - -

Kota L L L L M -

Udaipur - L M M - -

Tamil Nadu

Chennai L L L L L -

Madurai L L L M L H

Salem - - - L - M

Uttar Pradesh/Uttranchal

Agra - L - L - C

Anpara M - M - M -

Dehradun L L L L M C

Gajroula L - L - M H

Kanpur L L L M M C



West Bengal

Haldia L - M - L -

Howrah L L M M L M

Kolkata L L M M - -

Chandigarh - - - - M H

Pondichery - L - L - M

Note : ‘-‘ - Data Not Available/Inadequate

Status of Air Pollutants

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2 )

The annual mean concentration of SO2 vis-à-vis number of monitoring stations is depicted in Fig 5.12. It is observed that all the locations conformed to the respective standards.

Fig 5.12 Annual mean concentration of Sulphur Dioxide (various ranges )vis-à-vis Number of monitoring stations

The locations having highest ten values of annual mean concentration of Sulphur Dioxide are presented in Table 5.23. The annual mean concentration of Sulphur dioxide were within the designated air quality standards at all the locations.

Table 5.23 Ten locations having highest concentration of Sulphur Dioxide during year 2000

S.

No

Industrial Residential

Location State Annual mean conc. (µg/m3 )

Location State Annual mean conc.

(µg/m3 )

1. Anpara Colony, Anpara

U.P. 65 Sakchi water tower, Jamshedpur

Bihar 53

2. Renusagar Colony, Anpara

U.P. 64 Grasim Kalyan Kendra, Nagda

M.P. 51

3. Chemical Division Labour Club, Nagda

M.P. 53 Mandai, Pune Maharashtra 43

4. Burmamines Water tower, Jamshed pur

Bihar 47 M/s Chemiquip Ltd., Ambarnath

Maharashtra 38

5. Poud Phata (Kothrud), Pune

Maharashtra 46 Nasik Municipal Corpn. Building, Nasik

Maharashtra 36

6. Eloor, Cochin Kerala 42 RTO Colony Tank, Nasik

Maharashtra 31

7. Super Market, Haldia

West Bengal 34 Sub-R. Office, Bapat Nagar, Chandrapur

Maharashtra 28

8. KIADB Building, Mysore

Karnataka 31 Kothari Market, M.G. Road, Indore

M.P. 27

9. K.R. Circle, Visvesvaraya Bldg, Mysore

Karnataka 31 Visak Hostel, Sec.-4, Bhilai

M.P. 27

10 M.I.D.C. Chandrapur

Maharashtra 30 Anand Rao Circle, Bangalore

Karnataka 24

* - Locations, where Annual mean concentration of SO2 exceeded the respective standard of 80 µg/m3 for industrial and 60 µg/m3 for Residential areas.

Fig 5.13 Percent violation of 24-hourly Ambient Air Quality Standards (Sulphur dioxide)

Percent violation with respect to 24-hourly Air Quality Standards is depicted in Fig. 5.13. During year 2000, at Nagda, Madhya Pradesh, either Annual Mean Concentration or 24-hourly or both values exceeded the respective standards.

Based on the analysis of air quality data (Annual Mean Concentration) at all the monitoring stations and pollution level categorization, the status of SO2 levels during year 2000 is presented in the Fig 5.14.

Fig 5.14 Status of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2 ) levels in terms of high, moderate and low pollution

Oxides of Nitrogen (as NO 2 )

The annual mean concentration of Nitrogen dioxide vis-à-vis number of monitoring stations is presented in Fig. 5.15. It is observed that at one sensitive, one industrial and three residential locations, the NO 2

level exceeded the annual standards .

Fig 5.15 Annual mean concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide (various ranges ) vis-à-vis Number of monitoring stations

The annual mean concentration standards of Nitrogen Dioxide of sensitive area exceeded at city of Kota. Table 5.24 enlist locations having ten highest values of annual mean concentration of Nitrogen dioxide.

Table 5.24 Ten Locations having Highest Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide

Industrial Residential

S.No Location State Annual mean conc.

(µg/m3 )

Location State Annual mean conc.

(µg/m3 )

1. RIICO Pump House, Alwar

Rajasthan 81* Regional Office,

RSPCB, Alwar

Rajasthan 79*

2. Super Market, Haldia

West Bengal 77 Town Hall, Delhi Delhi 64*

3. Gaurav Solvex, Alwar

Rajasthan 73 Mandai, Pune Maharashtra 60*

4. Anpara Colony, Anpara

U.P. 68 M/s Chemiquip Ltd., Ambarnath

Maharashtra 58

5. Renusagar Colony, Anpara

U.P. 67 Anand Rao Circle, Bangalore

Karnataka 56

6. Poud Phata, (Kothrud) , Pune

Maharashtra 64 Sarojini Nagar, Delhi

Delhi 53

7. WBIIDC, Haldia West Bengal 60 Sakchi Water Tower, Jamshedpur

Bihar 52

8. Howrah Municipal Corpn., Howrah

West Bengal 60 Sub-R.O., Bapat Nagar, Chandrapur

Maharashtra 51

9. Palakad, Kanjokode (W)

Kerala 60 Bandhaghat, Howrah

West Bengal 50

10 ESI Disp., Nazafgarh Road, Delhi

Delhi 57 Tripolia Bazar, Jaipur

Rajasthan 47

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO 2 exceeded the respective standards of 80 µg/m3 for Industrial and 60 µg/m3 for Residential areas.

Percentage violations with respect to 24-hourly standards is depicted in Fig. 5.16. The number of locations where either annual mean or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the Air Quality standards for NO 2 for more than 5% times are listed in Table 5.25. During 2000, one sensitive, three industrial and eleven residential locations violated the 24-hourly Air Quality Standards of NO 2 for more than 5% of the times.

Fig 5.16 Percent violation of 24-hourly standards (Nitrogen Dioxide)

Table 5.25 Locations where either annual mean or 24-hourly Nitrogen Dioxide concentration violated respective standards

Location State Area

Class

Annual

Mean

Conc.

(µg/m3 )

% Exceedence

Over 24-Hourly

Air Quality Standards

Jhotwara Industrial Area, Jaipur Rajasthan Industrial 48 7

M/S Carborandum Universal Ltd.,Kanj Kerala

Industrial 60 12

Super Market, Haldia West Bengal Industrial 77 8

Anand Rao Circle, Bangalore Karnataka Residential 56 15

M/s Chemiequip Ltd, Ambarnath Maharashtra Residential 58 24

N.Y. SCHOOL, Sarojini Nagar, Delhi Delhi

Residential 53 8

Town Hall, Delhi Delhi Residential 64 18

Tripolia Bazar, Jaipur Rajasthan Residential 47 10

PHED, Gandhi Nagar, Jaipur Rajasthan Residential 35 6

Maskasath, Nagpur Maharashtra Residential 32 5

Kalbadevi, Bombay Maharashtra Residential 34 7

Regional Office, Alwar Rajasthan Residential 79 41

Kunnathur chatram East Avani moolai Tamil Nadu

Residential 36 7

Bandhaghat, Howrah West Bengal Residential 50 5

Based on the analysis of air quality data at all the monitoring stations and pollution level categorization, the status of NO 2 during 2000 is presented in the Fig 5.17. In residential area, NO 2 is reported to be high at one industrial and three residential locations in the country. It is observed that NO 2 violations are mainly in the State of Rajasthan (Alwar ), Delhi and Maharashtra (at Pune).

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

The annual mean concentration of SPM vis-à-vis number of monitoring stations is presented in Fig. 5.18. It is observed that at two sensitive, five industrial and 35 residential locations, SPM level exceeded the annual Air Quality standards for SPM. Table 5.26 enlists the ten locations having ten highest values of SPM in the country.

Fig 5.17 Status of Nitrogen Dioxide levels in terms of high, moderate and low pollution

Table 5.26 Ten locations having highest concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Industrial Fig. 5.18 Annual Mean Concentration of SPM

(various ranges) vis-à-vis Number of monitoring stationsResidential

S. No

Location State Annual Mean Conc.

(µg/m3 )

Location State Annual Mean Conc.

(µg/m3 )

1. M. Steels, Mandi Govindgargh

Punjab 399* Gandhi Maidan, Test Centre, Patna

Bihar 575*

2. Punjab Steel Mills, Mandi Govindgargh

Punjab 396* Clock Tower, MC Office, Ludhiana

Punjab 449*

3. WIT Campus, Solapur

Maharashtra 390* Chitale Clinic, Solapur

Maharashtra 399*

4. Nunhai, Agra U.P. 388* F & T Centre, K. Nagar, Kanplur

U.P. 349*

5. MADA, Jharia Bihar 373* Regional Office, Bodla, Agra

U.P. 349*

6. Rita Sewing Machines, Ludhiana

Punjab 354 Deputy Ka Parao, Kanpur

U.P. 347*

7. M/s A.Chem.P.Ltd., Fazalganj, Kanpur

U.P. 354 Municipal Council, Jalandhar

Punjab 328*

8. MP Laghu Udyog Nigam Ltd., Indore

M.P. 354 Ashok Vihar, Delhi

Delhi 306*

9. Shahzada Bagh, Delhi

Delhi 342 Kothari Market, MG Road, Indore

M.P. 292*

10 M/s Zed Indl. S & S Complex, Jalandhar

Punjab 324 Regional Office, Jalandhar

Punjab 289*

• The annual mean concentration of SPM exceeded the standard for industrial area at five locations in the state of Bihar (1), Maharashtra (1), Punjab (2), and Uttar .Pradesh (1).

• The annual mean concentration of SPM exceeded the standard for residential areas at 35 locations spread over the states of Assam (1), Bihar (4), Chandigarh (1), Delhi (4), H.P. (2),

Karnataka (1), Maharashtra (6), M.P. (4), Orissa (2), Punjab (3), Rajasthan (1), Tamil Nadu (1) and Uttar Pradesh (5).

• Only one station in sensitive area located at Taj Mahal, Agra (U.P.), exceeded the annual mean concentration of SPM.

The details of location where 24-hourly values of SPM exceeded the standards for more than 5% of the times are depicted in Fig. 5.19. During 2000, three sensitive locations (Tajmahal at Agra, Barkhera at Kota and Tekka Bench Ridge at Shimla), 10 industrial and 42 residential locations violated the 24-hourly values of SPM for more than 5% of times.

Fig 5.19 Percent violation of 24-hourly standards (Suspended Particulate Matter)

Status of SPM

Based on the analysis of air quality data (Annual Mean Concentration) at all the monitoring stations and pollution level categorization, the status of SPM during 2000 (Fig. 5.20) is reported to be critical at 19 locations and high at 16 locations in residential areas while high at 5 locations in industrial areas.

Summary and Conclusion

Air Pollution problem is widespread in 59 cities, where at least one criteria pollutant exceeded either annual or 24-hourly air quality standards at any of the monitoring locations.

Table 5.27 shows the number of stations violating annual air quality standards and 24-Hourly standards for more than 2% of the times in the year 2000 with respect to individual criteria pollutant. It is quite evident that SPM is the major problem in the residential areas of most of the cities/towns.

Fig. 5.20 Status of Suspended Particulate Matter level in terms of critical, high, moderate and low pollution

Table 5.27 Number of stations violating Annual and 24-hourly standards

SO2 NO 2 SPM Area Class

24-Hourly

Annual 24-Hourly

Annual 24-Hourly

Annual

Residential 2 - 17 3 45 35

Industrial 1 - 4 1 14 5

Sensitive - - 1 1 1 1

Total 3 0 22 5 60 41

• High level of SPM is the most prevalent form of air pollution. • Motor vehicle are the major and most important source of pollution in almost all the mega-

cities. • High domestic use of coal or biomass fuel is still a serious problem resulting in high human

exposures to SPM and SO2 . • The current capabilities of the monitoring agencies to monitor, or to collect information on the

sources and emissions are still inadequate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to further strengthen the Air Quality monitoring programme.

• It should be noted that the data are lacking for quite a few stations due to various reasons such as non-operation of monitoring stations due to paucity of funds, lack of equipments, lack of

infrastructure and inadequate man-power.

Respirable Suspended Particulate (RSPM) Monitoring

RSPM levels were measured in various cities and towns in India. Under National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network the RSPM levels in residential areas are depicted in Fig 5.21. RSPM levels exceeded the NAAQS (annual average) in residential areas of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Parwanoo, Bangalore, Cochin, Dehradun, Thiruvananthapuram, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune,

Solapur, Angul, Rourkela, Jaipur, Chennai, Kanpur, Lucknow and Kolkata. The RSPM levels in industrial areas are depicted in Fig 5.22. RSPM levels also exceeded the NAAQS (annual average) in industrial areas of Ahmedabad, Dehradun, Thiruvannathapuram, Solapur, Jaipur, Kanpur and Kolkata.

RSPM levels were within the NAAQS (annual average) in residential areas of Kozhikode and Shillong and industrial areas of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Bangalore, Mysore, Cochin, Kotayam, Kozhokode, Palakkad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Rourkela and Chennai.

RSPM Non-attainment

Air quality with respect to RSPM is expressed in terms of low, moderate, high and critical and is shown in Table 5.28. Critical levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Hyderabad, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Cochin, Dehradun, Thiruvananthapuram, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Solapur, Rourkela, Jaipur, Kanpur, Lucknow and Kolkata. High levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Visakhapatnam. Parwanoo, Angul and Chennai. These results indicate that NAAQS (annual average) of RSPM was exceeded in above cities.

Critical levels of RSPM were observed in industrial areas of Ahmedabad, Thiruvananthapuram, Solapur, Jaipur, Kanpur and Kolkata and high levels of RSPM were observed in industrial area of Hyderabad and Dehradun. These results indicate that ambient air standards (annual average) of RSPM was exceeded in above mentioned cities. Moderate levels were observed in residential areas of Kozhikode and Shillong and industrial areas of Mysore, Cochin, Kottayam,

Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune and Rourkella. These results indicate that NAAQS (annual average) were not exceeded in above mentioned cities. Status of RSPM in residential areas and industrial areas of various cities/towns in the country is depicted in Fig. 5.23 and 5.24 respectively.

Table 5.28: RSPM status of various cities/towns during 2000 (Representing the Monitoring Stations with

Highest Levels in Each category) Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m3 )

Pollution level Industrial (I) Residential (R)

RSPM Levels RSPM Levels

Low (L) 0-60 0-30

Moderate (M) 60-120 30-60

High (H) 120-180 60-90

Critical (C) >180 >90

STATE / CITY RSPM

AREA CLASS I R

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad H C

Vishakhapatnam L H

Delhi

Delhi - C

Gujarat

Ahmedabad C C

Himachal Pradesh

Parwanoo - H

Karnataka

Bangalore L C

Mysore M -

Kerala

Cochin M C

Kottayam M -

Kozhikode L M

Thiruvananthapuram C C

Kanjikode L -

Maharashtra

Mumbai M C

Nagpur M C

Pune M C

Solapur C C

Meghalaya

Shillong - M

Orissa

Angul - H

Rourkela M C

Rajasthan

Jaipur C C

Tamil Nadu

Chennai M H*

STATE / CITY RSPM

AREA CLASS I R

Uttar Pradesh/Uttranchal

Dehradun H C

Kanpur C C

Lucknow - C

West Bengal

Kolkata C C

‘-‘ - Data Not Available/Inadequate

* - Representing one monitoring station in residential area

RSPM Violations of NAAQS (24-hourly Avg.)

Percentage violation of NAAQS (24-hourly average) was determined. NAAQS (24-hourly avg.) was not violated at Industrial Estate Visakhapatnam; K.R. Circle, Mysore; Chingavanam, Kottayam, Mavoor, Palayam, Kozhikode, Kanjikode, Palakkad, Thane (West), Kopri Ward Office, Shahu Market, Thane; Boards Office, Shillong. The NAAQS (24-hourly avg.) was violated at the remaining stations.

Meteorological Issues

It is well established that meteorological factors such as atmospheric stability and wind velocity etc. play a critical role in determining ambient concentration of air pollutants. It is essential to understand the underlying meteorological factors for determining ambient air concentration of pollutants and effectiveness of any pollution control strategy. Seasonal variations in RSPM in Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata is depicted in Fig. 5.25, 5.26 and 5.27 respectively. The concentrations are maximum in winter months and are low during monsoon months. A possible explanation for these results may be found by examining meteorological conditions.

During the winter, average mixing height is lower as compared to other seasons and atmospheric dispersion is typically at a minimum and therefore the pollutants are not widely dispersed. During winter months calm conditions are more and calm conditions result in less dispersion of pollutants resulting in building up their levels and hence higher concentrations.

The monsoons results in large amount of precipitation, high wind velocities and changes in general wind direction. The large amounts of precipitation reduce atmospheric pollution via associated wet deposition processes. Further wind velocities will allow for pollutant transport away from sources, increase mixing processes. Winds coming from the marine environment in Chennai will have less background concentrations than that of continental air masses.

Conclusions

RSPM levels are exceeding the ambient air standards (annual average and 24-hourly avg.) in many locations in the country. The results suggest that RSPM is a pollutant of concern in the country.

The high RSPM levels are mainly attributed to vehicular pollution. The vehicle population is exponentially increasing in most of cities. This is the single major factor for high RSPM.

It is observed that highest level of RSPM in residential areas was observed in Ahmedabad followed by Kanpur, Solapur, Lucknow, Delhi, Bangalore, Dehradun, Thiruvananthapuram, Kolkata, Rourkela, Nagpur, Pune, Jaipur, Cochin, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Angul, Parwanoo, Visakhapatnam and Chennai.

The concentration of RSPM not only depends on total emission load but on meteorological conditions like ventilation, inversion, humidity, wind direction and velocity, rainfall pattern and thus a city with low emission load may have high ambient air concentrations of pollutants.

Lower levels of RSPM are observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition. Higher levels of RSPM are observed during winter months possibly due to lower mixing heights and more calm conditions.

The annual average concentration in residential areas varies between 253 µg/m3 in Ahmedabad and 34 µg/m3 in Shillong. In industrial areas the annual average concentration varied between 262 µg/m3 in Ahmedabad and 26 µg/m3 in Kozhikode.

The concentration of RSPM not only depends on total emission load but also on meteorological conditions like ventilation, inversion, humidity, wind direction and velocity, rainfall pattern and thus a city with low emission load may have high ambient air concentrations of pollutants.

Lower levels of RSPM are observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition. Higher levels of RSPM are observed during winter months possibly due to lower mixing heights and more calm conditions.

The annual average concentration in residential areas varies between 253 µg/m3 in Ahmedabad and 34 µg/m3 in Shillong. In industrial areas the annual average concentration varied between 262 µg/m3 in Ahmedabad and 26 µg/m3 in Kozhikode.

Air Quality Non-attainment Cities

CPCB has identified list of cities in India based on ambient air quality data obtained under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) for the period 1995 to 2001. The cities have been identified by

calculating a Exceedence Factor as explained in previous sections (Table 5.29).

Table 5.29 LIST OF NON-ATTAINMENT CITIES IN INDIA

(Based on Ambient Air Quality Data 1995-2001)

S.No. Cities Major Sources of Pollution Pollutants of Concern

A) Metropolitan Cities

1 AGRA Vehicle, Industries SPM

2 AHMEDABAD Vehicle, Industries SO2 RSPM,SPM

3 BANGALORE Vehicle RSPM,SPM

4 BHOPAL Vehicle RSPM,SPM

5 CHENNAI Vehicle, Industries RSPM

6 DELHI Vehicle, NO 2 , RSPM,SPM

7 DHANBAD Industries SO2 SPM

8 FARIDABAD Vehicles, Industries SPM

9 HYDERABAD Vehicles RSPM, SPM

10 INDORE Vehicles RSPM,SPM

11 JABALPUR Vehicles NO 2 ,RSPM,SPM

12 JAIPUR Vehicles RSPM,SPM

13 KANPUR Vehicles, Industries RSPM,SPM

14 KOCHI Vehicles, Industries RSPM,SPM

15 KOLKATA Vehicles, Industries RSPM,SPM, NO 2

16 LUCKNOW Vehicles, RSPM,SPM

17 LUDHIANA Vehicles,Industries SPM,RSPM

18 MADURAI Vehicles, SPM

19 MUMBAI Vehicles, Industries RSPM.SPM

20 NAGPUR Vehicles RSPM,SPM

21 NASHIK Vehicles RSPM,SPM

22 PATNA Vehicles, Natural Dust SPM

23 PUNE Vehicles, RSPM,NO 2 ,SPM

24 SURAT Industries, Vehicles SO2 , SPM

25 VADODARA Vehicles, Industries SO2 , SPM

26 VARANASI Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM.SPM

27 VISAKHAPATNAM Vehicles, Industries NO 2 ,RSPM,SPM

B) Other Cities

1 ALWAR Vehicles, Natural Dust NO 2 , SPM

2 ANGUL Vehicles, Industries, Natural Dust SPM

3 ANKLESHWAR Industries SO2 , SPM

4. BHILAI Industries SPM

5 CHANDIGARH Vehicles, Industries SPM

6 CHANDRAPUR Industries SPM

7 DAMTAL Natural Dust SPM

8 DEHRADUN Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM, SPM

9 GAJRAULA Industries SPM

10 GOBINDGARH Industries SPM

11 HOWRAH Vehicles, Industries SO2 , NO 2, SPM

12 JALANDHAR Vehicles, Industries SPM

13 JHARIA Industries, Natural Dust SPM

14 JODHPUR Natural Dust RSPM. SPM

15 KORBA Industries SPM

16 KOTA Vehicles Industries NO 2 , RSPM,SPM

17 NAGDA Industries SO2 , SPM

18 PARWANOO Industries, Natural Dust SPM

19 RAIPUR Vehicles RSPM, SPM

20 RAJKOT Vehicles, Natural Dust SPM

21 ROURKELA Industries SPM

22 SATNA Industries SPM

23 SHIMLA Natural Dust SPM

24 SOLAPUR Vehicles, Natural Dust RSPM,SPM

25 UDAIPUR Vehicles, Natural Dust NO 2 , SPM

26 VAPI Industries SPM

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Delhi

The Central Pollution Control Board has been conducting ambient air quality monitoring at seven locations in Delhi. The locations have been categorized based on land use, i.e. residential, industrial and traffic intersection. The comparision of ambient air quality data for the years 2000 and 2001 reveal that:

1. Concentrations of all regulatory pollutants in ambient air of Delhi have reduced during 2001. 2. Annual average SPM concentration for all monitoring sites in Delhi came down to 347 µg/m3 in

2001 from 405 µg/m3 in the previous year. 3. Annual average value of RSPM for all sites came down to 137 µg/m3 in 2001 from a value of

159 in 2000. 4. Concentration of NO 2 in ambient air of Delhi decreased to 34 µg/m3 from36 µg/m3 .

5. SO2 also decreased to 14 µg/m3 from 18 µg/m3 .

5.4 SPECIFIC STUDIES AT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN DELHI

Study of Fog in Delhi

In recent years, dense fog throughout the northern belt including Delhi during winter season has caused many problems resulting in slow vehicular movement, delay and cancellation of train and air services resulting in direct economic losses. The complexity of fog and its accurate measurement needs collaboration of concerned agencies to pool their resources to make measurement of various parameters, required for development of predictive model. With this objective, Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed with National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi on March 27, 2000. The scope of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) covers :

Studies of fog occurrence in Delhi and in Northern India, mechanism of its formation, its prediction and development of an early warning system.

Measurement of mean mixing height and occurrence of inversion in Delhi vis-a-vis other areas.

Studies on characterisation of suspended and respirable particulate matter in Delhi and other areas in order to characterise their origin.

During January, 2001, monitoring of various parameters influencing the onset of fog was conducted by NPL using the infrastructure available. The campaign conducted in January, 2001 provided information on the meteorological and other processes as fog condenses, changes with time and eventually disappears. The second monitoring campaign was initiated by National Physical Laboratory during November, 2001 – February, 2002. During this campaign number of parameters like mixing height, temperature, relative humidity, pressure, size fraction (of SPM), SO2 , NO 2 were monitored. As direct correlation could not be established between fog and the level of pollutants, it was agreed to continue the study further. Keeping this into consideration, the duration of the project has been extended further for a period of two years.

SODAR System

Central Pollution Control Board is regularly collecting mixing height data using SODAR. In summer and monsoon season of 2001 free convection in the atmosphere was starting mostly from 07.00 a.m. or 08.00 a.m. and remained upto 06.00 p.m. or 07.00 p.m.. In post monsoon season, free convection was mostly from 09.00 a.m. to 06.00 p.m. In winter the free convection was mostly from 10.00 a.m. or 11.00 a.m. to 04.00 p.m. or 05.00 p.m. Day time mixing height measured in different seasons in the order of higher mixing height to lower mixing height were as monsoon, summer, post monsoon and winter. Night time mixing height measured in different seasons in the order of lower mixing height to higher mixing

height are as post monsoon, winter, monsoon and summer. The maximum mixing height value (hourly average) measured in summer was 1604 m and minimum value was 80 m. Maximum value measured in monsoon was 1299 m and minimum was 110 m. Maximum value measured in post monsoon was 1299 m and minimum value measured was 80 m. Maximum value measured in winter was 1240 m and minimum was 80 m.

This year dense fog started occurring in mid November 2001. In December, 2001, fog occurred for more than 15 days. On December 28 th & 29 th , 2001 and January 01 st , 2002, SODAR gave only shear echoes. Mixing heights of December 21 st , 2001 (when there was no fog), December 12 th , 2001 (when fog occurred and dissipated by 12.00 noon) and December 28 th , 2001 when fog remained throughout the day. SPM and RSPM concentrations on December 12 th , 2001 (fog in morning), December 21 st , 2001 (clear day) and December 28 th , 2001 (foggy day), are presented ahead. The data indicates that the SPM and RSPM concentrations increase during the fog period.

Date Duration SPM (µg/m3 ) RSPM (µg/m3 )

12.12.2001 06.00-06.00 Hrs. 648 357

21.12.2001 06.00-06.00 Hrs. 524 249

28.12.2001 06.00-06.00 Hrs. 837 457

In December, 2001, free convection in the atmosphere was observed only after 11.00 a.m. and remained upto 04.00 p.m. or 05.00 p.m.. In January-February, 2001, it was mostly from 10.00 a.m. to 05.00 p.m. or 06.00 p.m.. In summer and monsoon season, free convection was starting mostly from 07.00 a.m. or 08.00 a.m. and remained upto 06.00 p.m. or 07.00 p.m.. In post monsoon season, free convection was mostly between 09.00 a.m. to 06.00 p.m.

Ambient Noise Level and Air Pollution during Deepawali

Ambient noise level monitoring was carried out at various locations in Delhi, i.e. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Lajpat Nagar, New Friends Colony, East Arjun Nagar, Connaught Place, India Gate, Mayur Vihar, Patel Nagar and Kamla Nagar on the occasion of Deepawali festival. At Kamla Nagar noise monitoring was conducted from 18.00 hrs. to 24.00 hrs., while at other locations, short duration (half hourly) noise level monitoring was conducted between 18.00 hrs. and 24.00 hrs.. The average Leq noise level for short duration at 8 monitored locations ranged between 66 dB(A) and 85 dB(A). The Leq noise level at Kamla Nagar ranged between 73 dB(A) and 80 dB(A). The minimum instantaneous value, recorded at Kamla Nagar, was 47 dB(A) (between 18.30 hrs. and 19.00 hrs) and the maximum value, recorded was 101 dB(A) (between 19.30 hrs. and 20 hrs.). The ambient noise levels were above the prescribed limit at all the locations but did not indicate much variation as compared to the previous year's data.

Ambient air quality monitoring was also carried out at ITO Intersection and Ashok Vihar using manual monitoring techniques and at East Patel Nagar (Pusa Road) using the mobile monitoring van. The Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) were high in the evening hours on Deepawali day. The concentration of Sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ) and Carbon monoxide (CO) indicated a mixed trend which may be because of varying traffic density.

Inspection of Authorised Pollution Checking Centres in Delhi

The authorised Pollution Checking Centres in Delhi, covering almost all zones, were inspected during June, 2001 to assess the methodology of calibration of instruments. The brief report was prepared and sent to Directorate of Transport (Govt. Of Delhi).

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Monitoring in Delhi

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) is being monitored at seven Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Delhi. These seven locations are Ashok Vihar, Siri Fort, Janakpuri, Nizamuddin, Shahdara, Shahzada Bagh and ITO.

The study revealed that :

• Annual average PAH concentration was minimum at Janakpuri and maximum at Nizamuddin;

• Higher PAH levels were observed during winter season due to inversion and calm conditions; and

• Least PAH levels were observed during summer may be due to better dispersion and photolysis of PAH compounds.

Fig. 5.32 Total PAH Concentration (ng/m3 ) in Ambient Air of Delhi

On-line Active BTX Monitoring in Delhi

On-line monitoring of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene (BTX) at ITO monitoring station has been undertaken since November 2000. In addition, monitoring of BTX in ambient air was conducted at several locations in Delhi using continuous online instrument (MLU 950 of Synspec). The data revealed that the average benzene levels were highest at ITO during winter and lowest at the campus of National Physical Laboratory during summer. Overall average benzene concentration in ambient air of Delhi was 12.5 µg/m3 while 16.5 µg/m3 & 7.0 µg/m3 respectively during winter and summer season.

Benzene Levels in the Ambient Air of Delhi

Environmental pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOC's) has become a global environmental issue. VOC is a collective name for a large group of compounds with greatly different properties and having a vapour pressure greater than 10 -1 mm Hg at 25 0 C and 760 mm Hg. It can be classified into six categories namely alkanes, alkenes, alkyenes, aromatics, halogen compounds and carboxyl compounds. Benzene comes under aromatic category of volatile organic compounds. Benzene is a harmful pollutant causing exposure-related health affects in human beings. Benzene is mainly released from anthropogenic activities such as transportation (from vehicle exhaust, filling and evaporative losses), industrial processes, combustion etc. Central Pollution Control Board is monitoring benzene at Delhi using diffusive samplers (passive sampling method) at seven locations (Ashok Vihar, I.T.O, J.N.U., Moti Nagar, East Arjun Nagar, SiriFort, Town Hall) in collaboration with Indo – German project. Minimum, maximum and mean concentration of benzene at different locations of Delhi (December 2001 to March 2002) is depicted in Fig. 5.33. The mean concentration of benzene ranged between 17 µg/ m3 (J.N.U) to 35 µg/ m3 (Moti Nagar). The maximum concentration of 71 µg/ m3 and the minimum concentration of 5 µg/m3 were observed at Moti Nagar and J.N.U. respectively.

Trace Metals in Ambient Air of Delhi

Five trace elements viz. lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and copper are being measured in the ambient air of Delhi. Comparison of their levels between 2000 and 2001 show that variation in concentration is not very significant. Out of the five trace elements measured, copper showed the highest concentration ranging between 447-537 ng/m3 . Other elements such as Cromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) were present in traces, while Lead (Pb) after introduction of unleaded petrol has shown a progressive decline over the years (Fig 5.34).

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) MANAGEMENT IN DELHI

Pursuant to an order of the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi, dated 28.04.1999, the Central Board is carrying out inspection and monitoring of MSW management by the civic authorities of NCT-Delhi once every four months. During the year 2001, three rounds of inspection were carried out and reports submitted to the Hon'ble Court. Salient recommendations made in these reports are:

• Civic authorities in Delhi continue to deal the issues of MSW management on an ad-hoc basis. • There is an acute need for development of a Master Plan for Improvement of MSW

Management by each of the civic authorities in Delhi in accordance with the guidelines prescribed in the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000.

• The Master Plan has to take into account all the aspects of MSW management including primary collection, storage, transfer, transport and disposal, as identified and recommended by

the Central Board in their inspection reports. • Implementation of the Master Plan should be carried out in a phased manner with clear time

targets. • Measurable indicators to evaluate the improvements achieved by the civic authorities should

be identified.

The institutional and logistical constraints which hinder the civic authorities in proper MSW management have to be identified. Viability of maintenance and management of MSW collection, transfer and transfer system by private sector involvement may be tested through a management contract of one or two Zones/Circles in MCD/NDMC areas.

PRESENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND COUNTER MEASURES

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN SELECTED CITIES/AREAS

Vadodara City

The air quality at Vadodara city is measured on regular basis under Air Quality monitoring programme at residential area of Subhanpura. The measured parameters were Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) , and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2 ) by using High volume sampler. The air quality data is presented in Table 6.1.

The measured values under AAQM programme on RSPM, SO2 and NO2 depict that RSPM of monthly average varied between 27 m g/m3and 183 m g/m3, monthly averages of SO2 were in the range of 4 m g/m3and 14.1 m g/m3whereas NO2 varied from 11.3 m g/m3and 65.9 m g/m3. The higher values of RSPM, NOx and SO2 were measured during winter. Sometime RSPM values were also higher than the limit of 100 m g/m3during early summer months.

Most of the time the measured ambient SO2 was very low. The reasons may be attributed to lower residence time, high reactivity and primarily OH is oxidizing SO2 in presence of Sunlight.

The measured concentration of NO2 in ambient air was also found very low when measured by modified Jacob and Hochieser method. NO2 is converted into NO by photochemical reaction. Therefore, values of NO+NO2 may be more authentic than NO2 alone.

Volatile Organic Matter (VOC) in Ambient Air of Vadodara

Carcinogenic volatile organic compounds like Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and m,p-Xylene were measured round the clock at vadodara and computed as four hourly average basis by using continuous automatic VOC monitor. The results are shown in the Table 6.2.

VOCs were measured round the clock by using automatic VOC analyzer at Subhanpura, residential area. The results show that average benzene levels were ranging between 3.42 µg/m3to 8.0 µg/m3, the peak value 12.6 µg/m3was measured during mid night. The value has exceeded the threshold limit i.e. 6.7 µg/m3. The average Toluene level remained between 4.26 and 9.23 µg/m3, however, the peak value was 17.2 µg/m3during mid night.

The value exceeded the threshold limit of 11.6 µg/m3. The average values of Ethyl benzene, were found to be in the range of 1.68 and 3.42 µg/m3. The values were higher during most of the time than the threshold value 1.69 µg/m3. The maximum value of Ethyl benzene (12.2 µg/m3) was monitored during 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon. The average value of m, p-Xylene was found to be in the range of 1.7 µg/m3 to 7.8 µg/m3 during 8.00 AM to 8.00 PM. The peak value of 14.9 µg/m3 was measured during 8.00 PM to mid night. All VOCs except ethyl benzene have shown maximum values during 8 PM to mid-night. However, higher values of ethyl benzene were found during both day and night time. The VOCs were found exceeding the threshold limit mainly because of unburnt vehicular fuel and adulteration in gasoline and diesel.

Table 6.1: Ambient Air Quality at Subhanpura, Vadodara (2001)

RSPM (µg/m3) SO2 (µg/m3) NO2 (µg/m3) Month

Min Max Avg Min Max Avg. Min Max Avg.

Jan 51 262 128 4.1 30.7 8.0 5.9 135.9 39.9

Feb 88 340 183 4.5 27.4 7.7 3.6 95.3 44.0

Mar 77 258 135 4.1 31.2 6.6 9.2 85.3 32.3

Apr 76 166 109 4.6 12.3 4.8 6.8 21.8 12.5

May 23 102 55 4.4 5.3 4.0 2.2 77.0 12.1

Jun 14 119 40 4.9 18.0 4.1 3.7 40.9 17.8

Jul 11 57 30 4.8 15.6 4.1 4.6 27.9 14.5

Aug 13 144 37 4.0 21.8 4.9 4.3 7.6 11.9

Sep 13 61 27 4.1 13.5 5.9 2.2 22.4 11.3

Oct 16 184 75 4.0 30.4 6.1 6.5 97.9 65.9

Nov 54 224 94 4.2 26.4 8.1 16.5 103.2 47.6

Dec 67 180 111 4.4 85.5 14.1 6.7 142.3 54.5

Air Quality Standard

100 80 80

Table 6.2 : Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Level at Subhanpura, Vadodara (January'2002)

Benzene

ug/m3

Toluene

ug/m3

Ethyl Benzene

ug/m3

m,p – Xylene

ug/m3

Duration

Hours

Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg

00 – 04 1.6 10.2 4.66 2.7 6.7 4.26 0.4 8.9 2.28 1.3 3.3 2.2

04 – 08 1.5 8.3 3.9 1.8 11.2 4.52 0.0 6.6 2.5 0.9 3.1 1.7

08 – 12 2.4 9.6 5.44 3.4 14.9 6.78 0.7 12.2 3.42 2.5 7.4 4.28

12 – 16 1.1 6.7 3.42 1.7 10.7 5.72 0.8 3.1 1.68 1.1 2.9 2.24

16 – 20 2.5 10.5 6.48 3.7 10.3 6.44 1.7 4.1 2.98 3.4 9.8 6.24

20 – 00 4.5 12.6 8.0 3.0 17.2 9.23 0.8 4.7 2.33 3.3 14.9 7.8

Threshold Limit

6.7 11.6 1.69 4.85

Ambient air quality at the Sundarbans

The objective of the study is to make an assessment of air quality in Sundarbans in terms of Particulate Matter (both SPM and RSPM i.e < 10 um), Sulphur Di-oxide (SO2 ) and Oxides of Nitrogen (as NO2 ). The study will enable to prepare a database of the level of these pollutants in this fragile ecosystem; to develop an information base for future comparison as also reference for further study. The scope of the study was limited to the assessment concentrating on the terrestrial zone - the periphery of the forest and the deep forest zone. The periphery coverage was made almost adhering to the Dampier Hodges line - the demarcation of the Sundarbans region. Four areas each with two locations along the periphery of the forest and two locations in the forest zone were selected for the present study (shown in map). The survey was carried out during winter (January - February) of 2002.

From the overall composition of data on air quality determinants it may be said that there was no definite pattern of accumulation of any pollutant in the ambient air of the Sundarbans. The highest level of particulate matter (PM > 10 um) was observed in the eastern fringe of Sundarbans i.e. at Sonakhali zone and lowest at Kaikhali, the zone close to core area of Sundarbans which may be considered as a sensitive zone.

Total particulate matter (i.e. PM + RSPM) was highest at Sonakhali and lowest at Namkhana. The SPM level crossed, though marginally, the sensitive zone standards in the core area of Sundarbans i.e. at Pakhiralaya probably due to the atmospheric transportation/dispersion of the land based particulate matter in addition to local inputs like air-borne pollen grains/spores of mangroves. However, the other sensitive zone like Kaikhali remained free from excess particulate matter in its air. Again, clubbing all results together separately for rural Sundarbans as well as sensitive zone, the levels of particulate matters (both PM > 10 µm & < 10 µm) were within the standards prescribed for both the cases.

NO2 in the Sundarbans air behaved differently in the peripheral zone and also in the core area locations. Highest concentration was recorded at canning (44.5 µg/m3 ) and lowest at Namkhana (20 µg/m3 ). NO2 concentrations in the rural Sundarbans were below the prescribed limit for National Ambient Air Quality whereas it was at par at Kaikhali and at Pakhiralaya (31 µg/m3 ).

SO2 level in the Sundarbans along the peripheral locations i.e. rural Sundarbans as well as in the core area was less as compared to concentration of NO2 .

The ambient air in Sundarbans do not exhibit high concentration of pollution level. However, comparatively higher concentration of SPM and/or RSPM at few locations particularly at Sonakhali,

Canning and Pakhiralaya and NO2 level at Pakhiralaya and Kaikhali reached the threshold level which requires periodic monitoring. The Sundarbans core area and adjacent sensitive zone as such do not have air pollution generation sources worthy mentioning. The dispersion/air transportation of pollutants from peripheral zone and further up-reaches may be the cause for accumulation of air contaminants in the forest zone. Therefore, besides intermittent monitoring of air quality in the Sundarbans, due attention may be given to the land-based generation sources for appropriate control measures.

Specific Air Pollutants in major cities in M.P. & Rajasthan

1. The air quality monitoring studies were undertaken to find out the status of area specific air pollutants in major cities in M.P. & Rajasthan. Three representative sampling locations were selected in each city to carry out ambient air quality monitoring for specific air pollutants. Criteria considered for selection of the sampling locations included traffic volume, industrial activities, public complaints and feed back from SPCBs.

2. Bhopal, Indore in M.P. and Jaipur, Udaipur in Rajasthan have comparatively higher potential for the exhaust emissions and therefore, selected for the study of ozone concentration.

3. Kota & Vijaipur have fertilizer plants and therefore, selected for the study of ammonia. Locations having secondary lead metal recycling units or high traffic concentration have been selected for the study of lead in ambient air. Selection of cities and parameters are given below :

Cities in M.P. Cities in Rajasthan Parameters

Bhopal, Indore Jaipur, Udaipur Ozone & Lead

Mandideep, Bhopal Ajmer, Bhiwadi Lead

Vijaipur Kota mmonia

4. 5. Apart from the stations under the National Ambient Air Monitoring Programme, three sampling

stations were selected in each city. Sampling was carried out continuously for 48 hours at each location except for ozone. Ozone was monitored between 7:00 AM and 6:00 PM on hourly basis. The city-wise status of air quality is presented as follows:

Bhopal – The average concentrations of SO2 & NO2 were within the prescribed standard for ambient air quality at all the sampling locations, whereas Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) exceeded the prescribed limit to the extent of 62% & 7% times at Hamidia Road and Malviya Nagar respectively. Both locations were having high frequency of traffic movement. Average concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was significantly high at all the locations. The contribution of natural sources towards the particulate matter in the city was higher than the anthropogenic sources. Concentration of specific air pollutant i.e. ozone in the city ranged from BDL to 95 m g/m3 hourly. Most of the time the ozone has been found below 20 m g/m3 . The higher ozone concentrations were reported in heavy traffic zone.

Mandideep – It is an industrial area in Raisen District, which is 22 km away in south from Bhopal city having small habitation within the area. All the air pollutants were found within the prescribed limit.

Indore – Gaseous pollutants i.e. SO2 & NO2 were found within the prescribed limit whereas ozone concentration ranged from BDL to 211 m g/m3 . The highest concentration of ozone was reported at industrial area, where higher concentrations of NO2 were detected. At Palasia square concentration of ozone was found higher compared to other locations due to heavy traffic. The RSPM concentration at Sanghi Brothers building was exceeding the prescribed limit. Similarly, the SPM concentrations in all the locations were exceeding the prescribed limit.

Vijaipur – M/s National Fertilizers Ltd., M/s Gas Authority India Ltd. and M/s Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. are the major industries in operation at Vijaipur. Average concentration of specific air pollutant i.e. ammonia ranged from 8.3 to 25.5 m g/m3 which is below the prescribed limit (400 m g/m3 ). Other air pollutants were also found within the prescribed ambient air quality limits.

Ajmer – Secondary lead processing units are located at the out skirts of the city. NO2 , RPM & SPM concentrations were found on higher side, particularly near the railway station at clock tower. It is the busiest square in terms of the vehicular movement in the city. The famous mosque (Khawja Moinuddin Chisti) is located at a distance of 1.5 km from this location. At Mayora school building and Clock Tower,

SPM concentration exceeded the permissible limit. The average concentration of RSPM was found within the limit at Mayora school and CPWD inspection bungalow. However, at clock tower the RSPM value was found higher than the limits.

Bhiwadi – Bhiwadi is an industrial town of Rajasthan located 80 km southwest from Delhi. Ambient air quality data indicates that the gaseous pollutants especially NO2 concentration were exceeding the permissible limit at industrial area and also in the adjacent rural area. The RSPM & SPM concentrations were also either very close to or exceeding the prescribed limit at these locations. But, the SPM values have not exceeded the prescribed limit for industrial area at Garden valley. At Phoolbagh (having the commercial activities and located on the highway) RPM & SPM concentrations exceeded the prescribed limits, while the gaseous pollutants were within the prescribed limit.

Jaipur – Three locations were selected for the air quality monitoring apart from the stations regularly operated under the NAMP project. Among the gaseous pollutants, average concentration of NO2 found close to the prescribed limit whereas its maximum values have found exceeded the limit at Badichopad and Tejajinagar. Badichopad is a commercial area, having heavy traffic movement. The average concentrations of RSPM were exceeding the prescribed limit by 1-4% at all the monitoring locations. At Badichopad, it is marginally lower than the prescribed limit. The SPM concentrations were exceeding the limit at two locations i.e. Badichopad & Tejajinagar but it was very close to prescribed limit at Malviya Nagar. The ozone concentration at Jaipur monitored at four major traffic intersections. Its concentration varied from BDL to 98 m g/m3 . The highest concentration of ozone recorded at Jhalana Doongri area, which is near to RTO office and 0.5 km away from the Delhi highway.

Udaipur – It is the lake city of Rajasthan, famous for historical palaces and attracts both national as well as international tourists. The average concentration of gaseous pollutants at the studied locations were found within the prescribed ambient air quality limits, whereas the RSPM concentration found higher at Delhi Gate (Police station) area. In case of SPM concentration, it was exceeding the prescribed limit at all three locations. At Delhi Gate, the frequency of vehicle movement were found higher compared to other parts of the city, which was the reason for the higher concentrations of the RSPM, SPM & NO2 . Ozone has been monitored at four locations in the city at all the pollution potentials in the city. Its concentration varied from BDL to 68 m g/m3 .

Monitoring of Suspended Particulate Matter in Ambient Air of Kanpur

Kanpur has the distinction of the most polluted city of Uttar Pradesh. To have an assessment of general ambient air quality, following four locations were selected as representative of different Categories and monitored twice a month for 24 hours throughout the year:

1. Ghantaghar (Commercial) 2. Ramadevi (Residential) 3. Gol Chowraha (Sensitive) 4. Civil Lines (Residential)

Trends of monthly average profile of SPM & RSPM from January-2001 to March-2002 for above four locations show that:

1. Concentration of SPM & RSPM in Ambient Air for all four locations in Kanpur city exceeded the prescribed Ambient Air Quality Standard.

2. Values obtained at Civil Lines, Gol Chowraha & Ramadevi are comparable but values obtained at Ghantaghar are excessive due to high commercial activities and heavy traffic load.

3. High values of SPM & RSPM in Kanpur may be attributed to loose soil, exposed roads and high volume of mixed traffic. It is evident from the results that in monsoon season there is tremendous reduction in both SPM & RSPM Values. This is due to wash out of particulate matter during rains.

4. Fraction of RSPM (PM-10) in SPM was found above 50%. 5. Large variation in concentration of RSPM &SPM shows that major contribution of particular

matter may be due to natural sources. 6. Nighttime values of RSPM and SPM were observed lower than daytime values. 7. Variation of RSPM was lower in comparison to SPM values over the year.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at Kanpur

One Ambient air quality monitoring station has been established at Vikas Nagar (Kanpur), representing residential area, since 1st March 2001, the data of which is being displayed at T.V. channel "Aaj Tak". The Value of RSPM in Vikas Nagar Ranges from 49 ug/m 3 to 442 ug/m 3 . The values are Maximum in winter and minimum during Monsoon. RSPM excluding monsoon always exceeds the prescribed norms. SO2 & NOx are still well within prescribed norms. Trends of monthly average of RSPM from March 2001 to March 2002 is shown in Fig 6.1.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at Agra City

Under AAQM-Agra, four monitoring stations were installed and are being operated at Taj Mahal, Itmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh and Nunhai respectively. Data on Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), and Sulphur di oxide (SO2 ) and Nitrogen di oxide (NO2) for all the days (24 hours/day and 365 days/year) are being generated from these representative locations. The primary objective of such extensive and monitoring is to know the dispersion of pollutants generated from the industrial areas so as to ascertain the impact of industrial emissions on Taj Mahal and other important monuments located in the city and its close proximity.

Taj Trapezium Zone being declared as a sensitive region by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India has the following standards for various parameters.

Time weighted Avg.

SO2 NO X SPM RSPM

Annual 15 15 70 50

24/8 hours 30 30 100 75

All values are in µgm / m 3

Monitoring Network & Central Laboratory

The Varadarajan Committee (constituted by Hon'ble Supreme Court through its report in 1995, identified the following broad areas /regions for air quality monitoring to meet the objective of the study and present investigation was initiated accordingly), viz. Rambagh, Nunhai, Idmad-ud-daula and Tajmahal. These areas are aligned, almost, in one direction (north-south). The air quality data generated, in these areas, can indicate the gradient of pollutant concentrations (from industrial areas including traffic sites)

towards Taj Mahal. Thus, the data generated can easily be interpreted to understand source-receptor linkages.

The study area for air quality monitoring lies in the north of Taj Mahal towards the industrial areas. There are two industrial areas viz. Foundry Nagar (Rambagh) and Nunhai situated in the north of Taj Mahal at about 3-4 Kms. aerial distance. The land-use pattern between the industrial areas and Taj Mahal include major traffic corridors in the form of highway (NH-2, Hathras Road and other City roads along the banks of river Yamuna). Further to these highways, there is a green belt leading to Taj Mahal; the belt may assist in the removal of pollutants to some extent. Moreover, there are two important monumental sites in addition to Taj Mahal namely Itmad-ud-daulah (the Tomb) and Rambagh Garden.

Rambagh Garden : The building (roof top near river Yamuna) is on the North West corner of Foundry Nagar, about 200 meters from Hathras Road, located in the Rambagh Garden.

Nunhai (DIC Building for Industrial Area): The station is situated in South West end of Nunhai Industrial area and expected to reflect the emission not only of Nunhai industrial area but also pollutants traveling from Foundry Nagar industrial area.

Itmad-ud-daula (at the roof-top of internal gate of the monument-ASI office): The station was found suitable in the Itmad-ud-daula gate itself as other areas are very congested with various commercial activities besides absence of free air flowing areas, un-matching building height etc. This station shall also reflect the ambient air quality in and around Itmad-ud-daula, historical monument in the trans -Yamuna.

Tajmahal (South-West corner/bourje): This is the best location as pollution traveling from Foundry Nagar and Nunhai are expected to reach Tajmahal through this point only.

Central Laboratory: A Central Laboratory has been established for coordination of the activities of monitoring sites, analysis of samples, routine requirements, and calibration of instruments and as office for various interaction and co-ordination activities.

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter: The general trend observed in the case of RSPM is almost the same at all the locations. Its monthly mean values exceeded the permissible limit (4-6 times) for the concerned area class in the month of December 2001. The possible sources could be industrial and

climatic component (temperature inversions) which helps in the accumulation of pollutants in the lower layer of atmosphere.

The use of bonfire during this period clearly raises the RSPM level in the atmosphere. However, in the month of January 2001 the monthly mean value was found to be 3-4 times of the standard showing fall in the concentration due to winter showers and closure of all industrial units (as per the direction). In the next two months a definite decline was observed in the monthly mean values and Exceedance Factor (mean value/permissible for area class) was less than two times. The closure of industries and climate change (reduced effect of temperature inversion) and changed wind pattern (west to east) might be the key factors in reducing the concentration levels in addition to occasional showers (due to western disturbances in this period).

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2): In the month of December 2001 high level of NO2were observed along with high RSPM values apparently indicate the increased use of fuel either in the industrial units or vehicles. The likely reasons are expected to be indifferent for the high level of RSPM. The mean monthly values were less than two times of the set standard for the area class and were always less than the limit set for residential areas (but entire area is regarded as sensitive).

In the subsequent months the mean monthly values were ranging marginally above or below the set standard. The closure of industries and the reasons discussed for continuous decline in RSPM as well NO2are almost the same except the fact that RSPM values may also be attributed to natural sources.

1. Estimation of Levels of Benzene in Ambient Air and its Impact on Health in Mumbai

Central Board has conducted a study on "Estimation of levels of Benzene in ambient air and its impact on health in Mumbai" with the objective to form database on benzene concentration in Mumbai city. The concentration of benzene in ambient air of Mumbai has been monitored at 35 locations for 24-hours (8 hourly) during year 1999-2000. These locations were divided into eleven categories viz. Residential, commercial, industrial, parking area, arterial roads, petrol pumps, traffic intersections etc. The observed concentration ranged from 0.006 ppm to 0.975 ppm. The concentration of benzene in the residential area were varying between 0.006 ppm to 0.975 ppm. While concentration of benzene in industrial area varied between 0.047 to 0.129 ppm. Highest values of benzene in the study were observed at automobile repair garage and petrol pumps. Correlation between ambient concentration of benzene and cancer deaths could not be established for want of extensive data. However, mortality data indicated increase in number of deaths due to cancer. The concentrations of benzene observed in the present study are indicative and continuous monitoring at minimum five categories, i.e. residential, commercial, industrial, petrol pumps and traffic junctions is recommended as this will help in anticipating future concentration of benzene in ambient air, formulating standard levels and decision pertaining to control air pollution.

2. Monitoring and Inventory of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Air of Delhi & Mumbai

A study on "Inventory of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban air of Delhi & Mumbai" is being conducted by Central Board. The objectives of the study are proposed to be achieved in two phases. Phase I comprises of identification and measurement of VOCs in ambient air of urban areas of Delhi and Mumbai. Phase II of the study involves inventorisation of sources of VOCs in an industrial estate viz. Thane-Belapur of Mumbai. First interim report of the study has been already prepared and submitted.

1. STATE OF ENVIRONMENT

Bangalore

To assess the State of Environment at Bangalore, in-depth monitoring of sewage treatment plants and effluent treatment plant of some major industries were carried out. Monitoring of ambient air in respect of routine parameters and noise has been completed. Dry data of some major industries are being collected in order to update the available information.

Status of Domestic Waste Water Treatment at Bangalore

The performance evaluation of one of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board (BWSSB) located at Hebbal was carried out. The STP is conventionally designed for treatment of 60 Million Litres per Day (MLD) sewage waste water and came into operation in the year 1999.The monitoring data indicate that treated effluent quality meets the stipulated standards.

Table 6.3 Analysis Results of Monitoring at STP, Hebbal Location pH Conductivity TSS TDS BOD COD

Inlet to Detritus tank 7.3 1120 186 592 160 379

Outlet from Primary Clarifier-I 7.1 1110 116 618 114 253

Outlet from Primary Clarifier-II 7.1 1120 166 654 120 281

Outlet from Secondary Clarifier-I 7.6 1010 22 561 19 59

Outlet from Secondary Clarifier-II 7.6 1000 23 555 21 63

Final effluent 7.6 980 29 544 23 67

Note: All values are expressed in mg/l except pH and Conductivity (in micro-mho/cm).

Status of Industrial Effluent Treatment at Bangalore

A Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), designed to treat the effluent 14 tanneries having capacity of 1000 kilo litre per day (KLD) was monitored. The plant has came into operation in the year 1994 and being maintained by Lidkar Tanners Enviro Control System Limited, Bangalore. The results of monitoring are presented in Table 6.4 which show that although the BOD value is falling within the stipulated limit, yet, the plant requires improvement in order to bring down the TDS and COD within the standards.

Table 6.4 Analysis Results of Monitoring at CETP , Lidkar Location Alkalinity TSS TDS BOD COD Chlorides Sulphate

Inlet to the collection tank 7500 1080 3080 200 1024 889 2777

Outlet from equalization tank 8000 7460 3740 500 1088 924 5332

Outlet from Primary clarifier 8500 1600 2910 190 520 919 4141

Final effluent 5000 106 2956 5 156 2274 3670

Note: All values are expressed in mg/l.

Status of Ambient Air Quality at Bangalore

Ambient air quality monitoring in respect of noise was carried out at 24 high traffic intersections. Noise levels were recorded at all the locations during day as well as night are presented in Table 6.5.

T able 6.5 Noise Level in City of Bangalore Sl.No. Location Noise Level, L eq , dB(A)

DAY NIGHT

1. Basavanagudi 84 70

2 Commercial Street 82 78

3 Gandhinagar 77 76

4 High Court 83 67

5 Indiranagar 81 63

6 Jayanagar 82 62

7 K.G.Road 84 83

8 K.G.Circle 69 64

9 K.R.Market 80 70

10 Lalbagh 71 54

11 M.G.Road 81 74

12 Majestic Bus Stand 86 82

13 Malleshwaram Circle 79 85

14 Navrang Circle 83 81

15 NIMHANS Hospital 69 53

16 Peenya Industrial Estate 84 65

17 Shivajinagar 85 76

18 City Railway Station 82 71

19 St. John's Hospital 74 57

20 St.Martha's Hospital 85 48

21 Ulsoor Bus Stand 82 88

22 Victoria Hospital 80 64

23 Whitefield 77 62

24 Yeshwanthpur Circle 86 75

The variation of noise level during day and night at different locations exhibit that except at Malleshwaram Circle and Ulsoor Bus Stand, noise levels during night was less than the noise during day time. However, difference of noise level between day and night was observed very less at K.G.Road, K.R.Circle, Majestic Bus Stand and Navrang Circle indicating that the noise is mainly attributed due to heavy traffic at these locations.

Water Quality Monitoring of Lakes in Bangalore

Water quality monitoring of two lakes in Bangalore namely Bellandur & Varthur was carried out on quarterly basis for physico-chemical parameters. Chlorophyll concentration and Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) profile, with respect to depth, was also recorded. The data is presented in Tables 6.6.

Table 6.6 Water Quality Status of Bellandur and Varthur Lakes

Location pH Conductivity Turbidity TDS DO COD BOD

Bellandur lake outlet 7.9 946 11 542 1.5 100 25

Varthur lake outlet-I 7.8 948 8 515 0.3 58 21

Varthur lake outlet-II 8.2 1024 10 558 3.3 67 17

Bellandur lake outlet 7.3 105 34 233 1.98 17 <1

Varthur lake outlet-I 7.5 104 38 1.90 6.39 8 Nil

Varthur lake outlet-II 9.5 102 16 1.83 7.26 6 <1

Note: i. All values are expressed in mg/l except pH, Conductivity ( m s/cm), Chlorophyll (mg/m3), Fecal and Total Coliform (per 100 ml), and Turbidity (NTU).

D.O. profile of Varthur lake, as depicted in Fig 6.2, illustrates the eutrophication status, which is unsuitable for various biotic organisms. The abnormal high concentration of D.O. (25 mg/l) may be attributed due to partial pressure exerted by the oxygen liberated during photosynthesis. This is further confirmed by the diurnal variation of Dissolved Oxygen concentration in epilimnion of the lake. This appears to be possible because of presence of blooms of blue green algae. The nocturnal variation of D.O. concentration was hypolimnion nil, showing no transfer of oxygen from atmosphere and consumption of available oxygen during respiration by the algae.

The limnion system of Bellandur lake appears to be stable, as such variation in D.O. concentration in epilimnion and hypolimnion falls within the normal range. Further, diurnal variation of Dissolved Oxygen concentration has also been observed less.

Fig 6.2 Dissolved Oxygen profile in lakes of Bangalore

Allahabad

There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around the world, which ares described with great worship in ancient scriptures as Prayag or Prayagraj or Teerthraaj i.e. the holiest

pilgrimage centre. With the added attraction of Kumbh Mela , hailed as the world's largest congregation of devotees, its importance has multiplied manyfold. In order to know the Environmental Status of the city and decide the future course of action, the study was taken up by the CPCB during 2001- 2002

Demography

Population of Allahabad city has increased from 1.84 lakhs in 1931 to 10.5 lakhs in 2001. The average estimated present population density is 14888-persons/sq. km. The average population growth of the city is around 27 %. Comparing with other major cities in our country, Allahabad is the 32 nd largest city in the country in terms of population according to the 2001 Census data.

Modern Allahabad is not only a religio-cultural centre but also known as seat of justice, education and politics and also a city of administrative a50nd educational institutions. It has a lot of tourist spots of religious and historical importance.

Area & Land Use pattern

The total usable land in the Modified Master Plan-2001 has increased to 21689.53 hectares from 18511.00 hectares in 1967's Plan. The percent distribution of land has increased considerably only for residential uses while the allocation of land has been reduced considerably for industrial uses because the industrial development of the city could not take place as per the anticipation. Provisions have been made in the revised Master Plan for construction of bypasses (5 nos.), bridges over the rivers Ganga & Yamuna(3 nos.), widening of existing roads, construction of new roads, over bridges and underpasses etc. All these proposals/ provisions if implemented properly should solve the traffic and transportation problems of the city to a great extent and will reduce the vehicular pollution problems considerably.

Vehicular Pollution

The city is connected with most of the important places and adjoining areas through express highways i.e. NH, MDRs, ODR and Minor Roads. Unfortunately no bypass exists to divert the through traffic, which increases the traffic volume inside the city to a great extent and in-turn the vehicular pollution and traffic jams also. The total numbers of vehicles on road in the city is 3.10 lacs (Feb.2002) among which the lion share is contributed by 2 wheelers to the tune of 80.5 %.

The estimated total vehicular pollution load of the city during early 2002 was approximately 37.86 MT/day. The quantities of major pollutants i.e. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emitted by all the vehicles put together, were estimated as 21.65 MT and 8.92 MT respectively. Petrol driven vehicles, mainly 2 wheelers and PCG (passenger cars-gasoline) group of vehicles were found chiefly responsible towards these emissions. NOx emissions contribution is 5.5 MT mainly due to diesel driven vehicles. 1.57 MT of Particulate matters were contributed mainly by the diesel driven vehicles. Benzene emissions, although not significant, were mainly because of petrol driven vehicles.

Ambient Air Quality

Like ant other typical north-Indian city, SPM concentrations are beyond the prescribed limits. The major portions of the total suspended particulate matter are of natural origin. The ambient air quality is extremely poor with reference to RSPM at all the locations. Like other cities, the oxides of Sulphur & Nitrogen are within the prescribed norms.

Water Supply Management

Inspite of availability of adequate quantities of surface water, ground water is the major source of water supply (around 65%) in the city.

Monitoring at 14 different locations revealed that the drinking water being supplied is hard (exceeding the limits in 11 samples) and fluoride content is also less than desired. The presence of residual chlorine could be detected only in 5 out of 14 samples, which indicated that this aspect of chlorination of drinking water must be taken very seriously on the part of Jal Sansthan. Presence of T. Coliforms and F. Coliforms were observed in 7 and 3 samples respectively. Presence of heavy metals namely Iron and Zinc were observed in some of the samples. In respect of other parameters, the quality is conforming the desired permissible limits.

Ground water monitoring (Mark II hand pumps/ open well) was conducted at 14 locations and it was observed that the hardness and calcium content are exceeding in all the locations except one at Kanhaaipur and presence of TC and FC were detected at 2 locations. The water quality is satisfactory in respect of other parameters.

The quality of ground water (hand pump M-II and well-water) at Civil Lines bus stand was unsatisfactory.

Waste Water Management & Ganga Action Plan

During the survey it was observed that at present the capacity of STP constructed at Naini under GAP-I, is only 60 MLD. Remaining approximately 171 MLD of untreated waste water is being discharged into rivers Ganga & Yamuna. About 90 MLD of the waste water has been intercepted and diverted towards the down stream end of the city/Sangam for treatment (60 MLD only) / discharge ( untreated 30 MLD) into river Ganges. For interception, diversion and treatment of 150 MLD of waste water is proposed in GAP phase II. Other schemes proposed under GAP-II include land acquisition, construction of a number of STPs of various types for different areas of the city, augmentation of capacity of present STP, pumping stations and other network component of Sewerage, development and electrification of riverbanks and ghats, forestry, wood based crematoria and mass awareness programmes. The total project proposal amounts to Rs. 23480.00 lacs.

Table 6.7 Waste-water Treatment and Estimated Pollution Loads

Estimated Discharge BOD SS BOD Load (E) SS Load (E) Type of

Discharge MLD mg/l mg/l MT/day MT/day

Untreated 171.00 99.90 339.00 17.083 57.969

Treated 60.00 28.24 61.24 1.694 3.674

Total 231.00 18.777 61.643

Solid Waste & Bio-medical Waste Management

Total Quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Allahabad is approximately 450 MT/day, which is disposed on three sites namely Phaphamau, Naini and Karamat ki Chauki. A proposal amounting to Rs. 16.00 Lakhs, as submitted by NEERI, is under consideration for suggesting a suitable system for disposal of MSW. The total quantity of Biomedical Wastes generated is approximately – 1.5 Tonnes/day (@250 gms/bed/day, Total Bed Capacity of the hospitals is about 5900 beds. Joint Inspection of 7 major hospitals was made in Feb.02 . Incinerators with air pollution control devices have been installed only by the following hospitals:

i. M/s. Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital– 15 kg/hr. ii. M/s Leprosy Mission Hospital, Naini – 10 kg/hr.

Remaining hospitals are discharging their wastes in an unscientific manner. Municipal corporation has engaged a private party to install and operate a common incinerator. An area of 350 sq. metres has been allotted at Karela-Bagh, near old workshop.

Union Territories of Daman & Silvassa

The Central Pollution Control Board, Vadodara, in association with PCC, Daman, visited UTs Daman during 1 st November 2001 to 8 th Nov. 2001 and carried out in-depth study to ascertain the pollution potential in these areas caused by the industries. Grab water and air samples were collected from various industries to verify the adequacy and efficiency of the treatment facilities that provided by the industries.

Singrauli

In keeping with potential of air pollution and environmental problems, in Singrauli problem area and considering the need for regular environmental surveillance, CPCB initiated involvement of NGOs in the

field of environmental monitoring. With this object, CPCB sponsored this project to M/s Banwasi Sewa Asram, a prominent NGO in Sonebhadra District of Singrauli area ,co-ordinated by CPCB ZO: Kanpur.

The project activity includes studies pertaining to ambient air quality, bio monitoring and surface water quality.

Ambient Air Quality

a. Monitoring at four locations viz. Kaival, Bijpur,Renukoot(Murdhava) and Dalla b. All the four stations are operational in a month for at least two days (24 hrs) in a week c. The parameters being monitored include RSPM, SO2 , NOx, Fluoride and Mercury

Bio-Monitoring

a. Monitoring at ten (10) representative locations covering the whole (periphery) of reservoir. Emphasis is given to the outfalls and confluence point(s) of river(s), impact of drains, ash-pond overflow and other surface run-off.

b. The monitoring is undertaken on monthly basis avoiding the monsoon period / rainy season c. Parameters being monitored include Saprobity Index (SVI) and Bio-diversity index (SCI)

Surface Water Quality

a. Surface water quality monitoring at 10 locations on reservoir / river / drains in Singrauli area and analysed for pH, Total Suspended Solids, COD, Dissolved Oxygen, Fluoride and Mercury. Emphasis is given to the impact of air borne as well as water borne pollutants on reservoir, drains and surface water accumulation (used by local village population).

VEHICULAR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL AT TRAFFIC INTERSECTION

1. Patna City

Ambient air quality monitoring at the major traffic intersection in Patna was carried out in association with Bihar State Pollution Control Board. This monitoring was done on 24-hrs average basis in two phases covering two seasons – post-monsoon and winter during September 24-29, 2001 and February 9-14, 2002 at 12 major traffic intersections identified jointly by Central Pollution Control Board and BSPCB. The parameters monitored were Suspended Particulate Matter, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter, VOC, NO2, SO2 besides lead in SPM and RSPM. Due care was taken in selecting the monitoring stations so that it should represent residential, commercial, sensitive areas. The monitoring locations were as follows:

1. Patna City Chowk 2. Patna City Court 3. Bahadurpur Gumti Crossing 4. Dak Bunglow Crossing 5. Khuda Baksh Library 6. Gandhi Maidan 7. R-Block Crossing 8. Kurjee More 9. Boring Road Crossing 10. Chidyatal Bridge 11. Ashiyana More 12. Anishbad More

Bihar State Pollution Control Board operates Vehicle Exhaust Checking stations in Patna, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Barauni. At present Jamshedpur and Dhanbad is working under Jharkhand Pollution Control Board. In financial year 2001-02, 8657 number of vehicle were checked at these station. Based on the observation - 0.5% of two wheelers, 4.4% of 3-wheelers, 26.5% of 4-wheeler, and 6.6% of 6-wheeler vehicles were found to be above stipulated norms.

Noise monitoring was carried out at 12 major traffic intersection covering area of Patna Municipal Corporation and Patna City. The noise survey was done using a Quest make noise Meter at four times a

day to represent exposure during various period. The observed value in dB(A) for L eq. , L min , L max , L 10 , L 50 , L 90 are tabulated below:

Table 6.8 Noise Levels at Traffic intersection at Patna

S.

No. Name of Station Date Period L eq L min L

max L 10

L 50

L 90

Day 79 59 97 82 76 70 1. Patna City Chowk 24.09.2001

Night 76 61 90 79 73 68

Day 76 60 98 79 72 64 2. Patna City Court 24.09.2001

Night 76 63 90 80 73 67

Day 78 65 90 79 76 72 3.

Bahadurpur

Gumti 25.09.2001

Night 80 63 95 84 77 70

Day 79 63 94 80 76 71 4. Khuda Bakhsa

Library 25.09.2001 Night 74 55 90 78 71 63

Day 75 52 94 76 68 60 5. Anishabad More 26.09.2001

Night 71 49 88 75 62 53

Day 82 69 95 86 80 74 6. Ashiana More 26.09.2001

Night 79 58 99 80 73 66

Day 79 66 96 81 75 70 7. Kurjee More 27.09.2001

Night 69 53 92 71 63 57

Day 79 69 92 82 77 74 8. Boring Road

Crossing 27.09.2001 Night 76 55 93 80 70 61

Day 74 61 88 76 71 66 9. R-Block Crossing 27.09.2001

Night 70 54 91 70 63 59

Day 75 67 90 78 71 70 10. Dak Bunglow

Crossing 27.09.2001 Night 72 54 88 75 68 61

Day 79 60 100 75 69 65 11. Chidiyatal Bridge

crossing 28.09.2001 Night 80 63 98 84 75 70

Day 79 65 97 78 72 69 12. Gandhi Maidan 28.09.2001

Night 76 55 98 76 69 62

1. Kolkata Metropolitan City

The total number of registered vehicles in the city upto December 1999 was 721755. This is about three times the 1982-83 number. During the last ten years in Kolkata itself there has been 63 percent rise in vehicle population which is roughly 6.3 percent increase per annum. About 45 percent of these vehicles are 2-wheelers, Motor cars contribute another 36 percent. There are 62700 trucks/delivery vans, 24500 taxis, 10000 auto rickshaws and 1100 mini buses. A large number of old vehicles are plying on the city streets. A study of nine streets crossings found 54 percent of vehicles to be of old model. Of the old vehicles, 56 percent of moor cars, 55 percent of trucks, 56 percent of buses, 46 percent of taxis and 25 percent of 2-wheelers are more than 15 years old. A study had shown that more than one third of all vehicles plying in Kolkata emit beyond permissible where the highest polluting group is the taxis of which more than 50 percent violate emission norms.

In addition to the above number of vehicles registered with PVD, there are a total of 1.2 lakh vehicles registered in 24 Parganas (North) (as on 31 st December 1999) and 60000 vehicles registered in Howrah (as on 31 st January 2000). A large number of these vehicles obviously get into KMC area

adding to congestion and consequently to pollution. In 24 Parganas (North) the number of vehicles have gone up by a whopping 300 percent in the last ten years which works out to an annual average increase of 30 percent.

The increase in number of vehicles predominated by 2-wheelers and highly mobile taxis, goods vehicles, auto rickshaws etc. have its own impact on air pollution. Such increasing numbers have a predictable impact on traffic volume and congestion. The situation is further compounded by the limited road space and the consequently create congestion at major intersections. A study on peak hour traffic volume in some major intersections of the city revealed an alarming increase in traffic volume during peak hours. The volume of peak traffic growth recorded in Park Street/Jawaharlal Nehru crossing showed an increase of 18.4 percent within a period of two years (1997-99). The evening volume of traffic in Jawaharlal Nehru Road (North to South) in fact increased by an astounding 48 percent during this period. Similarly, the annual peak traffic growth rate in Park Circus connector is 12.6 percent and Rashbehari connector 32 percent.

Table 6.9 Noise levels at major road intersections in Kolkata Sl.

No.

Name of station

Average noise level during day

Maximum Noise level during day

Minimum Noise level during day

Percentile exceeding Noise

L d L max L min L 10 L 50 L 90

1 Behala 80 97 67 83 77 73

2 Chiriamore 83 92 71 86 81 77

3 Esplanade 85 97 74 88 83 77

4 Garia 83 100 66 84 78 72

5 Golpark 77 90 65 81 73 68

6 Hazra 80 90 68 83 76 71

7 Kidirpore 81 91 69 83 79 73

8 Parkcircus 75 88 61 77 73 70

9 Sciencecity 77 96 60 79 72 66

10 Tollygunge 82 94 55 85 78 73

11 Moulali 84 93 73 84 82 76

12 Ultadanga 82 95 69 84 78 73

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TREATMENT PLANTS

Evaluation of Performance and Management Practices of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs)

Small scale industries (SSls) are the unique feature of Indian industrial development, promoted by the Govt for balanced economic growth in the country. Individually the SSI, may not contribute significant pollution, but collectively their contribution is quite significant. Most of the SSIs do not have treatment system owing to the problem of availability of space, resources, manpower etc. Thus the Ministry of Environment initiated an innovative technical and financial support scheme in order to ensure treatment and disposal of wastewater from SSIs. MoEF has so far approved 133 CETPs of which 51 have been constructed and commissioned. CPCB initiated performance evaluation including management practices in order to ensure proper functioning of these CETPs. CPCB is carrying out this study with the help of IIT, Mumbai, CLRI, Chennai and EPTRI Hyderabad. The study is expected to be completed by the end of 2002.

Performance Evaluation of STPs in major cities of Gujarat

The heavy & haphazard urbanization in Gujarat State, has resulted in significant deterioration of the quality of the urban water bodies and the nearby Rivers, which are also subject to high pollution potential from the industries located within the City areas.

The West Zonal Office of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has been undertaking a Project on Performance Evaluation of STPs in major cities of Gujarat, consisting of study of Domestic Wastewater Management System in six major Cities (population above 5 lacs) of Gujarat State. The Study aimed at covering the measurement of river water quality and overall efficacy & efficiency of all individual treatment units. It, also, aimed at identification of the associated techno-economic problems in achieving the norms.

The salient features are almost common for all the STPs, hence the salient observations made, based on the visits and the comprehensive monitoring are as below:

• Lack of proper & adequate Sewerage system in all Cities – The City of Jamnagar not have the sewerage system at all.

• Insufficient coverage of urban population under sewerage network. • Lack of proper Sewage Treatment System for the sewage collected through the sewerage

network. • Lack of will for development in the existing inherited sewerage network – Lack of finance & its

management (even where finance is available) for the development of overall domestic wastewater management system.

• Surat is the only City, where the population coverage under sewerage & sewage treatment system is highest among all cities. – Even, the performance of STPs are much better than any other cities, with due compliance to the norms at most STPs within the city.

• Training of manpower associated with STPs & sewerage system is a key issue in all cities.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING (RWH) STUDIES

The over-exploitations of water resources both surface and ground water is leading to Water Scarcity. The water scarcity can be overcome by prolonging stay of rainwater on land by using engineering innovations. Rainwater harvesting technique is one such innovation, which has been promoted by Central Pollution Control Board. The guidelines have been developed for such exercise, which can be, adopted at household as well as community levels. In order to demonstrate and promote RWH practices, CPCB has installed, roof top rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge system at CPCB Headquarters Parivesh Bhawan building at Delhi. Subsequently, it has been decided to demonstrate and promote the RWH practice all over the country through financial assistance for installation of similar or suitable systems in the office buildings owned by the SPCBs/PCCs. Some of such proposals have been financed during year 2001 and proposed for the year 2002.

STUDIES OF GROUND WATER QUALITY

Studies of Ground Water Quality around CETP and Common secured landfill sites located at various places in Gujarat.

The Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) is a solution, which protects the mutual interests of both Industries as well as surrounding population and environment, if it is properly operated and maintained. The CETP treats industrial wastewater after primary treatment given at the source by the individual Industry. Secondary and tertiary treatment is given to the Industrial waste on payment basis at CETP, which is charged from individual industry depending on the quantity. Similarly, common secured landfill sites (CSLS) handle Industrial waste mostly solids, which are hazardous and toxic. The improper design of CETP and CSLS may contaminate ground water due to leachates. Therefore, CPCB's west zone office, has taken up a project to assess the ground water quality near, CETP and CSLS in Gujarat.

Leachates and Ground water samples around CETP and CLFS were collected from GIDC Vatwa; Udhav at Ahmedabad, GIDC Nandesari at Vadodara, GIDC Ankaleshwar at Bharuch and GIDC Vapi at Valsad district. Analytical results are presented in the Table 6.10 and salient observation is presented below:

• There is no Inspection well available for measuring Groundwater quality at various depths for covering up gradient and down gradient with respect to the direction of flow surrounding the disposal site fulfilling the norms laid in " Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills: HAZWAMS/ 17/ 2000-01". The results of Ground water quality/being submitted to the GPCB may not be representative.

• Facility for regular monitoring ambient air quality around the site is not available. Most of the wells meant for Ground water sampling, which were shallow, are now dry except one. There is no "Danger" and "No smoking" Signboards available at the Site.

• There is no Laboratory functioning at the site for verification of acceptance criteria of arriving wastes from different Industries. Hazardous wastes are randomly disposed by the labours having no protecting clothing.

• Analytical results of Ground water show that the pH varied between 7.0 and 8.0, whereas Total dissolved solids (TDS) varied in the range of 586 mg/l to 4512 mg/l which is exceeding the limit of 500 mg/l.

• Alkalinity ranged between 324 mg/l and 632 mg/l, the minimum value of Chloride was 117 mg/l and maximum 1695 mg/l and Phosphate values remained in the range of 0.16 mg/l to 0.51 mg/l. All values of alkalinity are exceeding the limit of 200 mg/l whereas, some values of chloride in the ground water near Odhav and Vapi are within the limit of 250 mg/l as results show in the Table 6.11.

• Sulfate varied between 54 mg/l and 694 mg/l and total hardness between 69 mg/l to 577 mg/l at Ankleshwar.

• Analytical results of Leachates indicating the presence of very high COD,BOD, Conductivity, Chlorides and Hardness (Table 6.12).

Table 6.10 Ground water quality around CETP and Secured landfill site in Gujarat Location

GIDC

Limit

pH

6.5-

8.5

TDS

500

Cond.

--

Alk

200

Cl

250

TH

300

Ca-H

75

Mg-H

--

SO4

200

PO4

--

Remarks

Vatva

Min-

Max-

Av-

7.8

8.0

7.9

1476

1594

1535

2500

2800

2650

324

542

433

522

542

532

111

178

145

32

87

60

79

91

85

128

143

136

0.16

0.30

0.23

Odhav

Min-

Max-

Av-

7.5

7.6

7.5

892

1596

1244

1600

2900

2250

418

604

511

217

611

414

69

113

91

34

45

40

35

68

52

54

175

115

Bdl

0.16

--

Vapi

Min-

Mix-

Av-

7.1

7.9

7.5

586

1252

919

1040

1880

1460

262

616

439

117

217

167

103

355

229

53

203

128

31

152

92

59

105

82

Bdl

0.51

--

Ankalesh- war

Min-

Max-

Av-

7.0

7.6

7.3

964

4512

2738

1770

6700

4235

412

632

522

286

1695

991

133

577

355

59

346

203

74

231

153

97

694

396

Bdl

0.17

--

Bdl= Below detectable

Limit

(-) Data not available

Table 6.11: Quality of Leachate around CETP and Secured landfill site in Gujarat

Location pH TDS Conducti-vity

COD BOD Alkali-nity

Cl TH CaH MgH SO 4 PO 4

GIDC

Vatva 7.2 30736 40000 2095 100 150 13649 3280 2380 900 2502 0.37

Vapi 8.0 9450 12700 1765 200 320 3301 1109 949 160 1999 1.33

Anka-

leshwar

7.5 122300 144000 7720 3600 2660 40751 1382 523 859 9929 38.8

All values are in mg/l except pH and conductivity (expressed in m S /cm).

Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Problem Areas

CPCB's Zonal Office Kanpur carried out three round of Groundwater Monitoring in problem areas Singrauli (Uttar Pradesh), Kala-Amb (Himachal Pradesh), Parwanoo (Himachal Pradesh) and Mandi Govindgarh (Punjab). A network of 5 to 6 monitoring location was identified for the study. The monitoring was carried out in winter, Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon season to observe seasonal effect on groundwater

Fig. 6.4 Fluoride and Nitrate Profile in groundwater

Ground Water Quality Monitoring in Problem areas in Eastern Region

In the 29th Conference of the Chairmen & Member Secretaries of the Central Board and the State Pollution Control Boards it was decided that an integrated approach towards environmental management was necessary in dealing with pollution related matters in the problem areas. The CPCB had initially identified 22 problem areas and subsequently two more problems areas were identified. It is proposed to conduct another groundwater quality monitoring program in all the identified problem areas i.e. 24 through the Zonal Offices of CPCB. It is proposed to interpret the data with the surveys / existing data already available with the Central Ground Water Board.

Salient points for programme execution are:

a. The sampling shall be done to observe the seasonal changes as done by CGWB and hence in this case the seasons shall be: post-monsoon (September), winter (January) and pre-monsoon (May) respectively.

b. The samples shall be collected at the shallow water table since this is the region more prone to contamination.

It is essential to judiciously select the station to make it as representative as possible. It would be worthwhile to have in the GW network to cover most common types such as dug wells, tube wells or hand pumps. In case the GW station network chosen in the 1994 exercise can be applicable, the same may be retained as far as possible or modified if the situation warrants.

COASTAL WATER MONITORING

Studies on Pollution potential from Fishing Harbour to the Coastal Waters

The country has a coastline of about 8118 kilometers, which is dotted with 6 major and 27 minor fishing harbours and 2271 fish landing centers. The harbour related activities contribute to the quality of coastal waters and its environment to a certain exyent. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has undertaken a study on the pollution related problems in the fishing harbour and its environment in the Veraval fishing harbour area. The preliminary survey indicated that the problem in this fishing harbour is severe. This harbour is originally designed for approximately 800 fishing vessels to operate. However, without further expansion of infrastructures in the harbour, at present, more than 3000 fishing vessels of different kinds are operated from here. In addition to this domestic wastewater generated from the Veraval town is also finds its way into the harbour area. Further, the effluent generated from the fish processing units of GIDC also being discharged in to this water body. The Industries Association of Veraval recently has undertaken the work of the construction of a CETP with a designed treatment capacity of 5.0 mld and at present to treat the effluent around 3.5 mld generated from 42 fish processing units. The detailed study is under progress.

Environmental status of Coastal Aquaculture in India

The Central Pollution Control Board has initiated an extensive study on the environmental aspects of coastal aquaculture in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, since the rapidly expanding industry have a number of social and environmental side effects, which have been witnessed elsewhere in the world. The preliminary monitoring of aqua farms in both the states indicated that the wastewater generated from these aqua farms have been discharged either to the creeks or estuaries or directly into the sea without any kind of treatment. The brackishwater aquaculture is a seasonal one and two crops are taken annually. During 2001-2002, the discharge water from 30 ponds of 5 aquaculture farms have been monitored during harvesting period. The study is in progress to get more data to derive actual water quality of the wastewater generated by brackishwater aquaculture. The CPCB was also closely associated with the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India in formulating the Guidelines for Effluent Treatment Systems (ETS) in shrimp farms, which has already been published in June 2001 by Aquaculture Authority, Government of India.

Case studies on Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch, Jamnagar, Gujarat

The Marine National Park in the Gulf of Kutch, which covers an area of 169 sq. km. was declared as a protected area to protect more than 200 species of marine flora and fauna. This area is sandwiched by the busy port of Vadinar and Kandla and also private jetties. Imported crude and petroleum products are unloaded here and increasing activities like laying of pipelines and other industrial developments around this area are taking place at a faster rate. The study is undertaken to assess the overall pollution load and environmental threats to the marine life of the National Park area. Dry study comprising collection of relative information and data has been conducted.

Oil Pollution and the Marine Environment

India has a vast coastline and its coastal waters are geographically located at a vulnerable position to oil pollution, since around 45 percent of world's oil transport originates from Middle East countries and passes through India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). On an average 40 super tankers pass through Indian waters daily. In addition to this Indian ports and harbours handle about 3810 tankers carrying about 84 million tonnes of petroleum / oil/ lubricants every year. It is therefore necessary to assess the type of our coastal areas and status of coastal waters with respects to oil pollution and our capability to combat the oil pollution. In this connection relevant data / information have been collected from different

government agencies / departments and compiled in the a report on "Oil Pollution and the Marine Environment" this compilation is first of its kind on Indian marine coastal areas and coastal waters.

Marine sewage Pollution along Indian Coastal Waters

The Municipal wastewater constitutes the largest land based single source of marine pollution. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has quantified the municipal sewage generated from class I cities and class II towns located in the coastal areas and brought out a report on "Municipal Sewage Pollution along Indian Coastal Waters" on the basis of data / information collected from coastal municipalities, municipal corporations, State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Public Health Engineering Department etc. Among the littoral states the Maharashtra states generates maximum quantity of municipal sewage, to the tune of 2508.64 mld followed by West Bengal, 1466.06 mld, which constitutes about 71% of the total quantity of the wastewater generated. The treatment capacity available in the coastal cities and towns is estimated as 1007.90 tonnes/day.

In-depth study in Union Territories of Daman & Silvassa

The Central Pollution Control Board, Vadodara, in association with Pollution Control Committee, Daman, visited UTs Daman during 1 st Nov 2001 to 8 th Nov. 2001 and carried out in-depth study to ascertain the pollution potential in these areas caused by the industries. Grab water and air samples were collected from various industries to verify the adequacy and efficiency of the treatment facilities provided by the industries. Industry wise recommendations are made for implementation by individual industries for better environment.

The salient point observed is that all the industries have been issued consent to reuse/recycle their effluent again into the process/ gardening, as there are no receiving bodies available in UTs, DNH and Daman. Unfortunately, no industry in UT can treat its effluent up to the standard that is required in process. As a result, industries discharge their treated / untreated effluent into storm water drains, whenever they find opportunity, which may eventually spoil the ground water and nearby agricultural land.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF KUMBH MELA 2001

Environmental Study of Kumbh Mela 2001 was undertaken in collaboration with Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar, and CPCB Zonal Office – Kanpur. The in-depth water quality monitoring at Allahabad was undertaken on five important mass bathing days at Sangam every hour and five other locations at a frequency of 2 – 6 times a day. In addition, bio-monitoring studies were also undertaken during pre-Kumbh. The observations are as below:

• The dissolved Oxygen values were found within desirable limit for organized bathing throughout the Mahakumbh fare;

• BOD values exceeded the Water Quality Standards of 3 mg/l at Sangam and at d/s Allahabad; and,

• The total and faecal coliform exceeded the prescribed Water Quality Standards for organized bathing.

Table 6.13 Kumbh 2001 : Water Quality of River Yamuna at Allahabad

Location u/s Allahabad at Naini Bridge

Parameters Pre-Kumbh During Kumbh *

Pre-Kumbh

During Kumbh *

pH 7.5 7.6 8.1 7.7

DO (mg/l) 8.2 8.3 7.0 7.5

BOD (mg/l) 3.5 1.7 7.2 2.5

Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) 1800 1050 20000 11333

Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) 700 600 8000 1700 *Makar Sankranti 14.01.2001

Table 6.14 Kumbh 2001 : Water Quality of River Ganga at Allahabad

Location U/s Sangam

(Shastri Bridge)

Sangam D/s Sangam

(Lavain Kala)

Parameters Pre-Kumbh During Kumbh

Pre-Kumbh During Kumbh *

Pre-Kumbh During Kumbh *

pH 8.1 7.5 8.1 7.8 8.3 8.0

DO (mg/l) 8.0 7.5 7.5 5.8 7.8 8.2

BOD (mg/l) 5.0 3.5 5.8 6.2 6.0 2.7

Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml)

2000 91000 2400 223118 3000 257500

Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml)

900 - 1000 12179 1600 -

* Makar Sankranti 14.01.2001

STATUS OF ENVIRONMENT IN TRIPURA

A study for preparation of status of Environment in Tripura has been carried out with aim to monitor environmental quality and updating the status report. Hence, data pertaining to geography, demography and other environment related aspects are compiled. Environment monitoring has been conducted in respect of air quality, water quality including management of bio-medical waste, hazardous waste at various part of Tripura.. The following observations have been made during the study;

Ground Water Quality: Ground water samples were collected 19 locations distributed in four zones/district ( North: 4, Dhalai:1, West: 11, and South: 3). Analyses have been carried out for physical characteristic, mineral constituent, toxic metals and organic pollutants. Results indicate that TDS, TSS, chloride, Fluoride, sulfates are within permissible limits. Toxic heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Cr are also found within permissible limit. No fecal coliform was found in any samples.

Surface Water: Samples were collected from 12 points from 8 rivers namely, Howrah , Deo, Manu, Dhalai, Juri, Feni, Khowai and Muhri and from 2 lakes namely Amarsagar and Jagannathdihi. The water quality for the parameters such as TDS, TSS , Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Calcium, Magnisium, Sodium,

Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and lead are found within permissible limit. Total coliform, Fecal coliform were observed to be higher at all locations. Oil and

Grease content was higher in Howrah river and in Chandrapur stream at Chandrapur because of discharge from the automobile garages in the area. Bacteriological quality of ponds in respect of total coliform and fecal coliform are higher and unsuitable for drinking.

Air Quality: The air quality monitoring has been carried out at various locations. Tripura is divided into four district namely, North, West, South and Dhalai. The air qualities at different areas are depicted in the following figures;

Bio-Medical Waste Management: The major health establishment composition is depicted in following table;

Bed capacity Health Care Center No.

West South North Dhalai

Total

State Hospital 4 1054 - - - 1054

District Hospital 2 - 150 150 - 300

Sub-divi. Hospital 11 205 150 60 100 515

Rural Hospital 9 120 80 60 - 260

Defense Hospital 3 87 - - - 87

Homeopathic Hospital

1 20 - - - 20

Private nursing home

10 130 -- - - 30

Total 2266

Considering specific waste generation factor, the quantity off bio-medical waste is estimated to be 763 Kg/day. Currently no appropriate system is available for treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN TAJ TRAPEZIUM ZONE

Environmental Management Plan- Taj Trapezium Zone

The action taken on the recommendations of the Environmental Management Plan for Kanpur City , has generated an increasing demand for the spatial planning methodology as a measure for solving the environmental problems due to poor land use compatibility in various spatial scales. Also, it has demanded similar scientific inquiry and comprehensive guideline for addressing the spectrum of environmental issues in the Taj Trapezium Zone. In this context, at the request of the Mission Management Board, Central Pollution Control Board has taken up preparation of Environmental Management Plans for both the Agra City as well as Taj Trapezium Zone. The study is sponsored by World Bank. Lack of a coherent approach in various departments in deciding their priorities and lack of inter-departmental co-ordination due to the absence of a broad guideline and structural adjustment strategy have resulted in poor implementation of various schemes over the years. The situation has called for a base document and Environmental Management Plans for the city (125 Sq.Km) as well as the Environmental Status Report for it's designated hinterland (covering an area of 10,400 Sq.Km within six districts) are well knit in proportion and could aptly be the much needed documents as the region has a complex cultural landscape superimposed on an equally rich natural landscape.

Environmental Management Plan, Agra City

The study was initiated during 2000-2001 and completed in January 2002. The major recommendations were formulated for taking up the priority projects for curbing air pollution in the city as well as improving the environmental conditions in the immediate neighbourhood of Taj Mahal with follow up and expansion to other areas. Outcome of the study suggests massive face-lift programme in the city by improving the

physical infrastructure and able urban management. The important aspects of the recommendations are summarised below.

• Need for planned development with specific focus on area-wide improvement, restrictions/relocation of certain activities, improvement in the road network;

• Upliftment of Urban Economy by selective enhancement of certain category of industries, trade and commerce, tourism etc as well as specialization in certain economic activities;

• Measures for protection of environmental resources; and, • Management of air quality, water quality and solid waste management.

The findings were presented before the local implementing urban bodies who have used the document as the basis of project formulation. Also the recommendations are being incorporated into the Agra Master Plan, which is currently under preparation.

Taj Ecocity

This is a detailed design study, which will be taken up for an area of about 30 Sq.Km in the close periphery of Taj Mahal. The study is an outcome of the EMP Agra city and it aims at understanding the possibilities of modifying the cityscape by introducing aesthetic elements as well as integrating the natural environment within the built-up areas by means of various micro elements. The goal of the study is to trigger the cyclic resource utilization pattern for an urban micro region so that the results will be visible and can be easily replicated to other parts of the city as well as to other urban areas. In this regard, the consultants appointed by GTZ under the Indo-German bilateral programme are preparing a Pre-feasibility Report.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

Research and development activities play an important role in assessment and control of pollution. The important research activities carried out during the year 2001-2002 in various fields like air and water, pollution related research studies, municipal solid waste related research studies, standardization of analytical techniques, analytical quality control (AQC), laboratory development, industries specific research studies are summarized below.

RESEARCH RELATED TO AIR POLLUTION

Performance Evaluation of Air Quality Models

A study has been initiated to provide scientific means for validation and adoption of air quality models suitable for Indian conditions and for formulating appropriate guidelines. An exhaustive data set including emissions, plume characteristics, measured concentrations of pollutants and meteorological parameters have been generated for the chosen site and software based on Gaussian Plume Model has been developed. The software is being refined and further evaluation work of model parameters has been undertaken.

Development of Certified Reference Material for Air Mixtures

Certified reference materials are a pre-requisite for calibration of air monitoring instruments and also to check the accuracy of analytical methods. The accuracy of analytical data depends on the quality of reference standards, used for calibration. In India , availability of indigenously manufactured reference material is scanty and much work needs to be done in this direction. In order to overcome this problem, the project was taken up with the sponsorship of the Department of Science & Technology. Few standard reference materials for air mixtures have already been prepared on trial basis.

Inter-laboratory Comparison of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Methods

Inter-laboratory comparison is an effective tool for quality assurance in ambient air quality monitoring. Central Pollution Control Board has been conducting inter-laboratory comparison workshops since 1999. So far, five rounds of inter-laboratory comparisons have been carried out for measurement of

sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Measurements were mainly done by manual monitoring techniques except on one occasion when continuous monitoring techniques were also employed for measurement of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. In the inter-laboratory comparison conducted during December 2001, 15 teams including officials from State Pollution Control Boards, non-governmental organizations, public sector undertakings and industries have participated. The results of the measurements are depicted in Table 7.1. The performance of the participating laboratories for measurement of nitrogen dioxide was poor as the number of outliers for different reference concentrations ranged between 27 to 40%. On the other hand, the performance of the participants for measurement of sulphur dioxide was satisfactory. There was only one outlier out of 15 participants in the reference concentration of 100 µg/m3. It is proposed to carry more of inter-laboratory comparisons workshops for parameters such as carbon monoxide and ozone.

Table 7.1 Results of Inter-laboratory comparison conducted in December 2001

Reference Concentration Nitrogen dioxide (µg/m3 )

Reference Concentration

Sulphur dioxide (µg/m3 )

Participant

Code

Method

28 79 115 16 39 100

1 Chemical 33* 73 176* 14 40 98

2 Chemical 32 94* 134* 17 41 100

3 Chemical 30 108* 114 15 33* 96

4 Chemical 30 85 88* 17 12* 41*

5 Chemical 34* 107* 128 13* 44 104

6 Chemical 31 90 125 17 42 101

7 Chemical 30 93* 111 16 46* 100

8 Chemical 41* 87 124 14 45 105

9 Chemical 33* 105* 112 14 44 101

10 Chemical 34* 94* 156* 15 90

11 Chemical 31 72 112 16 37 90

12 Chemical 32 79 119 17 43 107

13 Analyser 29 75 112 17 39 96

14 Analyser - - - 16 43 94

15 Analyser 30 77 114 13* 40 103

Average Concentration 32 88 123 15 39 95

No. of Labs exceeding ±(15%) SRT

5 6 4 2 3 1

Percentage (%) of Labs exceeding ±15%) SRT

33 40 27 13 21 7

Values marked with asterisk (*) denote that the values are exceeding the ± (15%) Set Range of Tolerance (SRT)

Correlation of wind speed with ambient levels of pollutants

The wind speed and direction play a major role in dispersion of air pollutants. The stronger the wind, the greater will be dissipation and dilution of pollutants emitted. The wind speed less than 0.28 m/s is classified as calm wind. An attempt has been made to derive correlation of monthly calm condition of wind with monthly ambient CO & NO2 levels at traffic intersection in Delhi during 1997- 2000. It was observed that CO & NO2 concentration is directly proportional to calm condition, i.e more the condition of calm wind, the more is the pollutant concentrations (Fig 7.1 & 7.2).

RESEARCH RELATED TO WATER POLLUTION

Assessment of Water Pollution from Non-Point Sources

Over the years, reasonable baseline information on water pollution from point sources has been collected, but similar information on non-point sources is not available. During the year, an attempt was made to assess non-point sources of pollution in collaboration with the Punjab State Pollution Control Board. Main findings of the study are as follow:

• Non-point pollution contribution is significant particularly during rainy days when surface run-off occurs;

• Unsewered urban areas, solid waste dumps, industrial waste dumps, leakages and losses during handling of chemicals and other materials, application of fertilizers & pesticides in agriculture, mass bathing, disposal of human and animal dead bodies in the rivers are major contributors of non-point pollution; and; and,

• Level of pollution especially nitrate are increasing in groundwater in many parts of the country due to percolation of uncollected sewage and other wastes and application of fertilizers in agriculture.

Experiments are being conducted to quantify pollution load contributed by non-point sources.

Waste Water Toxicity Studies

• Studies have been undertaken under a project on "Development of Toxicity Based Standards for Textile industries and Pulp & Paper Industries". The effluents were collected from various Textile and Pulp & paper industries in collaboration with Gujarat State Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar; NEERI, Nagpur ; CPCB Zonal Office, Kanpur and National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad.

• Toxicity test method developed by CPCB has been recognized and adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New Delhi and published as "Bio-assay Method for Evaluating Acute

Toxicity of Industrial Effluents & Wastewater – Part 2 using Toxicity Factor to Zebra Fish (Brachydanio rerio)" as IS-6582 (Part 2):2000.

Recovery of Silver and Mercury from COD Waste

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is an important parameter for determining the pollution potential of domestic and industrial wastewater. During the course of its analysis, silver sulphate is added as catalyst while mercuric sulphate is added to overcome the interference from halides. After analysis, the COD waste containing the compounds of silver and mercury are disposed off. Considering the hazardous nature and cost factor, an effort was made to recover silver as metallic silver and mercury as mercuric iodide.

The COD waste was treated with dilute HCl to precipitate silver as silver chloride. The silver chloride was dissolved in dilute ammonia and sodium sulfide was added to precipitate silver as silver sulfide. The silver sulfide was mixed with flux material and ignited to 1200°C to separate silver metal and slag material.

The waste after recovery of silver, contains mercury in its compound form. Potassium iodide can precipitate mercury as mercuric iodide. But excess addition of potassium iodide will dissolve the precipitate. Hence, calculated amount of 10% potassium iodide was added to precipitate all mercury as mercuric iodide.

As much as 18 grammes of silver were recovered from 15 litres of COD waste. The recovery percent for both silver and mercury was found to be more than 95%.

Analytical Quality Control (AQC/Water) for the Laboratories of Pollution Control Boards/Committees and EPA Recognized Laboratories

Analytical Quality Control (AQC) is one of the main tools by which the performance of a laboratory can be assessed in terms of accuracy and reliability of analytical data generated by the laboratory. The Central Pollution Control Board is monitoring water quality through 507 monitoring stations under GEMS, MINARS, GAP and YAP Programmes comprising rivers, lakes, wells, and ground waters spread over 23 states and 5 Union Territories through various State Pollution Control Boards. In order to obtain reliable and accurate analytical data, CPCB had started regular and organized Analytical Quality Control (AQC) exercise for laboratories of SPCD/PCC, E(P) Act recognized laboratories Under this project, 8th rounds of AQC exercises covering 21 physico-chemical parameters were carried out for 109 laboratories during 2001. The year wise growth in terms of number of participating laboratories under the scheme is presented In Fig. 7.3.

The overall performance of the laboratories was assessed with respect to Ammonical Nitrogen, Chloride, Chromium, Calcium, Boron, Total Hardness, Potassium, Total Dissolved solids, Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Sodium, Magnesium, Fluoride, Sulphate, Total Kjehldal Nitrogen, Nitrate-N, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Fixed Dissolved solids, Total Suspended Solids, Phosphate-P and pH.

Development, Standardization and Preparation of AQC Samples for Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform for Conducting AQC Exercises

CPCB is conducting AQC exercises covering various physico-chemical parameters. In the AQC exercises, bacterial parameters like Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform are not yet included because of constraints in preparation of bacterial AQC samples and their preservation and despatch under ice-cold condition. To overcome these problems it was decided to prepare lyophilized bacterial samples in solid form like the one developed for BODSEED in collaboration with the Centre for Biochemical Technology (CBT), CSIR, Delhi. The main objectives of the proposed project are:

• To introduce the bacteriological parameters like Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform in AQC scheme;

• To improve the analytical efficiency of concerned laboratories with reference to bacteriological parameters; and,

• To get accurate and reliable data on total coliform and Faecal coliform.

The microbial samples developed were tested in CPCB laboratory to assess the precision and accuracy of the test results. It is planned to introduce Bacterial samples in AQC Inter-laboratory Proficiency Testing (PT) programme during the forthcoming exercises.

Development of Certified Reference Material (CRM) of Toxic Metals using Industrial Effluents

The need for accurate analytical measurements of metals during environmental monitoring is well recognized and accomplished with use of reference material. Standard Reference Materials (SRM`s) are well characterized materials used to maintain the quality of measurements. The use of Certified Reference Material (CRM) during routine measurement of trace metals is expensive. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop economical and indigenous Certified Reference Material (CRM). CPCB has undertaken a project for preparation of Reference Materials for toxic metals in industrial effluents under sponsorship of the Department of Science & Technology (DST).

The Certified Reference Materials for toxic metals like Chromium Copper and Nickel in Electroplating industrial effluent were selected and the homogeneous samples were distributed to 32 reputed environmental and R&D laboratories in the country for analysis. The analytical data as obtained from32 laboratories have been compiled, statistically analysed and computed in order to certify its use as reference material. The statistically processed data are graphically presented in Fig. 7.4.

Groundwater Studies for Arsenic contamination

Arsenic contamination of ground water in nine districts of West Bengal including Kolkata is a serious problem. The immediate actions are required to supply arsenic free water to people in effected areas. For this purpose, tubewells water, which are being used must be monitored regularly to assess the level of contamination. Also monitoring is required to assess the performance of Arsenic Removal Plants (ARP) already fitted with the unsafe tubewells to supply arsenic free water. Considering the above facts, CPCB has undertaken monitoring studies during which it was observed that certain percentage of people are still using arsenic contaminated water. The identification of tubewells as safe or unsafe, based on the studies helped the people to avoid use of contaminated tubewells. But in few cases, false declaration was made due to limitations of methods adopted. Exposure of arsenic to people were further restricted by installing different types of arsenic removal plants. From the study, it was observed that all the plants were efficient to remove arsenic. But due to lack of proper maintenance, level of arsenic in treated water was found above the permissible limit in few cases. Also, very high pH (11.1) was observed in treated water of one plant, which was in use. This happened due to some chemical reactions taken place in media used for treating the water. Therefore regular monitoring is required to optimize the system considering the chemical nature of ground water and media used for treatment.

Fig. 7.4 CRM PROJECT - TOXIC METALS IN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT - Laboratory results

Study of Fluoride in Ground Water of Talcher-Angul Area

Surface and ground water of Angul-Talcher area in Orissa have been reportedly contaminated by fluoride. In absence of organized water supply, ponds, tubewells and dugwells are used by people for different purposes. The untreated wastewater contaminated with fluoride discharged from industrial units were either accumulated in the lagoon or discharged to the river without adequate treatment. As a result, groundwater was contaminated by percolating through soil. Though fluoride is an important element in drinking water but high level of fluoride replaces hydroxide in bones and is deposited in the bones leading to skeletal fluorosis. To study the level of contamination and trend, Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Office, Kolkata, conducted a study of fluoride pollution in Talcher-Angul area. In this study, 30 tubewells, 16 dugwells, 19 ponds in the affected villages, identified by Orissa State Pollution Control Board, around Smelter units were selected for sampling and analysis. The occurrence of fluoride was observed in 57% tubewells and in 67% dugwells. The fluoride contamination was in the range of 0.5-1.0 mg/l. Though situation is not alarming with respect to permissible limit i.e. 1.0 mg/l but permissible limit may be exceeded in future, if sources are not controlled. About 10 percent tubewells and dugwells were found having fluoride concentration more than 1 mg/l. It was also observed that the level of fluoride in pond water was 0.49- 3.70 mg/l. The contamination of pond water may be due to deposition of airborne particle containing fluorides emitted from the industrial units. It was reported by the villagers that people are having fluoride related symptoms like pain in lower leg.

RESEARCH STUDIES RELATED TO MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Study on Compost Quality and its Application in Agriculture

The organic matter, which is a source of humus and plant nutrients, is comparatively less in cultivated soils in tropics. Therefore, soil humus has to be replenished through periodic addition of organic manure in the fields. The organic manure prepared from municipal waste not only provides the plant nutrients and humic materials but also result in hygienic disposal of the organic wastes.

The research study covers the analysis of compost made up of municipal solid waste and the sewage sludge for their manure potential and toxicity due to heavy metals and pathogens, as well as their safe and economic application on agricultural land. The analysis of municipal waste compost has shown 1.26%N, 0.6%P and 0.29% K, and C/N ratio as 19.3 to 1. This compost was applied to supplement the inorganic nutrient requirement of maize crop and to replenish the organic matter in cropped soils. Among 8 treatments each in three replicates at 5840 m 2 land at IARI, New Delhi, the treatment with 90 kg urea and 30 kg municipal waste compost/sewage sludge has been found better in terms of yield. The harvest index was calculated as 45.63 and 45.03 from compost and sludge treated fields respectively in best found treatment with 90 kg urea and 30 kg municipal waste compost/sewage sludge. Similar experiments have also been conducted with wheat and pea as Rabi crops.

Assessment of Existing Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Dump Sites at Hyderabad

The study on the assessment of existing municipal solid waste dumpsites has been initiated with the objectives to establish the impact on water and air pollution due to municipal waste dumpsites located at Autonagar and Golconda in Hyderabad city.

Autonagar MSW Dumpsite is spread over an area of about 47 acres and receives an average of 800 MT garbage per day. About 8.7 lakh m3 MSW estimated as 4.35 lakh tonnes, has been dumped at this dumpsite. This dumpsite is in existence for more than 20 years.

Golconda MSW Dumpsite is spread over an area of about 36 acres and receives an average of about 340 MT/day of garbage. An approximate calculation shows that 6.67 lakh cubic metre MSW has been dumped at Golconda dumpsite, which weighs 3.3 lakh tonnes. This dumpsite is in existence for more than 40 years. The study reveals following findings:

• Over a period of time, many residential colonies have come up in close vicinity to the dumpsite. The residents of these colonies face the problem of odour and suspended particulate matter due to dumpsite.

• There are about 200 trucks/day/dumpsite for transportation of MSW. • The groundwater quality in surrounding area is deteriorating due to unscientific dumping on

open land without any liner material to prevent leachates. • It is assumed that 30% of leachate may infiltrate into groundwater regime below the dumpsite.

The balance amount of leachate shall join the streams flowing downward and polluting surface

water bodies. The groundwater sample analysis results and the leachate chemistry are similar, indicating seepage of leachate into groundwater.

• Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrates and hardness values of groundwater samples in the downstream area of dumpsites are higher compared to upstream areas, indicating possible contamination due to leachate from the dumpsite.

• Other sources like human and animal wastes, agricultural activities and polluted stretch of Musi river may also be contributing to the higher concentration of nitrate in the downstream of dumpsite.

Assessment of Impacts of Completed and Existing MSW Landfill Site

Bangalore

Open dumping practice is commonly adopted for the disposal of solid waste, which causes deterioration of environmental quality. To improve the status of solid waste management in the cities, CPCB with the assistance of NEERI, Nagpur, has undertaken study for development of criteria for selection of sites for sanitary landfill with the following objectives:

• Development of criteria for selection of sites for sanitary landfill compatible with Indian conditions;

• Macro-level study of waste management system, so as to identify the land requirement for disposal of the solid waste generated in the city; and,

• Identification of appropriate landfill site from the available alternate candidate sites in and around the city.

Methodology for site selection is being developed and validity of selection criteria is being tested for Bangalore city. At present, there are no specific disposal sites in Bangalore city and waste is disposed haphazardly along the road-sides and other places. Initially, the prevailing system of solid waste management in Bangalore was studied and the landfill requirement for the next 10 years is estimated on the basis of waste generation, its composition, present and proposed processing methods. It is estimated that the total quantity of waste generated in Bangalore is approx.1896 MT/day and the land requirement for disposal for next 10 years is about 295.62 hectares.

Bangalore Mahanagar Palika has identified 4 landfill sites - Kannahalli, Medhiagrahara, Gidennhalli and Seegehalli - for landfilling. Studies on various aspects like environmental parameter, hydrological status, soil characteristics, etc. have been conducted for these sites. The validity of the criteria will be tested and modified, for its adoption in other cities.

Kanpur

CPCB has undertaken a study on Assessment of Impact of the Existing and completed Municipal Landfill Sites at Kanpur, with assistance from National Productivity Council, New Delhi. The objective is to assess the impact of landfills on the surroundings and to prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for these landfill sites. Major findings of the study carried out are as follow:

• The expected period of the operation of the landfills is 10-15 years; • The organic content in the municipal solid waste is about 30-35%; • All the landfill sites are surrounded by inhabited areas/villages and agricultural fields; • At the active sites (Krishna Nagar and Panki), moderate to high levels of dusts and gases were

found in ambient air due to various land filling activities, lighting of fire by rag pickers and also automobiles;

• Groundwater analysis around the site does not show any significant contamination. COD has been found in the range of 20-50 mg/litre and TDS in the range of 300-2000 mg/litre;

• Major surface water bodies are away from landfill sites, therefore chances of their contamination is remote; and,

• Presence of methane in ambient air has been found prominent.

Development and Standardization of Soil and Solid Waste Analysis for Analytical Quality Control (AQC)

A research project has been taken up to standardize the analysis of soil (polluted) and solid waste with the focus on conducting AQC exercises to the laboratories of SPCB/PCC and also laboratories recognized under E(P), Act. Under the project plan, different polluted soil, industrial solid waste, Hazardous wastes and Municipal Solid Waste have to be analysed.

Samples of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) from New Delhi Municipal Corporation Compost plant were collected, homogenized and analyzed for various physico chemical parameters and standardization of methodology was completed. The analytical procedure will be provided to all the laboratories for developing the analytical facilities. After fulfilling the preliminary requirements, AQC samples of these types of waste will be distributed and Inter laboratory Proficiency testing will be conducted in phased manner. The outcome of the project work will be helpful in development of the facilities for analyzing Solid wastes at various laboratories of SPCB/PCC's and improve their analytical capabilities.

Monitoring of Ground Water Quality around Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Disposal Sites in Delhi

Delhi is one of the largest Municipal solid Wastes (MSW) generating cities. The quantity of wastes is more than 7000 metric tonnes per day. The wastes are disposed mainly on land at three landfill Sites (LFS), namely Ghazipur (East), Okhla (South) and Bhalswa (North). The wastes include mainly organic materials (60%) obtained from various sources like domestic, vegetable markets, hotels, commercial areas etc. These sites are not provided with any lined materials for avoiding percolation of leachate from the solids and possibility of contamination of groundwater. In order to estimate the levels of groundwater contamination in these localities, a research project on the monitoring of ground water quality around solid waste disposal sites in Delhi has been taken up.

Two rounds of groundwater samples numbering 31 from three sites have been collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters (23 parameters) including heavy metals (9 metals), pesticides (5 pesticides), and bacteriological parameters (2). One round of Air borne microbial counts (Total Coliforms and Fungi) was also carried out during November, 2001. The outcome of the project will be helpful for assessing the impact of MSW sites on Ground water quality, air quality, air borne microbial organisms and to formulate strategic plans for selecting MSW land fill sites.

Inventory of Solid Waste Dumpsite of Municipal Corporations in West Bengal.

The survey studies were undertaken through questionnaire survey & visits to Thirty Municipalities under Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area besides Howrah and Kolkata Corporations. A varying quality of municipal solid wastes have been found handled daily by the municipalities ranging from 5 to 2500 MT. In total, daily about 5000 MT of municipal solid wastes were reportedly generated of which nearly 50 percent is from Kolkata Corporation area and about 17 percent from Howrah Corporation area and the rest from the remaining municipalities. Crude dumping of waste at dump site is a common feature. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation is comparatively better organized having arrangement of waste collection, transportation, segregation of waste, weighing, covering of waste dump and lighting arrangement at sites. At other municipalities neither covering of waste nor any other arrangement has been observed except collection and random transport of portion of generated waste. It has been observed that almost hundred percent of the generated solid waste is being collected and disposed off by both, the Kolkata & Howrah Corporations. Regarding other municipalities, nearly 75 percent of the generated waste are collected and disposed off while remaining solid waste lies unattended. Composting of municipal solid waste is rare except at Kolkata Corporation, which compost about 30 percent of solid waste. Waste utilization for generating electricity of 50 MW was being tried by this corporation. No effective measures for full proof protection have yet been introduced for management of municipal solid waste by the municipalities under Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area except for the Kolkata Municipal Corporation.

STANDARDIZATION OF METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF CERTAIN HAZARDOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL)

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) are a range of substances consisting of a biphenyl molecule with or without alkyl or aryl substitutes in which more than one chlorine atom is substituted in the biphenyl nucleus. PCB's are the group of highly toxic, synthetic, chlorinated organics compounds, with chlorine substitution around biphenyl group as basic structural unit and constitute 209 individual congeners. It is believed that PCB's do not occur naturally and they are resistant to chemical and biochemical process. The overwhelming problem with PCB's is their continuing environmental impact. The PCB species are non-biodegradable, stable with high toxicity and having tendency for bioaccumulation.

The PCB's have potential industrial applications where non-flammability and heat resistant properties are desired and these compounds are more commonly used in heat transfer system, hydraulics/lubricants, transformers, capacitors as plasticizer and as petroleum additives. The PCB congeners, which contain fewer chlorine substitutions in ortho portion, are more toxic than those have more chlorine in these portions. The most toxic PCB's are tetra, penta and hexachlorobiphenyl congeners that are un substituted in the other position.

The laboratory of Central/State Pollution Control Board and other environmental laboratories have limited technical expertise about measurements of residual PCB's in environmental matrices viz. waste waters, industrial effluents, sludge and soil. The project standardization of Methodology for measurement of certain hazardous organic compounds, has been undertaken with following objectives.

• To develop facilities and Standardization of analysis of PCB's in water, soil and sediments. • To standardize procedure for extraction, clean up, concentration and pre-treatment of sample. • To standardize GC optimum conditions (oven temp. detector, injector flow etc.) to achieve

resolved peaks of individual PCB species. • To undertake spiking and recovery studies in the field samples.

The analysis of PCB in environmental sample is complicated task as numerous congeners are available in form of complex mixtures. These congeners form overlapping peaks in the chromatograms, complicating the identification and quantification of PCB isomers. Moreover, several other organic constituents viz. Organo-chlorine pesticide etc interferes with measurement of individual PCB congeners. During the reporting year, the PCB's in the form of various congeners in standard solutions Aroclor have been analyzed by Gas Chromatograph with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) and studies are further continued with Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometre (GC-MS).

EFFICIENCY TESTING OF AUTOCLAVES USED FOR HOSPITAL WASTE TREATMENT BY SPORE TESTING METHODOLOY

Bio-medical waste generation and its safe disposal has become a matter of serious concern due to increasing health facilities & increase in number of hospitals, nursing homes in metropolitan cities. The Biomedical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 notified by Govt. of India, has stipulated rules for proper collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste. As per Bio-medical Waste Rules, 1998 the hospitals have to install treatment facilities like incinerators, autoclaves, etc. for treatment of bio-medical wastes generated to ensure safe treatment & disposal of infectious hospital waste. These treatment facilities should operate at designed efficiency level.

A project has been undertaken by Central Pollution Control Board since the year 1999-2000 for assessment of efficiency of autoclaves used in hospital waste treatment based on standardized spore testing methodology, for In-situ assessment of the efficiency of autoclaves installed at various hospitals within NCT-Delhi using biological indicator to ascertain 4 Log 10 reduction of Bacillus Stereothermophilus indicator.

During first phase of the project, the standardization of spore testing methodology has been undertaken using Bacillus Stereothermophilus as biological indicator with a view for its application for efficiency testing of autoclaves used for hospital waste treatment. The standardized methodology has been used at autoclaves installed at various hospitals within NCT-Delhi for testing of their efficiency during the reporting year. The observations & findings of field-testing are presented in Table 7.1. The results indicate that the Bio-medical waste treatment autoclaves installed at various hospitals are satisfactory with respect to sterilization of bio-medical waste undertaken at these autoclaves.

Table 7.1: Efficiency Testing / Validation by Spore Testing Methodology of Hospital Autoclaves used for Bio - Medical Waste Treatment

S.No. Hospital Sampling Date

Location inside Autoclave

Observations Efficiency/Validationby 4 log 10 Reduction Indication

1. Autoclave 1

20.2.2002 Exposed spore strips in 9 tubes & 4 ampoules in bags inside autoclave

No turbidity developed in any tube/ampoule; colour changed in ampoules due to overheating

Satisfactory

2. Autoclave 2


No turbidity developed in any tube/ampoule

Satisfactory

3. Autoclave 3



Satisfactory

4. Autoclave 4



Satisfactory

5. Autoclave 5



Satisfactory

6. Autoclave 6



Satisfactory

7. Autoclave 7



Satisfactory

8. Autoclave 8



Satisfactory

9. Autoclave 9



Satisfactory

10. Autoclave 10



Satisfactory

11. Autoclave 11



Satisfactory

12. Autoclave 12



Satisfactory

Remarks: In case the spore testing strips do not develop turbidity after exposure and incubation, then the efficiency of autoclave is considered satisfactory (i.e. acceptable sterilization).

FOLLOW-UP ON LABORATORY ACCREDITATION OF CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD'S LABORATORY

The follow-up continued further for Accreditation of Central Pollution Control Board's laboratories by National Accreditation Board for testing and calibration Laboratories (NABL), Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi . As a part of implementation of quality assurance system at Central Pollution Control Board laboratories. The following activities have been undertaken during the year:

• Test procedures for various parameters have been drafted and finalized as per NABL requirement.

• Quality plan for analysis of various parameters has been drafted and finalized. • Contribution and periodical review of activities in laboratory Incharges Meetings organized from

time to time. • Internal auditing of laboratory and verification of facts during first auditing on 25th – 26th

September 2001. • Second internal auditing and verification of facts of implementation of points of first auditing. • Management Review Meeting related with NABL accreditation system on 13th November

2001. • Visit of Lead Assessor, Sh. Ravi Shanker to assess the preparedness of laboratory for NABL

accreditation on 20th November 2001.

STRENGTHENING OF CENTRAL BOARD LABORATORIES

The procurement and installation of following sophisticated instruments have been undertaken during the reporting period.

1. Gas Chromatograph – Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS)

The Gas Chromatograph – Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) system Make `Agilent' model 6890 Plus Gas Chromatograph with 5973 N Mass Detector along with all standard and specified accessories and set of spares in accordance with the contract has been received under EMCBTA project of World Bank and installed at Instrumentation Laboratory. The instrument is used for analysis of trace level of organics, VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, PAHs and other toxic and hazardous organic substances.

2. Gas Chromatograph - Sample Pre-concentration Trap (GC-SPT)

The Gas Chromatograph - Sample Pre-concentration Trap (GC-SPT) has been installed at CPCB laboratories along with Flame Ionization Detector (FID), Pulse Flame Photometric Detector (PFPD) and Sample Pre Concentration Trap (SPT). The instrument is utilised for analysis of organic compounds, various elements and volatile organic carbon (VOCs) in gas phase.

3. Gas Chromatograph - Automatic Thermal Desorption (GC-ATD)

This instrument has been installed at CPCB laboratories along with all standards and specified accessories and set of spares. The instrument is used for analysis of organic compounds, PCBs, organochlorine pesticide, halogenated hydrocarbons and VOCs in ambient air.

4. BTX Analyzer with Portable Caliberator

The Benzene, Toluene and Xylene Analyzer (BTX Analyzer) along with Portable Caliberator has been installed at CPCB laboratories along with standard accessories and set of spares. The instrument is used for measurement of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene in ambient air.

5. Dynamic Dilution System (Ring Test Facility)

The Dynamic Dilution System has been fabricated and installed at CPCB laboratories for dynamic dilution of calibration gases. The system has facilities for generation of known quantity of gas for its onward use in calibration of various ambient air analyzers as well as Analytical Quality Control in air samples.

INDUSTRY SPECIFIC RESEARCH STUDIES

Alternate Technologies in Vinyl Sulphone Industry

Vinyl sulphone, which is one of the largely used dye intermediate with export potential, is generally marketed as the sulphate ester and has the chemical formula H2N-C6H4 -SO2 -CH2 -CH2 -O-SO3 -H. The molecular weight of the vinyl sulphone is 281 and nomenclature is 2-4-(amino phenyl)-sulphonyl ethanol hydrogen sulphate. A study was undertaken to establish alternative technologies which are less polluting in nature.

Vinyl sulphone manufacturers cannot continue with conventional manufacturing process and with primary effluent treatment. Incinerating the effluents is very costly. If the process is modified, the liquid effluent can be sent to CETP provided it can tolerate high TDS. Otherwise, effluent can be treated in solar evaporation plant. It can also be spray dried in case land is not available. The modified process results in conservation of raw materials and recovery of by-products.

Technology Development of Specific Microbial Packages for Treatment of Paper & Pulp Industrial Wastewater

The efficiency of treatment of industrial wastewater depends upon the composition of chemicals and their reaction with microbial action on the wastes. There are specific groups of bacteria, which act effectively with specific types of waste and degrade the waste in a fast and efficient manner. Keeping this fact in view, the project has been taken up in collaboration with the Centre for Biochemical Technology (CSIR), Delhi with sponsorship from the Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi .

Samples from Paper mill were collected and analyzed and characterization has been made for screening the suitable and efficient bacterial composition. Trial runs were made to find out the degradation rate of the microbial package using the effluent. The outcome of the project work will be helpful in development of special microbial package which will treat the paper & pulp wastes effectively in terms of time and pollutants like BOD, Lignin, colour, AOX, TDS etc.

Performance Evaluation and Comparative Study of Pollution Control Measures

The treatment of wastewater is essentially a multistage treatment unit, in which the effluent undergoes through physical, chemical and biological treatments. Wastewater purification involves primarily aeration, reduction and precipitation at various stages of treatment. The aeration methods commonly adopted are -Surface Aeration (SA) - one of the oldest technologies, Diffused Aeration (DA)- presently the most popular technology and Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) – a relatively new technology.

Performance evaluation studies at total number of 14 wastewater treatment plants, achieving bio-degradation through the technologies either individually or in combination, was conducted. The treatment plants include various categories of industries viz. Silk, Garment Washing & Stitching, Information Technology, Milk Processing, Hotel, Engineering, Tannery and Brewery in addition to Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant.

The study reveals that out of the 14 wastewater treatment plants, 11 plants were meeting the compliance standard and only 3 plants were exceeding the stipulated water quality standards.

Choice of Technology

Surface aeration is used either at old treatment plants or at Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), where high quantity of effluent is to be treated.

Diffused aeration being used at comparatively newer plants for both industrial and domestic wastes and it seems to be the most common and popular technology.

RBC technology found being used at limited number of plants, comparatively recent and designed to treat sewage upto capacity of 220 MLD.

Operating Efficiency

Surface Aeration:

The BOD removal efficiency of ETP's with SA varied from 79% To 97%. Augmentation of SA with anaerobic lagoon showed satisfactory results with nearly 50% BOD reduction at one of the ETP.

Diffused Aeration:

As such the diffused aeration technology is adopted for treatment of domestic and industrial waste and it is found that treatment plant designed with this technology depict satisfactory results with respect to achieving the BOD limit.

Rotating Biological Contactors :

Although sewage treatment plants with RBC technology at two different industries i.e. engineering and hospitality shows satisfactory results in achieving the final effluent BOD within the limit, yet the plant with this technology requires skilled operation and supervision.

Power Consumption

The RBC technology has the unique advantage of low power consumption over other technologies. Diffused aeration, though one of the most effective methods of biological treatment has disadvantage of high power consumption. The power requirement with RBC technology varies between 35 to 40% of power requirement by diffused or surface aeration. An estimate shows a variation in cost of the power requirement from Re. 3 per kilolitre to Re 7 per kilolitre for diffused aeration, and Re 1 per kilolitre to Re

7 per kilolitre for surface aeration and Re 0.3 per kilolitre to Re 3 per kilolitre for rotating biological contactors.

The Surface Aeration Technology is economically viable for larger plants yet operation and maintenance cost of technology has been found higher. Diffused Aeration Technology has higher efficiency with an added advantage of lower energy requirement therefore, found to be best suited for individual industries. The Rotating Biological Contactor Technology is economical and suitable for smaller plants with capacity up to 100 MLD. It has the unique advantage of occupying the less area in addition to low power consumption. RBC plants have higher initial investment, but the maintenance cost is much lower.

Pollution Potential Studies at Oil Refineries including Sulfur Balance and Material Balance

The CPCB West Zonal Office – Vadodara has undertaken a project in association with IIT, Kanpur for in-depth study of Oil Refineries. All four refineries at western zone, namely M/s Reliance Industries Ltd., Jamnagar, M/s Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOC), Vadodara, M/s Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL) and M/s Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd, (BPCL) Mahual, Mumbai were selected for the dry and wet studies.

During the year dry studies at all the four refineries and wet study at IOC, Vadodara Refinery have been performed. Wet study could not be performed at other refineries due to disturbances in Gujarat. The highlights of the study findings at Oil Refineries is as below:

M/s Reliance Petroleum Ltd., Jamnagar

It was observed from the data that the maximum quantity of Sulfur is retained in the end products. About 20 T/day of SO2 is released from the stacks connected to heaters and SRU units. The summary of the sulfur balance is presented in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2: Summary of Sulfur Balance at Reliance Petroleum Ltd. Jamnagar

Sulfur Availability Quantity of Sulfur (T/day)

Retained in Products 192.0

Recovered in SRU units 31.2

Fuels

Fuel oil 8.2

Fuel gas 1.0

Solid waste

Coke 4.8

Others (Waste gas from SRU, ETP Sludge, Wastewater etc)

0.5

Total Sulfur 237.7

H2S generated from various processes is subjected to amine scrubbing at individual process units and the rich amine solution is subjected to regeneration at Sulfur Recovery Units (SRU) for further recovery of sulfur by Clauss process. The sulfur recovery in the SRU unit is reportedly about 99.9% with an average inlet H2S concentration of 70% v/v. Four Number of SRU streams along with secondary incinerators are in operation in the plant. The secondary incinerator has been installed at each SRU unit to convert the un-recovered H2S into SO2 from the flue gas.

Small quantity of fuel oil is used at the heaters located at various process units. The sulfur content in the fuel varied between 0.5 to 1% w/w. In addition to the fuel oil, fuel gas is being used for heating purposes in the furnaces. The sulfur content in the fuel gas has been reported as 0.02%. No inventory about the rate of consumption of each of the fuel streams is maintained. However, the fuel requirement has been computed based on the heat input capacity of the furnace and calorific value of the fuel used.

Six numbers of Gas Turbines along with waste heat boilers and steam generators cater the power requirements. The total capacity of the combined cycle power plant is about 500 MW. Low sulfur natural gas (Bombay High) and Naphtha are being used for power generation.

M/s Indian Oil Corporation – Gujarat Refinery, Vadodara

The studies at the refinery have been undertaken to review the process and wet study at oil refinery. The important pollution potential points are as below:

The IOCL Gujarat Refinery is a 13.7 MTPA capacity plant with sulfur recovery units. Four types of crude are being processed in the plant. The crude from each source is processed in separate atmospheric distillation units (AU). There are five AU process units are in operating in the plant. AU-5 is dedicated to process imported crude, which contains high sulfur. Furnace oil and fuel gas are being used for heating purposes in the furnaces located at various process units.

Three streams of sulfur recovery units (cold bed process) are in operation in the plant. H2S from the main header is supplied to al three steams in the respective design loads for a maximum recovery of 35TPD and 18 TPD respectively.

Pollution potential Studies at Small Scale Textile, Dyeing and Printing Units at Sanganer, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Sanganer town is situated at outskirt of Jaipur and known for its textile (bed-sheets) dying and printing at twelve clusters of small-scale industries. The main process involved in textile processing units are de-sizing, bleaching, dying, screen printing and post-print washing. Most of the industries have been using rapid indigo, direct aniline black dyes however, none of the industry has any effluent treatment plant. The untreated industrial wastewater along with untreated domestic sewage may be seen accumulated in many areas in absence of proper drainage. Sometimes, the wastewater joins local nullah/canal through kuchcha drains. The possibility of percolation of coloured effluent resulting into groundwater pollution is quite high.

The proposal of installation of CETP in different clusters mooted by RSPCB was not accepted either, by the industries and their association due to high capital and operational cost. Legal action has been launched by State Pollution Control Board against these industries.

The pollution potential assessment studies have been undertaken by CPCB Zonal Office – Bhopal to assess the pollution generated by the industries in different clusters in Sanganer town and to find out a viable solution for pollution control. The findings and major recommendations of the study include the following:

• Out of the total 450 units, desizing is undertaken at 39 units, bleaching in 76, dyeing in 120; printing and screen washing at 257 and post-print washings at 75 units either independently or in combination of two or more unit processes. These unit processes are generating wastewater.

• Maximum number of industries are located in the Mohana road areas, Jaipur Gate, Diggimalpura road, Khatri Nagar & Shikarpura road. The wastewater from these industrial units is discharged either into Amanishah nullah or Newtha canal or Chandlai canal. Amanishah nullah is a natural drain carrying sewage from south Jaipur. The wastewater from two canals is used for irrigation.

• Total industrial wastewater discharge from the industries located in the catchment of Amanishah nullah, has been calculated as 14.95 mld which is only 5% of total city sewage flowing into the nullah.

• The construction of sewage treatment plant (STP) and lying of sewer lines is being undertaken in southern Jaipur. The construction of sewer line has been completed upto Bambala pulai (at Tonk road).

• The process (batch process) like dyeing and washing of screens, discharges high TDS and COD bearing effluents. Desizing unit process produces effluents with high conductivity, TDS, COD, BOD & Chlorides. Bleaching unit process also produced high conductivity, TDS, COD & Chloride bearing wastewater while post-print washing process waste contained high COD & Chloride.

• Characterization of wastewater from the major drains has also been carried out for important pollutants like TDS, Conductivity, Chloride, COD & BOD. Phenol has been found very high in Khatri Nagar, Mohana road area.

• Groundwater samples from different localities in clusters where wastewater was discharged on open land, indicated high Conductivity and TDS.

• The total wastewater discharge from the six clusters of industries is 38.98 mld while 14.95 mld joins to Amanishah nullah and 24.03 mld to Newtha and Chandlai canal. The pollution load being contributed through major drains from Mohana road, Ramsinghpura (Shikarpura) and Khatri Nagar areas respectively.

• The total industrial wastewater discharge estimated as 49.92 mld added through seven industrial clusters. The pollution load in terms of BOD was estimated as 14827 kg/d and TSS as 10861 kg/d. It was estimated that total 59 mld mixed wastewater added into receiving water bodies such as Amanishah nullah, Newtha canal and Chandlai canal.

Most of the industries are very small spread in twelve clusters and cannot afford individual ETPs. CETP may not be viable solution especially in the clusters having lesser number of industries, which can share the cost of CETP and its operation. Besides, providing twelve CETPs in a small town appears uneconomical and non-viable. The Public Health Engineering Department has planned to provide elaborate wastewater collection system in the area terminating into sewage treatment plant. The scheme for acceptance of industrial effluent into public sewer may be undertaken by local authorities based on "Sewer Regulations" of Gujarat State.

Assessment of Residual Pesticides in Vegetables in Dhapa in Kolkata

The study has been undertaken to determine residues of organo-chlorine pesticides like DDT, HCH, Endosulfan, Aldrin, Dieldrin and Heptachlor in various types of vegetables. The residual pesticides was predominant in radish and cauliflower whereas onion, cabbage and cucumber, comparatively less pesticide residues have been found among thirteen varieties of vegetables under the present study.

Cauliflower and cabbage, the two commercially important vegetables preferred by most consumers during winter season showed contrast picture with regard to accumulation of different forms of pesticides. Cauliflower contained all the forms of residues with higher values (i.e. 2-3 ng/gm) of Heptachlor, DDT and BHC and little lower values (2 - <2 ng/gm) of Aldrin, Dieldrin and Endosulfan. In contrast, cabbage contained only BHC and Heptachlor compounds and the concentration were below 1 ng/gm. Other compounds of chlorinated pesticides were below detection level.

The accumulation of the chlorinated pesticides in terms of pesticide residue was BHC > Endosulfan > DDT > Aldrin > Dieldrin > Heptachlor.

Coriander leaf contained pesticide residue with varying concentration ranging between 0.3 ng/gm (dieldrin) to 5.3 ng/gm (BHC). The occurrence of pesticide residues was little different as assessed in order from high to low concentration i.e. BHC> DDT > Endosulfan >Heptachlor> Aldrin > Dieldrin. In general, DDT, BHC and Endosulfan were encountered comparatively in more concentration than Aldrin, Dieldrin and Heptachlor.

STUDIES ON POLLUTION ASSESSMENT AT RAILWAY STATION

With the growing number of trains/ commuters and their activities at station premises, the overall working and living environment at Railway Stations are increasingly affected. Research studies have been undertaken by the Central Pollution Control Board, East Zonal Office to assess the sanitation conditions in the station premises and other steps taken by Railway authorities.

Howrah station is the only railway station in the country, which has treatment facilities exclusively for the effluent generated from station premises. The Operation and Maintenance of ETP was satisfactory and meeting the stipulated norms for discharge into the Hugli river. Despite regular floor cleaning, the respirable dust has been found significantly high (370 to 460 ug/m3 ) at platforms receiving local trains. Dust concentration is relatively low (150 to 200 ug/m3 ) in common waiting lobbies of old and new platforms.

ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING

Training is an important component for Human Resource Development of any Organisation/Institutes. In the area of Environmental Pollution Control, which is an interdisciplinary subject, imparting training is an imperative activity. Environmental awareness among the public and educating current knowledge to the officers working in the Pollution Control Boards are essential steps to have a sound environmental management in the country. Hence the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air ((Prevention and Control of Pollution), Act, 1981 are also emphasizing that imparting training is one of the major functions of the Central Pollution Control Board. Training in various aspects of prevention, abatement and control of pollution to the identified target groups is important. The target groups include officials dealing with planning, funding and implementation of programmes for prevention and control of pollution in the Central and State Governments, the Central and State Pollution Control Boards, the local bodies, operators of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants and NGO's engaged in management of pollution control programmes.

TRAINING NEED

Pollution control is an inter-disciplinary subject. Graduates, post-graduates in the fields of chemical/civil engineering and pure and applied sciences, do not have any formal training in the field of prevention, abatement and control of pollution. When appointed in Pollution Control Boards, they face a gigantic task before them. Therefore, it is necessary to have them trained and oriented for discharging their responsibilities smoothly and efficiently in areas, such as consent management, and implementation of effluent and emission standards. In addition, there is a need to improve the capabilities of persons already working with Pollution Control Boards. It is necessary that uniform methods of analysis of pollutants and consent granting are adopted and ensured through training for proper and effective implementation of the provisions of the Acts. To summarize, training is needed in the following fields:

- Operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants and air pollution control devices;

• Management, routine analysis, quality assurance and analytical quality control and maintenance of environmental laboratories;

• Water and air quality monitoring system; • Consent management including setting of standards; • Environmental audit, Environmental Impact Assessment and environmental management

system; • Specific subjects, such as management of hazardous waste, air/water quality modeling, data

processing and legal aspects; and • Computer application for data processing and Internet shuffling for literature collection.

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD SPONSORED / ORGANISED TRAINING PROGRAMMES / WORKSHOPS / SEMINAR / CONFERENCES DURING 2001-2002

National Level Training and Workshops

1. Training on ‘Options for Control Technologies of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Industrial Effluents' was organized for 15 officials of Central and State Pollution Control Boards during July 16-20, 2001 at EPTRI, Hyderabad.

2. Training programme on ‘Sampling, Analysis and Characterization of Hazardous Waste for the officials of Central and State Pollution Control Boards/Committees was organized during August 27-31, 2001 at EPTRI, Hyderabad. Eighteen officials participated in the programme.

3. CPCB, MoEF, USEPA, USAEP and the World Bank jointly organized a workshop on ‘Air Quality Management' during September 12-13, 2001 and about 40 officials participated.

4. Workshop on ‘Studies on Environmental Impact assessment due to Municipal Solid Wastes Landfill Sites" was organized on October 11, 2001 for about 80 officials from Central and State Pollution Control Boards and Municipalities.

5. Three days training programme for Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) was organized in Kanpur Zonal Office during November 07-09, 2001 and about 16 representatives of NGOs participated.

6. Under the NABL scheme, training programme "Preparation of Glassware for Sampling and Analysis was organized on January 30, 2002 for the Laboratory Attendants of Central Pollution Control Board. Fifteen officials participated.

7. Training on "Environmental Management Strategies and Pollution Control in Pesticides Manufacturing Industries" was organized during February 25- March 1, 2002 in Vadodara. Twenty officials participated in the programme.

8. Two days work shop on ‘Development/Review of Emission and Effluent Standards for Oil Refineries' under the World Bank funded EMCBTA project, Sub component: Development of

Standards' was organized during February 27-28, 2002. About 46 officials of Central and State Pollution Control Boards have participated.

9. One-day interaction cum workshop on ‘Good Laboratory Practices' was organized on 23 rd March 2002 by Kanpur Zonal Office and in which 25 persons participated.

10. Under Comprehensive Human Resource Development Programme in Spatial Environmental Networking Programme a Portal training (Portal technology & Web Managers) was organized during 26-28 March 2002 at the Nodal Training Institute, Delhi for 20 persons from Nodal Training Institutes.

11. World Health Organization (WHO) funded workshop on "Bio-medical Waste Management' was conducted at Calcutta for the State Pollution Control Board officials from Northern and North-East Pollution Control Boards. About 40 officials have participated in the programme.

12. World Health Organization (WHO) funded workshop on "Biomedical Wastes Management' was conducted jointly with Kerala State Pollution Control Board at Cochin for the State Pollution Control Board officials from rest of the State Pollution Control Boards/Committee. About 40 officials have participated in the programme .

13. International Conference and Exposition on Sustainable Development of alternate energy driven vehicle programme was organised by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and Central Pollution Control Board during 17-18 April 2001.

Training Abroad

1. Under Comprehensive Human Resource Development Programme in Spatial Environmental Networking Programme the following programmes have been conducted abroad:

o Overseas training for the Middle Level Officers was organized from June 17,2001- July 14, 2001 in European countries. Fifteen officials of Central and State Pollution Control Boards participated.

o Overseas training for the Senior Level Officers was organized from September 16, 2001- September 28, 2001 in European countries. Sixteen officials of Central and State Pollution Control Boards participated.

2. Training on "Environmental Management Strategies and Pollution Control in Pesticides Manufacturing Industries" was organized during November 11-24, 2001 in Germany and Switzerland. Five officials from MoEF, CPCB and State Pollution Control Boards participated in the programme.

3. Under Indo-German bilateral project a training programme on "Inventorization & Manifest System for Management of Hazardous Waste in Germany" was organized during December 10-21, 2002 in Germany. Seventeen officials of MoEF, Central and State Pollution Control Boards/Committees attended the programme.

4. CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD CO-SPONSORED TRAINING PROGRAMMES / WORKSHOPS / SEMINAR/ CONFERENCES DURING 2001-2002

a. A symposium on ‘Fine Dust Management in Metropolis' held on September 22, 2001 at India international Centre, New Delhi and organised by ‘Indian Association for Air Pollution Control, Delhi Chapter' was co-sponsored.

b. CPCB co-sponsored the Young Scientists National Workshop on "Water Quality Assessment, Biomonitoring and Zooplankton Diversity" held at North-Eastern Hill University during Nov.15-Dec. 6, 2001.

c. An international conference on ‘Emerging Trends in Brick Industries' organized by `Punjab State Council for Science & Technology' was co-sponsored by CPCB.

d. National symposium on ‘An Integrated Approach to Pollution Control and Prevention of Environment' held at Shillong during March 8-9, 2002 was co-sponsored by CPCB.

e. One day workshop on ‘Managing Delhi's Garbage : New Legislation & Future Action' organized by SHRISHTI was co-sponsored by CPCB.

f. A workshop on ‘Solid Waste Disposal and Management Techniques' organized by Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad was co-sponsored by CPCB.

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD OFFICIALS ATTENDED TRAINING / WORKSHOP / SEMINAR / CONFERENCES DURING 2000-01

Central pollution Control Board has nominated more than 90 officials for attending various trainings, workshops, conferences, seminars etc, during the year 2001-2002. Both scientific/technical and administration/finance/law related subjects were covered and officials from all divisions have attended the programmes to improve the quality of work and for further knowledge in relevant subject areas. List of officials attended the national and international programmes are presented in the Annexure V A and V B, respectively.

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

ACTIVITIES OF NGO CELL

The role of NGOs for pollution control activities can hardly be over-emphasized. An NGO Cell has been set up in CPCB to coordinate the following tasks:

• Enlist environmental NGOs involved in activities related to pollution control with CPCB; • Establish NGO network in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards/Zonal Offices of

CPCB; • Provide training to the NGOs and equip them with facilities, like water testing kits, analytical

instruments, books, literature etc. In order to enhance their capabilities in the field of pollution control; and

• Organize mass awareness programmes and pollution control activities through NGOs.

During 2001-2002, 15 NGOs were additionally enlisted with CPCB subject to concurrence of concerned State Pollution Control Boards apart from 625 NGOs enlisted during previous years. A rebate @50% is extended over the purchase of CPCB publications to NGOs enlisted with CPCB and several NGOs availed the facility during 2001-2002. Financial assistance of Rs. 65,000/- was provided to 13 NGOs for organizing mass awareness programmes in different parts of the country.

World Environment Day, 2001, was commemorated in collaboration with the National Science Centre, New Delhi. Financial assistance of Rs. 1.00 lac was provided for the purpose. About 500 students from various schools of Delhi participated in various mass awareness programmes organized on the occasion.

During the reporting year, a three days training programme for the local NGOs in the area was organized during November 7-9, 2001 at Kanpur to educate them in the field of environment and pollution control.

A regional meeting with NGOs was organized at Auroville, Tamil Nadu, during October 19-20, 2001 in collaboration with the NGO, Auroville's Future Centre for Urban Research, for coordinating the activities and promotion of the public participation/awareness in the pollution control programmes in the country.

Meeting No. Date Place

16 October 19-20, 2001 Tamil Nadu

Interaction has been made with NGOs of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu through coordination meetings held so far. Training has been imparted to the NGOs from Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi and Chandigarh with the following objectives:

• To take uniform and concerted approach towards pollution control; • To have public participation for abatement of pollution through community action; • To identify the major localized environmental problems; and • To identify the areas of mutual cooperation among NGOs themselves as well as Pollution

Control Boards.

CPCB PUBLICATIONS DURING YEAR 2001-2002

The Central Pollution Control Board continued to collect, compile and publish scientific, technical and statistical reports relating to pollution and the measures to be taken for its effective prevention, control and abatement. CPCB has published following technical documents during the year 2001-2002.

1. Proceedings of the Workshop on Environmental Risk Analysis due to Storage and Handling of Hazardous Chemicals

2. Development of Emission Factors for Cement Industry 3. Pollution Assessment of River Kosi

4. Environmental Quality Monitoring of Haldi and Roopnarayan Rivers 5. Biological Treatment of Textile Mill Effluent - A Case Study 6. Monitoring of Human Exposure to Air Pollution in Industrial Area 7. Criteria for Hazardous Waste Landfills 8. Ambient Noise Level Status in Delhi during 1995 & 1999 9. Air Quality in Delhi: 1989-2000 10. Annual Action Plan 2001-2002 11. Transport Fuel Quality for Year 2005 (colour) 12. Transport Fuel Quality for Year 2005 (Black & White) 13. Water Quality Status & Statistics 1998 14. National Ambient Air Quality Status 1998 15. Noise Pollution Regulation in India 16. The State of Coastal Sea - West Bengal 17. System & Procedure for Compliance to Regulation for Petrol and Kerosene run Generator Sets

upto 19 KW 18. Water Quality Status of Lakes & Reservoirs in Delhi 19. Rationalization & Optimization of Water Quality Monitoring Network 20. Guidelines for Management, Operation and Maintenance of Common Effluent Treatment

Plants 21. Guidelines for Health & Safety of Workers in Wastewater Treatment Facilities 22. Noise Pollution around Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata (A Case

Study) 23. Respirable Particulate Matter and its Health Impact 24. Decentralized Sewage Treatment Systems 25. Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications (Revised) 26. Constructed Wasteland for Wastewater Treatment 27. Concepts and Practices for Rainwater Harvesting 28. Pollution Statistics - Bhopal 29. Status Report on Dinapur Sewage Treatment Plant & Surroundings 30. Vehicular Pollution Control in Delhi - Initiatives & Impacts 31. Environmental Status & Statistics of Sundarbans - A Fragile Ecosystem 32. Pollution Control in Small Scale Industries 33. Management of Distillery Wastewater 34. Environmental Atlas of India 35. Zoning Atlas of Medak District 36. Zoning Atlas of Rangareddy District 37. Environmental Improvement of Waterways in Chennai 38. Comprehensive Industry Document for Large Pulp & Paper Industry 39. Guidelines for Duckweed Based Wastewater Treatment System 40. A Report on Sources of Arsenic and its Control in West Bengal 41. The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 (As Amended)

CPCB 'PARIVESH' NEWSLETTER

Following themes were selected for the various issues of CPCB Newsletter, 'Parivesh' issued during year 2001-2002.

o Highlights 2001 o Common Effluent Treatment Plants o Environmental Management Plan - Kanpur Urban Area o Biomonitoring of Water Quality in Problem Areas o Clean Technologies options in Small Scale Industries o Air Pollution & Human Health o Benzene and its Health Impact o Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) - Persistent Pollutant

HINDI PUBLICATIONS

CPCB has published three documents in Hindi. The subjects of these documents are:

o Noise o Global Warming and Climate Change o Celebration of Hindi Day

AWARENESS ABOUT ILL EFFECTS OF FIRE CRACKERS

A campaign was launched in Bangalore to create awareness among school students about ill effects of fire crackers. 20,000 pamphlets were printed and distributed among the students.

QUERY RESPONSE SERVICE

A Distributed Information Centre (DIC), as a network partner of the Environmental Information System (ENVIS) was established in CPCB with a Memorandum of Understanding reached and signed between the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India and CPCB. Query response service (QRS) is the regular activity of the ENVIS centre. Queries are received from the schools, colleges, NGO's, consultants and technical institutions, government organizations in the field of air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, solid/hazardous waste, consultancy and mass awareness. During the year, more than 200 queries were received and answered. In addition to queries through letters, a lot of queries were received in the form of telephonic conversations, fax massages and E-mail. These queries were also entertained and answered.

PARTICIPATION IN EXHIBITIONS

Participation in exhibitions is an important means for direct interaction with the general public. With this objective, CPCB had put up stalls/pavilion at various exhibitions during the year. The main items displayed at CPCB pavilion were air monitoring devices, blow-ups on Zoning Atlas Programme and other major activities, pollution information booklets and technical publications. Films on pollution control and nature conservation were the major attraction of exhibition pavilion. Mass Awareness literature giving general information on pollution control in form of pamphlets, newsletters etc. were distributed. The important exhibitions, in which CPCB participated during the year are:

• India International Centre, New Delhi • India Habitat Centre, New Delhi • MTNL Perfect Health Mela, New Delhi • Aga Khan Hall, Scope Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi

MASS AWARENESS IN BANGALORE

The pamphlets, highlighting the ill effects of crackers were distributed among school students during "Diwali Jagruthi Jatha" organized by Bapu Composite Junior College, Yeshwanthapur, Bangalore. An effective message on ill effects of crackers was driven across through this programme. About 20,000 school students participated in the jatha. Also, the students from various schools have participated in a programme organized by Central Pollution Control Board, South Zonal Office - Bangalore during February, 2002 in which about six hundred students took "New Year Pledge on Environment Protection".

MASS AWARENESS PROGRAMMES AT VADODARA

The Central Pollution Control Board, West Zone Office- Vadodara has conducted the mass awareness programme in association with SOCLEEN a leading NGO in Vadodara. The awareness programmes conducted was public performance of street plays with various themes based on current environmental issues. Several schools in Vadodara have participated and the response from the public was overwhelming.

PARTICIPATION IN TAJ MAHOTSAV AT AGRA

The awareness programme was organized by Central Pollution Control Board, Kanpur in the month of February, 2002 during the Taj Festival ( Taj Mahotsav ) by displaying the ongoing work in collaboration with UPPCB, Agra. A close interaction with the individuals, organizations, schools, local NGOs, colleges and others displayed the true picture of their environmental consciousness. A suggestions / complaints diary, kept for the occasion, makes it a treasure for understanding the public perceptions about global / local environment and their invaluable suggestions to curb them displaying their urge for a cleaner environment.

ECO-CLUB TEACHERS TRAINING WORKSHOP AT NCT – DELHI

The series of lectures were delivered by various officials of CPCB, HQs in several workshops organized for Eco-club Teachers of various Govt. and Private Schools of NCT – Delhi by Govt. of Delhi. The participating teachers have shown keen interest in various environmental issues and sought suggestions from faculty from CPCB on environmental activities in which students and teachers can participate for environmental protection and mass awareness.

ECO-FRIENDLY SCHOOLS IN BHOPAL

The competition for selection on best eco-friendly school in Bhopal was organised by Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Office - Bhopal for third consecutive year. Carmel Convent Senior Secondary School, Bhopal was adjusted the best eco-friendly school followed by Kendriya Vidyalaya, Bairagarh and St. Joseph's Convent Senior Secondary School, Idgah Hills, Bhopal, and trophies awarded. On the request of participating schools the competition will continue in future.

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS INCLUDING SCHEDULE FOR THEIR ENFORCEMENT

DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS

Under the World Bank funded Environmental Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance Project (EMCBTA) the Central Pollution Control Board has been allocated funds of US $1.00 million by the Ministry of Environment & Forests for the sub-component: "Development of Standards". The projects have been identified under the sub-component for execution in phases till March, 2003.

In order to focus the efforts to micro-level and address the issues for effective environmental pollution control, CPCB has classified the chemicals processing/manufacturing into various segments and policies/standards are developed industry-sector wise, which are recognized as industry specific standards.

Development of National Emission Standards for Petrochemical Plants

Indian Petrochemical plants have been studied in association with indigenous and expatriate consultants in respect of process technology, combustion emissions, process point source emissions, process fugitive emissions, control approaches and overall approach for emission management. The studies emphasized efficiency of pollution control equipment based emission limit values for point sources, equipment based norms for fugitive emission control in respect of hazardous air pollutants and general Volatile organic compounds; and norms for flaring systems. The fugitive emissions in petro-chemical plants are considerable and arise from various sources, the broad range of their shares are as follows:

Source Type of source Typical %

Fugitive equipment leaks Non point 40-60

Loading/unloading Point 20-30

Wastewater treatment Non point 5-15

Storage tanks Point 5-15

Process vents Point 5-10

Table 10.1: Source based generation of air pollutants and their control measures in Petrochemical Plants

Classification of pollutants Sources of air pollutants

Updations Probable measures

E

Point

Sources Combustion

Cracking units Low NOx burners,

Preheated air etc.

Establishing limit values for combustion

emissions

Incineration Double combustion chambers, minimum retention time, special considerations for HAPs/ organo-chlorine compounds, air pollution control systems etc.

Limits to HC, CO, excess oxygen, destruction efficiency etc.

Gen set etc. Conventional

Flare Connection of all the vent-offs to flare, considering flare as a stand-by means to ensure no continuous releases to flare.

Establishing guidelines to ensure complete combustion of hydro-carbons.

Even a radiation standard can be considered

Channelised emission

Pollution control equipment absorption/adsorption/ incineration

Establishing emission limit values for respective specific pollutants

Vent off Inventorization procedures to prevent continuous releases through rupture disks,

Pressure assessment,

Regular leak detection and repair programmes (LDAR)

Process

Purge gases Recovery/Flaring/ treatment etc.

Equipment leaks

Guidelines/Norms

LDAR programmes

Loading

General VOC

Monitoring

Storage tanks Ensuring prevention

M

I

S

S

I

O

N

S

Fugitive VOCs

Wastewater treatment plants

ý

Hazardous air pollutants

Engineering solutions

The prevailing fugitive emissions have been enlisted and grouped into high, medium and low categories in order to focus & emphasize the control measures in terms of equipment changes i.e. pumps, valves, flanges, seals etc . To finalize this approach, there are number of other aspects need to be ensured such as economic feasibility of the suggested improvements without negotiating with health criteria, applicability of grand father clause i.e. phase-wise improvement programme for old process technologies & establishments, standardized methods for monitoring and analysis, adequacy of monitoring and analytical capabilities with the concerned state pollution control boards, thorough understanding of the processes & environmental concerns by the local regulatory officials.

The Central Board is in the process of finalization of the emission limits and also planned for strengthening of capabilities of the regulatory officials for implementation of pollution control programme in the petro-chemical units through training programmes.

National Emission Standards for Pesticides Manufacturing Industry

Central Pollution Control Board studied pesticides industries for identifying the priority emissions requiring control measures, existing pollution control equipment, their efficiency, tail gas concentrations,

health criteria in respect of the pollutants, achievable tail gas concentrations by adopting best practicable technologies etc. in association with the indigenous and expatriate consultant. Like any other comprehensive pollution control strategy development exercise, the approach covered exploration of cleaner technologies, process optimization measures, recycle/reuse potential, prevailing mass and concentrations of air emissions from various unit operations and technological review (indigenous and experiences of developed countries) and ascertained cost bearing due to pollution control by the industries in order to ensure affordability. The draft findings have been discussed and in the process of finalizing the feasible national emission standards in respect of point source combustion & process emissions and guidelines for fugitive emission control & incineration, for pesticides industries

Development of Guidelines/Rationale for Prescribing Location Specific Standards

The Central Board is involved in developing minimal national standards (MINAS), which are applicable for entire nation considering techno-economic feasibility of control equipment. However, considering the location specific sensitivity, the state pollution control boards can make the national standards stringent. For example, in critical areas, where single or cumulative effect of emissions/wastewater discharges exceed the ambient air/water quality requirement, a rational/ structurised approach shall be followed in order to avoid bias in granting permit conditions to individual industries, which are often challenged on the basis.

Under this programme, efforts have been made to set approach for assessment of assimilative capacity and fine tuning of the standards considering health protection, environment protection, availability of technology and economic feasibility. With the association of indigenous and expatriate consultants, an approach has been made which is being debated among the experts for finalization. Besides, the approach is being applied in selected study area for fine-tuning. These studies include Inventorization of air and water pollution sources, existing level of control technologies, application of air quality models (ISCST3) and concepts of zone of initial dilution and mixing zones in respect of water quality in surface water bodies.

There are many issues and choices being studied in managing the pollution from individual industrial unit or from a cluster. For example, In case of water pollution management, it is endorsed to control the pollution at source, however the Water Act has provision to explore the assimilative capacity of the receiving water bodies considering minimum dry weather flow. The control approach can be classified into levels depicted in Table 10.2:

The dimensions of this provision may be summarized as follows:

• Economic trade-off between pollution control Vs. assimilative capacity in fair way • Changing the use pattern by creating alternative means • Maximizing the assimilative capacity (diffuser, dispersed small inlets) • Routing the discharge points down stream of sensitive use to maximize the benefit of

assimilative capacity • Control technologies Vs. individual affordability (Best available technologies not entiling

excessive costs (BATNEEC) or only BAT) • Common treatment facilities with better treatment control • Sensitivity of the receiving water body Vs. reliability of the control technology etc.

Control Technologies for Volatile Organic Compounds in Industrial Emissions

One of the common air pollutants emanating from the chemical industries is volatile organic compounds. As it is well known that if emissions are emanating from a point source can very well be controlled absorption, condensation, adsorption, thermal destruction etc. Whereas, due to volatile nature of various solvents and process fluids used in chemical sectors, the fugitive emissions will arise from valves, flanges, pumps, storing units, effluent treatment plants etc. In order to address these volatile organics, a project has been taken-up for studying oil refineries, petrochemical plants in India. Possibilities of application of general VOC's and hazardous air pollutants on the lines of developed countries is being discussed and their adoptability in terms of monitoring equipment, control equipment, investment on equipment modifications, establishing emission factors etc. are being studied.

Review of Control Technologies for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Industrial Effluents

Feasible disposal specific TDS limits have been developed and same have been endorsed by the Expert Committee and are being considered by the Central Board. Under capacity building programme, five days training programme on "Management of TDS in Industrial Effluents " has been arranged through EPTRI, Hyderabad, for 15 States and Central Board officers.

Review of Environmental Statements

Under this MoEF sponsored programme, 11 industrial sectors have been taken up for review of the environmental statements submitted to the respective State Pollution Control Board offices. Premier institutions and expert consultants have been engaged to review the statements to ascertain the existing status of pollution control and to derive a national programme for systematic improvement. The list of sector specific institutes engaged are presented in Table 10.3:

Table 10.3 Industrial Sector Specific Identified Institutes

S.No. Industrial Sector Institute

1 Tannery Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai – 600 040

2 Pulp & Paper Institute of Paper Technology, University of Roorkee, Paper Mill Road, Saharanpur – 247 001

3 Bulk-drugs Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI), Survey No. 91/4, Gachibowli, Hyderabad – 500 032

4 Thermal Power Plants Pollution Control Research Institute, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Ranipur, Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh

5 Pesticides National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune – 411 008

6 Petrochemicals Engineers India Limited, PTI Building (Fifth floor), New Delhi – 110 001

7 Oil Refinery Engineers India Limited, PTI Building (Fifth floor), New Delhi – 110 001

9 Integrated Iron & Steel Metallurgical & Engineering Consultants (I) Limited (MECON), Ranchi – 834 002, Jharkhand

10 Cement Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee – 247 667, Uttarakhand

11 Sugar International School in Environmental Management Studies (ISEMS), "Arundhati", Opposite Sahayognagar, M.S.E.B. Road, Vishram Bagh, Sangli – 416 415, District – Sangli, Maharastra

13 Composite Textiles Industry

Northern India Textile Research Association (NITRA), Sector – 23, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad – 201002

All the above studies are under progress and in respect of thermal power, cement and sugar industry sectors the studies are in final stage.

Optimum Water Consumption Limit for Bulk-drug industry

As per the provisions of the Water Cess Act and Rules the industries, which have adequate treatment facilities and consumes less water than the optimum consumption limit are entitled for cess rebate. In order to extend the facility of cess rebate to the bulk-drug industries, there is a requirement to specify the optimum water consumption limit, therefore a project has been taken-up to study the industry through questionnaire survey and field visits to establish the appropriate water consumption limit. From the initial questionnaire survey, the drugs can be broadly grouped into four categories in respect of water consumption (Table 10.4).

• Close observation to these combinations reveals that Groups I, III & IV are synthetic drug manufacturers while Group II is of fermentation-based drugs. Further, Group I represents routine drugs, Group III -high potential drugs and Group IV - speciality drugs.

• Accordingly, the water consumption patterns indicate that Group II is distinctly different from others.

Table 10.4 Water Consumption, Volume of Production based grouping of Bulk Drug Industries

Number of industries

High Low

High Group – I

Analgesic, anti-pyritics, anti dysentery, vitamins, synthetics, anti biotics, sulpha drugs, anti TB, anti asthmatics, etc.

Group – II

Fermentation based drugs

Volume of production

Low Group –III

Anaesthetics, anti malarial, anti diabetics, anti histamines, gastro intestinal, anti helmentics etc.

Group – IV

Cardio vascular, tranquillisers, sedatives, anti leprotics etc.

• Looking at wide varieties and varying water consumption patterns, it is being explored to establish group-wise water consumption patterns. So that the available data can be processed statistically to arrive at a representing limit either for entire drugs or group-wise.

Status of Water treatment Technologies including consumption of Chemicals/Disinfectants in Water Treatment Plants and Management of Wastewater/ Sludge

An extensive questionnaire survey has been conducted to collect information from the water treatment plants in various Indian cities and towns. Besides, 15 water treatment plants have been studied in the north and western parts of the country and visits to 15 more water treatment plants in east and southern parts of country are being planned. There are many interesting findings in the first phase of the studies, it is expected that the study will bring out scientific, engineering, operational and administrative observations and requirements to ensure proper operation and environmental management in the water treatment plants.

NOISE POLLUTION

Standards/guidelines finalized during the year 2001-2002

o Noise limits for Generator sets run on Diesel (Revision)

The revision of noise limits for generator sets run on diesel was finalized and recommended to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for notification.

o Emission limits for new Diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for generator set applications

The emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 kW) for generator sets application was finalized and recommended to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for notification.

o Emission limits for diesel engine (engine rating more than 800 KW) for power plant/generator sets applications.

The emission limits for diesel engines (engine rating more than 800 kW) for power plant/generator sets application was finalized and recommended to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for notification.

o Compliance procedure for noise limits for petrol/kerosene generator sets

The above document was prepared and finalized in the meeting of National Committee on Noise Pollution Control.

o Test Procedure for fire-crackers

Test procedure for fire-crackers was drafted by CPCB and submitted to the Department of Explosives for finalization.

Meetings held and decisions taken

o National Committee on Noise Pollution Control

The 8th and 9th Meetings of the National Committee were held on 04.06.2001 and 25.01.2002 respectively. Following major issues were taken up in the meetings for deliberations.

a. Noise labelling of domestic/office appliances. b. Finalisation of compliance procedure for noise limits for petrol/kerosene generator

sets. c. Noise limits for motor vehicles. d. Implementation of Noise (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.

o Standing Committee on Genset Emission

The 3rd Meeting of the Standing Committee on Genset Emissions was held on September 25, 2001. Major outcome of the meeting was the finalisation of emission limits for diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for generator sets applications.

o Meeting for finalisation of emission limits for diesel engines (>800 KW) for large gensets/power plants applications

A meeting was held on August 30, 2001, which was attended by officials from regulatory agencies, manufacturers and subject experts. Based on the delieberations held, the Central Pollution Control Board finalised the emission limits for diesel engines (more than 800 KW) for large gensets/power plants applications.

Projects completed

o Airport Noise monitoring around Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport, New Delhi

The project was aimed at assessing the noise levels around IGI Airport and thereafter, recommending suitable noise standards and control strategy in and around airports all over the country. The report submitted by the consultant viz. University of Roorkee (now IIT, Roorkee) is under review.

o Compliance testing of Noise limits for fire-crackers

The Project entrusted to the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, was aimed at testing whether the fire-crackers available in the market complies the noise standards prescribed as per the Gazette notification GSR 682(E), dated October 5, 1999 and initiate suitable action accordingly.

o Development of Emission Limits for diesel engines (engine rating more than 800 KW) for power plant/generator sets applications.

The project has been completed and the emission limits for the above category of engines has been finalised and recommended to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for notification.

o Acoustic enclosure for DG Set installed at CPCB

The acoustic enclosure for the 160 KVA DG set at CPCB Head Quarters, Parivesh Bhawan, has been successfully installed and commissioned.

POLLUTION CONTROL IMPLEMENTATION

Highly Polluting Industries

The implementation of action plan for pollution control in 1551 (which came into operation on or before December 31, 1991) medium and large scale units identified under the 17 highly polluting industrial sectors was continued. The follow-up of the action taken against the defaulting industries under Section 5 of The E (P) Act, 1986 was further intensified and as a result the number of defaulting industries has reduced from 67 in March 2000 to 25 in September 2001. The number of closed industries has increased from 164 to 177 and number of industries having requisite pollution control facilities increased from 1320 to 1349. The category-wise status of 1551 industries as on September 30, 2001 is presented in Table 10.5. The 25 defaulters mainly include thermal power plants of State Electricity Boards.

Industrial Pollution Control along the river Ganga (GAP Phase-I)

The follow-up programmes in respect of the 68 industries identified under Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-I were initiated by CPCB soon after the introduction of GAP in 1985. The industrial pollution control programme further intensified with the launching of the Central Action Plan in August, 1997, for control of industrial discharges along the rivers and lakes in the country. This programme resulted in identification of 119 more industries along the river Ganga, which required priority attention for the control of their effluent discharges. The pollution control status of these industries as on September 30, 2001 is presented in Table 10.6 and 10.7.

Industrial Pollution Control along the Rivers and Lakes

851 defaulting grossly polluting industries located along the rivers and lakes in the country have been identified for priority actions under this programme, which was started in August 1997. The follow-ups for the implementation of the programme, was intensified and this has resulted into reduction in the number of defaulting industries from 93 in March, 2000 to 5 in September, 2001. The State-wise status of the 851 industries as on September 30, 2001 is presented in Table 10.7.

Table 10.5 Category-wise Summary Status of Pollution Control in 17 Categories of Industries

S.

No.

Category Total No. of Units

Status ( No. of Units )

Closed C# Defaulters ##

01. ALUMINIUM 07 01 06 00

02. CAUSTIC SODA 25 00 25 00

03. CEMENT 116 08 108 00

04. COPPER 02 00 02 00

05. DISTILLERY 177 33 142 02

06. DYES & DYE INTERMEDIATE

64 08 56 00

07. FERTILIZER 110 12 97 01

08. IRON & STEEL 08 00 04 04

09. LEATHER 70 11 59 00

10. PESTICIDE 71 07 64 00

11. PETROCHEMICAL 49 00 49 00

12. PHARMACEUTICAL 251 26 225 00

13. PULP & PAPER 96 20 76 00

14. REFINERY 12 00 12 00

15. SUGAR 392 48 341 03

16. THERMAL POWER PLANT

97 03 79 15

17. ZINC 04 00 04 00

TOTAL 1551 177 1349 25

# Having adequate facilities to comply with the standards ## Not having adequate facilities to comply with the standards

Table 10.6 Summary Status of 68 Industries identified under the Ganga Action Plan (Phase-I)

Number of Industries S.

No.

Status

Uttar Pradesh

Bihar West Bengal

Total

1. Effluent Treatment Plant Installed

19 04 20 43

2. Industries Closed 15 01 09 25

Total 34 05 29 68

Table 10.7 Overall Progress of the industries along the River Ganga

S.

No.

State Total Units No. of Units which have installed ETP

No. of Units Closed

No. of Units Defaulting

1. Uttar Pradesh 83 59 24 00

2. Bihar 03 03 00 00

3. West Bengal 33 30 03 00

Total 119 92 27 00

Table 10.8: Summary Status of Pollution Control in grossly polluting industries discharging their Effluents into Rivers and Lakes

S.

No.

Name of the State/UT No. of defaulters as in August '97

No. of Industries

Closed

No. of Industries which have provided requisite

treatment/disposal facilities after issuance of

directions

No. of defaulters

1. Andhra Pradesh 60 18 42 00

2. Arunachal Pradesh 00 00 00 00

3. Assam 07 06 01 00

4. Bihar 14 04 10 00

5. Goa 00 00 00 00

6. Gujarat 17 03 14 00

7. Haryana 21 09 12 00

8. Himachal Pradesh 00 00 00 00

9. Jammu & Kashmir 00 00 00 00

10. Karnataka 20 02 18 00

11. Kerala 36 04 32 00

12. Madhya Pradesh 02 01 00 01

13. Maharashtra 06 03 03 00

14. Manipur 00 00 00 00

15. Meghalaya 00 00 00 00

16. Mizoram 00 00 00 00

17. Nagaland 00 00 00 00

18. Orissa 09 03 04 02

19. Pondicherry 04 00 04 00

20. Punjab 18 01 16 01

21. Rajasthan 00 00 00 00

22. Sikkim 00 00 00 00

23. Tamil Nadu 366 118 248 00

24. Tripura 00 00 00 00

25. UT-Andaman & Nicobar 00 00 00 00

26. UT-Chandigarh 00 00 00 00

27. UT-Daman & Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli

00 00 00 00

28. Delhi *CSP - - -

29. UT-Lakshadeep 00 00 00 00

30. Uttar Pradesh 241 59 181 01

31. West Bengal 30 07 23 00

Total 851 238 608 05

* CSP: Covered under the separate plan involving shifting, relocation etc. of the units as per the orders of Hon'ble Supreme Court.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL

Pollution Control Status of Secondary Lead Smelters

Many secondary lead smelting units are operating in the country to recover and re-use lead from waste scrap. However, the process of secondary lead smelting itself generates lead bearing solid waste from which further lead recovery is not economical. It also generates lead-bearing emissions. Kolkata is one of the oldest and major manufacturing centres of unorganised automobile battery. Lead from lead plates in battery manufacturing units was sourced mainly from secondary lead smelting units located in various clusters in and around Kolkata. The study was aimed to ascertain the present pollution potential of these units. The major findings of the study are:

• All the units have installed adequate emission control facilities; • The pollution control equipments are also economical, as further recovery of lead is possible

from the dust arrested in these equipments; and, • Most of the units are able to meet the standards as prescribed by the West Bengal Pollution

Control Board.

Non-recyclable slag is the solid waste from secondary lead smelters. This waste is hazardous in nature and poses major problem due to non-availability of safe and notified hazardous waste disposal site. Presently, all the industries are collecting these wastes in a secure dump yard within their premises, from where the possibility of mishandling and disposing of solid waste to low lying area is very high.

Performance Study of Coke Oven By-product Plant

In an integrated steel industry, wastewater generated from Coke Oven By-product Plant (COBP) is a major polluting stream containing toxic chemicals like phenol, cyanide and ammonia. In recent times, COBP effluent is treated by biochemical oxidation of cyanide, ammonia and phenol at separate effluent treatment plants, commonly known as bio-chemical oxidation & dephenolisation plants (BOD plants). The treated effluent from BOD plant is recycled for use in quenching hot coke in coke-ovens. However,

excess treated water has to be discharged into common outlet drain of steel plant. Almost all the integrated iron and steel units have installed BOD plants. Wastewater reduction in COBP involves reduction of pollution load in process wastewater and proper operation of BOD plant. Detailed study was conducted to evaluate the performance of BOD plants based on proper design, inlet concentration, type of treatment units, operation and maintenance and trained manpower.

Pollution Control in Coal Based Thermal Power Plants

There are 81 coal based thermal power plants comprising total installed capacity of 60263.5 MW. Thermal Power plants are mainly responsible for air and water pollution besides problems related to solid waste (flyash) management. Out of 81 thermal power plants in the country, 42 plants comply with emission standards, 3 plants are closed and remaining 36 plants are in the process of installation/augmentation of pollution control systems. As regards water pollution prevention measures, 49 plants comply with ash pond effluent standards, 3 plants are closed and 36 plants are in the process of installation/augmentation of ash ponds. The main factors affecting the performance of Electrostatic Precipitators are:

• Low design efficiency of pollution control equipments installed in various thermal power plants; • Inefficient operation; • High ash content in supplied coal; and, • High resistivity of fly ash

Constitution of National Task Force

A National Task Force has been constituted to assess the progress made in the implementation of the environmental standards and Rules, use of beneficiated coal and utilization of fly ash.

Use of Beneficiated Coal

Presently, beneficiated/blended coal is being supplied to Dadri (U.P.), and Badarpur (Delhi) Power Plants of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Dahanu (Maharashtra), of Bombay Suburban Electricity Supply (BSES) and Rajghat & Indraprastha (Delhi) Power Plants of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB). However, other 26 plants have not yet indicated their plan for meeting the requirement of use of beneficiated coal. The implementation of provisions made under the above gazette notifications would be helpful in mitigating the problems of air pollution and management and handling of flyash disposal in environmentally acceptable manner in thermal power plants.

Utilization of flyash

Sixteen percent of total flyash generation (80 million tonnes) in the country is utilized mainly for manufacturing cement, bricks and construction of roads and embankments. However, in advanced countries like Germany, China, USA, European Union and Japan, the extent of utilization of flyash is 100%, 42%, 65%, 80% and 85 % respectively.

The State Pollution Control Boards were required to identify the brick kilns located within 50 km radius of power plants and modify the consent conditions as per the directives. Though, Orissa and Gujarat Pollution Control Boards have identified the brick kilns but the status of flyash utilization by these kilns is not yet available. Out of 81 thermal power plants, 46 power plants have submitted their action plan to achieve hundred percent flyash utilization within the stipulated time period.

Review of stack height regulations

A study on stack height regulation: "A state of art review through computer simulations and development of spacially meaningful regulations" was conducted by IIT, Kanpur under a project sponsored by CPCB. The report includes basis for revision of stack height regulations, methodology for determination of minimum stack height and proposed stack height regulations for different zones of the country. The new stack height regulations will be finalized by a Working Group constituted by CPCB.

Assessment of requirement of Bag filter vis-a-vis ESP in Thermal Power Plants

A study has been undertaken with the following objectives:

• Evaluation of performance of ESPs in selected units of different capacities; • Identification of reasons for poor performance of ESPs; • Assessment of techno-economic feasibility for installation of bag filter; • Cost benefit analysis of ESPs vs. Bag filter in different unit sizes to comply with environmental

standards for following scenarios; • Retrofitting of Existing ESPs; • Bag filter as a replacement of existing ESPs; and, • Techno-economic feasibility for the installation of bag filters in new thermal power plants.

Description of alternate flyash disposal technologies

The project has been taken up in collaboration with IIT Delhi to study the following:

• Evaluation of existing conventional practices of coal ash disposal based on dilute slurry disposal taking into consideration the water and energy requirements per tonne of flyash disposal. Since the distance of the ash pond from the plant would vary from one location to another, typical cases would in terms of conveying distance would be considered. This would also include the cost of the installation of the systems;

• Evaluation of alternative ash disposal systems such as: disposal of ash in dry form as mound and disposal of ash into the ash pond in the form of high concentration slurry;

• Comparison of dilute slurry system with alternate ash disposal system. This would include the cost factors relevant in each case and any other facts that need to be considered;

• Cost related to operation, maintenance and environmental aspects of ash ponds/ash mounds for various disposal systems; and,

• Combination of slurry disposal alternatives.

Prospects and Status of Natural Dyes

A study has been initiated to assess the prospects and status of natural dyes. The study includes availability of raw materials, process technologies, current demand, usage and problems in development/manufacture of natural dyes.

CETP for Sago Industries

Sago industries in Tamilnadu (around 1000 units) are based on tapioca roots and mostly under small scale industries (SSI) sector. The treatment plants set up by individual units are not being properly operated. It is therefore proposed to set up a CETP for the sago industries located along Thirumanimuttar river. The wastewater from sago industries located along Thirumanimuttar riverbanks will be collected and treated at the CETP. Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board has been requested to carry out the inventory of starch and sago industries in Salem town.

Common Chrome Recovery Plant at Kanpur Tanneries

In Jajmau area of Kanpur, more than 300 tanneries of varying capacity are in operation. Many of the large and medium tanneries have installed the chromium recovery plant at the individual level. For small tanneries, CPCB has taken up a project to recommend cost-effective possibilities for installation of common chrome recovery plant.

Inventory and Pollution Control Measures in Lime Kiln Units

In order to prepare an inventory of lime kiln units, all the SPCBs/UTs were requested to provide the updated list of lime kiln units operating in their States/UTs as well as the information regarding implementation of pollution control measures taken up by these units. The information is required to finalize inventory of lime kiln units being operated all over the country and to assess the magnitude of pollution load generated from these units.

Human Risk Assessment in Asbestos Industries

CPCB has initiated human risk assessment studies in asbestos industries in collaboration with the Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow. The study includes environmental monitoring of

asbestos based industries, detailed medical examinations of industrial workers, geno-toxicological evaluation of asbestos exposed population and recommendations for preventive measures in industrial units. The study at two asbestos plants has been completed.

Survey and Inventorization of Oil Drilling Units

Preliminary survey and inventorization of the oil-drilling units has been carried out in Upper Assam. The oilfields of Upper Assam, owned by Oil India Limited and Oil & Natural Gas Commission Limited, were visited to study the pollution aspects and also groundwater quality monitoring was conducted in the surroundings of injection wells.

Air Pollution Control Measures in Cement Industries

A detailed survey and monitoring was conducted in 15 cement industries situated in eastern region of the country and capacities exceeding 200 tons per day. The salient features of the survey are as follows:

• Limestone from which clinker is made is the most expensive raw material requiring considerable energy. Its partial replacement by either fly ash or granulated blast furnace slag would save the energy bills. This step will also boost utilization of industrial wastes.

• The acceptability of blended cement such as portland slag cement and portland pozzolana cement by the public is very low.

• There is an opportunity for regulatory agencies to review the emission standards since the cement industries

Review of Problem Areas in West Zone and Alang Ship Breaking Yard

In the Western Part of country, Vapi & Ankeleswar in Gujarat; Chembur & Tarapur in Maharashtra have been identified as problem areas. Accordingly, the Action Plan for pollution control in these areas has been prepared. The CPCB, West Zonal Office – Vadodara has been following up the implementation of action plan regularly by interacting concerned implementing authorities. The status of pollution in these area is presented below:

Chembur

Chembur in Maharashtra is one of the problem area identified from environment & pollution control point of view. A time targeted action plan was prepared for implementation to solve the air pollution, water pollution and solid waste management problem.

The detailed survey/monitoring studies included ambient air monitoring, ambient noise monitoring, Source emission monitoring, Effluent monitoring and Hazardous Waste Management in the identified industries.

It is observed that highly contaminated effluent with Oil & Grease arises from condenser cooling of the oil refineries meet the creek. The effluent finds its way into earthen drains, which ultimately meets the creek. Out of nine large/medium scale industries located in Chembur area, seven were found exceeding the stipulated standard with respect to one or the other parameter.

The hydrocarbon smell is prevalent near the boundary walls (upto 20-30 meters) of the refineries. The traffic density in the area, especially heavy vehicles (Trucks) are very high. The vehicular movement on badly maintained roads of the Chembur area is contributing additional pollution load in the area other than the industrial one. With regard to the hazardous waste management, there are no proper disposal facility.

Tarapur

In Tarapur, Maharashtra, the existing CETP has been upgraded, as it was not adequate to treat the effluent generated by the member industries. After augmentation of CETP, the study was further undertaken and it has been derived that the modified CETP is still inadequate to treat the effluent.

Ankleshwar

The studies at Ankleshwar has been taken up for the continual improvement through various pollution prevention, control & wastewater management efforts. The industries at Ankleshwar and the infrastructure-providing agency GIDC, were served necessary directions by CPCB through GPCB for the improvement in effluent drainage system at the estate. The efforts, initiated by CPCB were well supported by all the concerned agencies at the local & State level.

Alang Ship Breaking Yard

Alang Ship Breaking Yard had been visited by CPCB Zonal Office – Vadodara as a follow-up for verification on the compliance to the guidelines. In Alang Ship breaking yard, the provisions of common Incinerator, STP and secured landfill site have not yet been made by the authorities.

POLLUTION CONTROL AT ALUMINIUM INDUSTRIES

Implementation of Standards

There are seven aluminium plants in India comprising total production of 5,91,621 tonne. Most of the aluminium plants are in the expansion process and production is expected to touch 8,80,000 tonne in 2005.

During the production of aluminium, significant amount of gaseous and solid wastes are generated. The major environmental problems are due to emission of fluoride and generation of spent pot lining and red mud.

Central Pollution Control Board has taken up enforcement of environmental standards since 1990. During the year 1999-2000, status of pollution control was compiled through questionnaire survey.

Meeting of National Task Force for Implementation of Standards in Aluminium Industries

First meeting was held during December 20-21, 2001 followed by visits to NALCO, Angul & INDAL, Hirakud. Following major environmental issues have been identified. The NTF is examining these issues in detail, for final recommendations.

• Phasing out of the Soderberg technology in long run or modification to be made in this technology to reduce fugitive emissions.

• Allowing future expansions only with prebaked technology. • Setting up limits for maximum & minimum size of the plant and environmental clearance to be

taken for maximum size. • Revising fluoride emission standards. • Encouraging dry scrubbing in all plants. • Setting up a limit for fluoride consumption per tonne of aluminium produced and a mechanism

for measuring roof emissions from pot rooms in all the plants. • Monitoring of ambient air fluoride & forage fluoride to judge the assimilative capacity of an area

for fluoride. • Establishing emission standards for hydrocarbon (HC) and Poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). • Control devices may be made mandatory for anode baking oven. • Assessing feasibility of setting up a centralized SPL treatment & disposal facility. • Setting up a limit for generation of SPL per tonne of aluminium produced. • Recovering fluoride/cryolite from carbonaceous portion of SPL to be mandatory for all the

plants. • Adopting dry method for disposal of red mud and utilization of red mud.

VEHICULAR EMISSION CONTROL

• Bharat Stage – II emission norms for new private non – commercial Vehicles implemented in Chennai & Kolkata from July 2001.

• Bharat Stage –II emission norms for new commercial vehicles implemented in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai from October 2001.

• Emission norms for CNG & LPG vehicles notified. • Emission norms for in-use vehicles recommended for notification

Current norms Revised norms

(Recommendation)

Type

CO % HC (PPM) CO % HC (PPM)

2 & 3 wheelers 4.5 - 3.5* 9000*

4 wheelers 3.0 - 0.5** 750**

* For post 2000vehicles fitted with Catalytic Converter. ** For Vehicles fitted with closed loop Catalytic Converter.

Fuel Quality

• 0.05 % Sulphur diesel supplied in Chennai & Kolkata for private non-commercial vehicles from July 2001.

• 0.05 % Sulphur Diesel supplied in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai for all diesel vehicles. • 0.05 % sulphur diesel supplied in NCR from 1.6.2001. • As per Hon'ble Supreme Court order all diesel buses are to be converted in to CNG mode in

Delhi. At present More than 50 thousand CNG Vehicles (Buses, autos, taxis & private vehicles) are plying in Delhi.

• In all petrol stations in Kolkata metropolitan area only pre-mixed 2T oil is being sold from November 2001

Other Measures

• The Expert Committee on Auto fuel Policy has submitted interim report during Jan 2001 in which it has recommended Bharat stage–II norms to be extended to entire country from 1.4.2005, while Bharat Stage – III norms to be extended to 7 Mega cities from 1.4.2005. The next stage emission norm for 2 &3 wheelers has been recommended. The preparation of final report is in progress.

Ambient Air Quality

As a result of various measures taken to improve the ambient air quality in the country following changes has been observed in the ambient air quality during 2001 in comparison to 2000.

Table 10.9: Comparative data on Vehicular Population, Fuel Consumption, Measures taken and Ambient Air Quality in Delhi during year 2000 & 2001

Parameter Year 2000 Year 2001

Vehicles Number (in lakhs) 34.3 35.5

CNG Vehicles (in thousand) 13 43

CNG Consumption in Crore kg 1.7 7.2

Petrol Consumption in TMT 568* 573**

Diesel Consumption in TMT 1223* 1050**

New private four wheeled non-commercial vehicles complying Bharat Stage-II emission norms registered from 1.4.2000.

New private four wheeled non-commercial vehicles complying Bharat Stage-II emission norms continue to register.

New vehicles other than private four wheeled non-commercial vehicles complying India Stage-I norms registered from 01.04.2000.

New commercial vehicles complying Bharat Stage-II norms registered from 24.10.2001.

OTHER MEASURES TAKEN

Supply of petrol with 1% Supply of petrol with 1%

benzene from October 2000. benzene continued.

Supply of petrol & diesel with 0.05% sulphur at select outlets from 01.04.2000.

Supply of petrol & diesel with 0.05% sulphur at all outlets in NCT from 1.3.2001 & in NCR from 1.6.2001.

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (AVERAGE OF 7 STATIONS, EXCEPT FOR CO & RSPM)

% Reduction

RSPM in m g/m3 191 180 6%

SPM in m g/m3 405 347 14%

SO2 in m g/m3 18 14 22%

NO2 in m g/m3 36 34 6%

Pb in ng/m3 59 61 +3%

CO in m g/m3 4686 4197 10%

* 1999-2000 ** 2000-2001

SO2 & NO x concentration in the ambient air were within the permissible limits in all the Mega cities monitored. In comparison to 2000 data for the seven mega cities monitored, there has been reduction in levels of SO2 & NO x in most of the cities except for Kolkata & Ahmedabad where there is increment in the concentration of NO x during 2001.

• Among seven mega cities monitored there has been reduction in RSPM levels during 2001 in comparison to 2000.

• Various measures taken to improve the air quality of Delhi during 2000 & 2001 and concentration of various pollutants in the ambient air during respective years has been tabulated in the Table 10.9.

ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE SQUAD (ESS)

Environmental Surveillance Squad is an important project undertaken by CPCB as per the direction of Hon'ble Supreme Court. The main objective of the squad is to identify the willful defaulter through surprise visits. Suitable action is also being taken against the erring industries either directly by CPCB or through State Pollution Control Board under various Environmental Acts.

Under this project more than 50 industries have been visited and proposed suitable action accordingly. On the basis of the recommendations, the competent authority of CPCB has issued closure notice to three erring industries located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. In Gujarat two industries namely, M/s. Excel Industries Ltd; Bhavnagar and M/s. Birla VXL, Jamnagar have been recommended for stringent actions on account of gross non-compliance to the pollution control norms. In Daman five industries namely, M/s. Lalitha Chem, Silvassa, M/s. KLJ Polymers, Daman, M/s. Plasticisers & Polymers, Daman; M/s. Meadly Pharma, Daman and M/s. Alcchem Industries, Daman have been recommended for most stringent action (including direction for closure) on account of non-compliance to the pollution control norms and/or illegal discharge.

Review of Compliance of Pollution Control Standards: Thermal Power Plants

The brief status of compliance of standards in respect of thermal power plant in southern part is summarized below:

NTPC, Ramagundam

Environmental Surveillance Squad is an important project undertaken by CPCB as per the direction of Hon'ble Supreme Court. The main objective of the squad is to identify the willful defaulter through surprise visits. Suitable action is also being taken against the erring industries either directly by CPCB or through State Pollution Control Board under various Environmental Acts.

Under this project more than 50 industries have been visited and proposed suitable action accordingly. On the basis of the recommendations, the competent authority of CPCB has issued closure notice to three erring industries located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. In Gujarat two industries namely, M/s. Excel Industries Ltd; Bhavnagar and M/s. Birla VXL, Jamnagar have been recommended for stringent actions on account of gross non-compliance to the pollution control norms. In Daman five industries namely, M/s. Lalitha Chem, Silvassa, M/s. KLJ Polymers, Daman, M/s. Plasticisers & Polymers, Daman; M/s. Meadly Pharma, Daman and M/s. Alcchem Industries, Daman have been recommended for most stringent action (including direction for closure) on account of non-compliance to the pollution control norms and/or illegal discharge.

Review of Compliance of Pollution Control Standards: Thermal Power Plants

The brief status of compliance of standards in respect of thermal power plant in southern part is summarized below:

NTPC, Ramagundam

The emissions from the Unit-4 and Unit-6 are found to be within the limiting standards as such monitoring was carried out in the ducts. The monitoring at Unit 1, Unit 2 and Unit 3 could not be undertaken, as sampling ports are not available.

APGENCO, Vijayawada

Stack emission from Unit-1, Unit-2 and Unit-3 could not be monitored due to insufficient oxygen levels experienced in the stack and its staircase. Emission from Unit-4 was recorded much higher than the limiting standard. Unit-5 is very closely meeting the standard whereas Unit-6 marginally exceeded the limiting standard.

APGENCO, Kothagudam

The units of both the stages are not meeting the limiting standard. The clouds of fly ash emission have been found emitting. The monitoring was carried out in ducts of the units in Stage-I and no provisions were existing as per Emission Regulation -III.

APGENCO, Rayalseema

The concentration of particulate matter in Unit-1 is severely exceeding the limiting standard although the plant has commissioned of late.Unit-2 is also exceeding the limit although during the visit it is noticed that new ESP with appropriate design is provided.

KPCL, Raichur

Monitoring could not be conducted in Unit-5 as sampling probe could not be inserted into the sampling port being smaller in diameter and inclined thus not meeting the requirements. Emission levels in all other units are not conforming the limiting standards. Monitoring was carried out in the ducts of Unit-1 to Unit-4 as such no provisions were existing as per Emission Regulation-III and monitoring is required to be carried out in the stacks.

All the thermal power plants are required to have the facilities as per Emission Regulation-III in order to have proper monitoring. No power plant except NTPC, Ramagundam was found to be meeting emission standards thus necessary directions are required to be issued. An action plan in each case is required to be formulated in order to install suitable air pollution control devices and to improve upon existing control measures. Action plan may also include the time required , fund allocation and the identification of the officials responsible for its implementation.

POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES IN CEMENT INDUSTRIE

Cement industry is one of the major polluting industries 15 important cement units located in the Eastern region with installed capacities exceeding 200 tpd have been surveyed during the year. The salient points derived from the survey are:

• Limestone from which clinker is made is the most expensive raw material requiring considerable energy in the cement manufacturing process to grind it to the given fineness. Its partial replacement by either fly ash or granulated blast furnace slag would save on the energy bill .

Table 10.10: State-wise Cement Industries surveyed during 2001-2002

S.

No. State Cement Industries Product

1. West Bengal Damodhar Cement & Slag Ltd. (ACC) ,West Bengal PSC

Purulia Cement Pvt. Ltd. , West Bengal PSC

Durgapur Cement Works Ltd, West Bengal PSC

Rashmi Cement Ltd., West Bengal PSC

ASO Cement Ltd. , West Bengal PSC & PPC

Ambuja Eastern Ltd., West Bengal PPC

L&T, West Bengal Cement Works, Durgapur PPC & PSC

2. Orissa Chariot Cement , Orissa PSC

Shiva Cement, Orissa PSC

L&T Jhaduguda, Orissa PSC

IDCOL, Orissa OPC&PSC

OCL, Orissa OPC, PSC, PPC

CCI Bokajan, Assam OPC 3. Assam

Vinay Cement Pvt. Ltd., Umrangsho Assam OPC

4. Meghalaya Mawluh Cherra Cement Pvt. Ltd. Meghalaya OPC

• In continuation of the previous point, this would boost utilization of industrial wastes such as blast furnace slag generated from integrated steel manufacturing units and flyash from coal fired thermal power stations.

• Acceptability of blended cement such as portland slag cement (PSC) and portland pozzolana cement (PPC) by the public.

• An opportunity to regulatory agencies to review the emission standards since the cement units have gone in a big way for installation of hi-tech pollution control devices and monitoring systems to trap cement dust which is also their product.

• The control of cement dust (fugitive) emissions in the packing section areas needs attention.

POLLUTION CONTROL IN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRIES

The Pulp and Paper industry is one of the largest and most polluting industry. Pollution from organo-chlorine compounds have been the primary concern. New technologies have em erged in the areas of de-lignification. Several bleaching sequences are being practiced for reduction of absorbable organic halides (AOX) in the effluent as well as to the water bodies. The in-depth study of the effluent treatment plants of the Pulp and paper units in and around Kolkata have been undertaken at following selected units.

o Supreme Paper Mill o Emami Paper Mill. o Unitech Paper Mill. o Arambagh Paper Mill. o ITC Paper Mill.

These paper industries use agricultural wastes, waste paper, Jute/ Jute waste, rice straw, waste paper, purchased pulp etc. as raw materials. The units have pulping and bleaching facilities and uses caustic

soda, sodium sulfide, Chlorine, fillers, white & colored pigments. The analytical result of the Effluent indicate that most of the water quality parameters not meeting the stipulated standard.

The treated effluent is used for the irrigation or it is recycled in the process. The ETP sludge is used for land filling, for making fuel cake etc. The disposal practice of hazardous solid wastes has been adopted by the industries.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

The pharmaceutical industry has made greatest strides with the development of health facilities. The growth rate of the pharmaceutical industry in UK and USA is quite high, rated fourth among the chemical process industries after plastics, petrochemicals, and synthetic fibre. The foundation of the modern Indian Pharmaceutical Industry was laid in 1901. At present there are more than 15000 drug manufacturing units in the country with a preponderance of small-scale units.

The pharmaceutical industry uses high quality intake water and produces strong and toxic effluent. The synthesis of organic chemical produces wastewater consisting of complex mixtures of organic and inorganic materials. The organic wastes involve solvents, salts, acids, impurities and derivatives. The waste is usually high in BOD, COD, and TDS. The pH is usually very low (acidic) or very high (alkaline) and frequently the wastes are coloured. These wastes are generally toxic to the fish and other aquatic life.

The studies have been carried out at selected industries to assess the various pollution control measures installed and also the performance evaluation of the effluent treatment plant. The major findings of the study are as follows:

• The bulk drug industries consume huge amount of water. • Most of the industries has automated filling to minimize the spillage. • Preferences have been given to use the non-halogenated solvents. • Most of the units were using close filling systems into batch reactors. • Some of the units have special dust collectors to recycle recovered materials. • To reduce wastewater, high-pressure low volume hoses for equipment cleaning was a practice.

POLLUTION CONTROL IN TANNERIES

The objective of the study was to ascertain the improvements made by the tannery units in terms of pollution control measures being adopted and also monitoring of individual units of the treatment system to assess the performance of ETP in general, and the individual unit operations in particular. The main pollution from a tannery is from effluent rather than chimney emission, and, therefore, the study emphasized on effluent management system and performance characteristics evaluation.

MANAGEMENT OF DISTILLERY WASTE WATER

The molasses based distillery industry for the production of rectified spirit is identified as one of the highly polluting industry. During fermentation of molasses and distillation, it generates waste water which is difficult to treat due to high concentrating of organic matter (BOD 40000 to 70000 mg/l) and dissolved solids (30,000 to 90,000 mg/l).

The available treatment technologies and disposal arrangements were evaluated under the guidance of a national expert committee. The Committee studied the data pertaining to evaluation of various treatment and disposal technologies.

The treatment of distillery waste water to the extent that would make it safe to dispose in the environment has not been possible. In most cases, a partial treatment is given through primary biomethanation followed by an aerobic secondary treatment step, such as the activated sludge process. The secondary effluent has to be diluted to meet the effluent standards for disposal on land for irrigation or in an inland surface water body.

Primary treatment through biomethanation and energy recovery, for which proven technology is available, has been used extensively by distilleries. It may be an integral part of any treatment scheme other than concentration and incineration.

The secondary aerobic process requires a high amount of energy input on a continuous basis, which is often not practical to cut the cost of treatment. This results in an inadequate treatment and environmental degradation of the surroundings.

When the effluent is applied on land, it should be done on a scientific basis and a strict control should be exercised in regard to the treatment and dilution of the treated wastewater and its application rate, otherwise it results in an ir-repairable adverse effect on soil and groundwater. Many a times availability of sufficient land for disposal through irrigation becomes a bottleneck. Under such circumstances the industry disposes undiluted waste on a limited area resulting in soil degradation and groundwater pollution.

When the treated spent wash is disposed in inland surface waters, the requirement of the dilution water is twice as much as that required for disposal on land to meet the effluent BOD standards. Though no standards are prescribed for inorganic dissolved salts for such disposal, this may also result in an increase in the salinity of the receiving water body, particularly in the low flow season.

Further, while dilution may allow meeting of the effluent standards for BOD, the problem of colour would still persist. As no economically feasible technology is available for colour removal, no permission may be given for setting up new distilleries or expansion of existing distilleries, which discharge in to inland surface water. The existing industries, which are discharging in to inland surface waters should be made to adopt an alternative treatment and disposal scheme.

Considering the problems in the treatment and disposal of the wastewater on land for irrigation or in surface water, namely, large power requirement for the second stage aerobic treatment, use of fresh water for dilution, non-availability of sufficient land and adverse effects on the receiving stream or land, the other alternatives, composting, controlling once a year land application, estuarine and marine disposal, seem to be more promising. Concentration and incineration with energy recovery would be the ideal solution.

Many industries opt for composting after a suitable filler material is available from nearby sources at a ‘reasonable' cost. A detailed analysis of costs, economic as well as environmental, must be made before anaerobic and aerobic treatment, dilution and disposal on land or in inland watercourse is preferred over composting.

A site – specific waste management and monitoring programme should be implemented for the success of any of the above alternatives. The results of monitoring should be reviewed periodically.

Requirement of Compost Plant

The spent wash generated from molasses based distilleries is either treated in anaerobic digester and used for composting or directly used for composting without treatment. The compost is used as organic manure by farmers.

The utilization of spent wash for composting need to be regulated with respect to raw material, production process, area requirement, machineries and quality of final product etc. With this objective, requirement for compost plant were evolved with the held of experts. These are given below :-

Requirements for Surface Compost Process utilizing spent wash and press mud

S.No. Description Requirements

1. Working days of distillery Maximum 270 days (rainy season shall be avoided and the entire compost area shall be kept dry before starting of the rainy period)

2. Spent wash Storage capacity <30 days

(duly lined with 250 micron HDPE and pitched by stone/bricks with cement mortar to prevent leachate)

3. Press mud (PM) to Spent Wash (SW) ratio 1:2.5-1:3.5

4. Land required for Compost Plant

Specification of floor of compost yard should be as under(with arrangement of leachate collection & surface runoff and its pumping to holding lagoon and laying of pipe net work for automatic spraying of spent wash)

i) Compaction of soil

ii) 5cm local sand cushion(bottom)

iii) 250 micron HDPE sheet (as per BIS specification)

iv) 5cm sand cushion (top)

1. Brick/stone soling(not less than 6cm in case of bricks & 3cm in case of stone soling)

In case of the coefficient of permeability is less than 10 cm/sec(as in black cotton soil),30cm depth of impervious soil compacted with 30cm depth of murum at the top may also be used

5. No.of days required to complete one cycle i) 45 days for 1:2.5 (PM to SW ratio)

ii) 60 days for 1: 3.5 (PM to SW ratio

6. Maximum allowable cycles/annum i) 5 cycles, in case of 45 days compost period

ii) 4 cycles in case of 60 days compost period

7. Land required for Storage of press mud

In case storage area is not leakage proof (by lining with HDPE or less permeable compacted soil as specified in para 4) press mud should be transferred to compost yard before onset of rainy period and covered with HDPE/PVC sheet/tarpaulin

Equivalent to one cycle

8. Land required for storage of finished product

Land area will be raised by about 30 cm above ground level. The maximum height of storage shall be 4cm. The finished compost shall be kept under sheds or covered with PVC/HDPE sheet. Tarpaulin to prevent soaking from rain water.

Equivalent to 33% of the total production of finished product/annum

9. Compost quantity (digested spent wash) 3.0-3.5 MT/kld of alcohol production

10. Compost quality Moisture content <35%

Organic carbon 20-25%

Phosphorous 1.5-2.0%

Nitrogen 1.5-2.0%

Potassium 2.0-3.5%

C : N ratio <17

Equipment's and Machinery Required

1. Tractor for transportation of press mud

From storage site to composting area

One

2. Homogenizing Machine along with auto spraying system with 70 HP tractor (for churning upto the bottom)

One

3. Front end loader with tractor or JCB of bucket capacity of 600-1000 kg

One

4. Sieving machine One

5. Sewing machine in case compost is to be bagged (finishing product)

One

STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION DUE TO LIME KILNS

The ambient air quality status during the peak period of lime production was monitored in and around limekilns agglomeration in Katni District and in Satna & Maihar cities to ascertain the maximum air pollution due to lime production during October-November, 2001. During the study, 80-90% limekilns were in operation. The salient observations are as below:

• It was observed that less than 40% of limekilns operate throughout the year. Rest of the kilns are operated only in peak season during October-November months.

• The large number of limekilns are dotted along the highway and railway track from Katni & Satna. Maihar railway station has limekilns on either side at the end of the railway platform. Many small kilns are located away in remote area on kutcha roads. Movement of vehicles on these ill-maintained roads contribute significant dust to the ambient air

• Bad location of limekilns and their operation in peak season results into heavy smoke and dust affecting adversely the visibility on highways and railway track, increasing the possibilities of accidents.

• RSPM exceeded 76% of time ranging between 69 to 661 m g/nm3 . SPM concentration exceeded 90% of time, reaching a maximum of more than 900 m g/nm3 . The data shows that the ambient air quality in the area was much inferior than the desired level when all limekilns were in operation in peak season. In Satna region, RPM & SPM were high, whereas NO2 & SO2 were within the prescribed limit.

• Research and detailed studies are required to find out appropriate air pollution control devices for existing limekilns, which have no electricity connection, no water and no technical persons. In the kilns where hoods have been provided and being operated with open-charging door, covering of kilns without any other modification may change the draft and burning condition in the kilns thereby affecting the lime quality.

• Most of the kilns being very small, it will not be economical for them to install any air pollution control device. Large limekilns on cooperative basis may be a viable solution. Air pollution control measures must be undertaken at the time of construction of new kilns. Change in fuel quality may reduce pollution to some extent.

• Kilns within 500 meters on either side of the highway or the railway track may be shifted immediately to a better location and air pollution aspects may be incorporated at the new location.

• Green belt may be developed either by individual limekiln or cluster to contain dust and smoke.

POLLUTION CONTROL IN CEMENT INDUSTRIES

There are 113 large cement industries in India having production capacity (installed) of 110 million tonnes. The States of M.P., Chhattisgarh & Rajasthan contribute around 39%, of country's total cement production through 37 large cement industries (Table 10.11).

Table 10.11: State-wise Cement Plants, Kilns & Cement Production in Central Zone

State Cement Plants Number of kilns Cement capacity, MTA

Chhattisgarh 09 12 11.7

Madhya Pradesh 10 17 15.8

Rajasthan 18 23 15.4

Total (Central Zone) 37 52 43.0

The cement industries have installed pollution control devices in each of their production unit (Table 10.12) except one cement plant, which has no control in its packing plant:

Table 10.12: Air Pollution Control Devices installed in different unit of Cement Plants

Description Lime stone

crusher

Coal Mill

Raw mill & kiln

Clinnker cooler

Cement Mill

Packing plant

No. of Mills/Plants 39 51 47 41 79 99

ESP -- 08 37 29 45 --

Bag filter/bag house

35 43 10 02 34 98

Multi cyclone 02 -- -- 08 -- --

Water spray 02 -- -- -- -- --

Gravity type -- -- -- 02 -- --

Air pollution control equipment

No control -- -- -- -- -- 01

POLLUTION FROM SILICA SAND WASHING OPERATION

In order to generate first hand information on environmental impact of silica sand mining and washing operations, CPCB sponsored this project to Directorate of Geology & Mining, Allahabad. The project envisaged inventory and detailed status of pollutants from industries located at Shankargarh-Bargarh area, Allahabad. As an extended activity during the project the status of Silica Sand Mining and Washing activity as undertaken in States of Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, was also studied. It has been derived that there is no organised management of Silica sand mining and washing practices. There is significant pollution of groundwater in the area, which is further aggravated by excessive abstraction of ground water. The indiscriminate mining, lack of effluent treatment provision and improper disposal of high iron-sludge, are identified as some of the key factors responsible for environmental degradation.

The major findings of the study are as follow:

• In State-wise production of silica sand, Haryana ranks as the highest producer, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The national share of Uttar Pradesh is approx. 3 %.

• In all the States, the mining and washing operations are generally similar to what is being practiced at Shankargarh, except in case of Karnataka where silica sand beneficiation is performed employing magnetic separators.

• The environmental problems in all the States have also been similar with no organized system of management of wastewater / sludge.

• Silica-sand mining and washing operations in Shankargarh area is continuing since last 50 years The total area of operation is appx 1254.46 hectares. The source rock are friable sandstones (Quartzite) belonging to Upper Kaimur Series of Vindhyan System. Total production from the area is of the order of 3,43,307 MT (2001).

• There are 53 Silica-sand mines and associated washing units operational in the area. • The area lies in drainage basin of River Yamuna. However, for industrial use, fresh water is

entirely drawn from groundwater sources.

• The washing units pursue physico-chemical processes for beneficiation of silica-sand. • There is no organised mechanism for the wastewater treatment and emissions from washing or

mining units and as such there is a potential scope for reduction in effluent generation. The disposal mechanism for sludge has also been indiscriminate.

POLLUTION CONTROL IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

1. Development of Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulations for the Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK)

About 20 VSBKs are in operation in different regions of the country. Emission standards for Bull Trench Kiln (BTKs) was introduced by the Ministry of Environment & Forests and the Central Board during 1996. These standards also recommended phasing out of moving chimney from BTKs. The Central Board has taken up the work of evolving emission standards, stack height regulations for vis-a-vis pollution control measures with the support of Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi .

The performance of VSBKs was monitored during 2002-2003. The SPM concentration in the stack was between 77-372 mg/Nm3 . Some of the advantages of the VSBK technology include, lower energy consumption, low SPM emissions, less floor area requirement, flexibility in operation, uniform quality of fired bricks and ability to operate throughout the year. Thus, VSBK may offer an alternate viable technology for moving chimney BTKs low capacity and also for clamps.

A draft report in this regard has been prepared and standards are being formulated.

2. Development of Comprehensive Industry Document and Environmental Standards for Refractory Industry

In India , most of the refractory plants are small and under unorganised sector. Broadly the refractory can be categorised depending on their installed capacity per annum. There are about 6 large refractory plants, 17 medium scale and 63 are in either small or very small category.

Refractories are produced in two basic forms - formed objects and unformed granulated or plastic compositions. The formed products are called bricks and shapes. Unformed composition include mortar, gunning mixes, ramming mixes and plastics. These products are cured in fireplace to form a monolithic internal structure after application.

The primary pollutant of concern in a refractory plant is particulate matter or dust in air emission apart from water pollution, solid wastes and noise pollution. Particulate matter in terms of fugitive dust generation takes place during crushing, grinding and screening operations. However, the Central Board has analysed the present status of pollution in refractory industry and their control, different technologies adopted by refractory industry to combat pollution and finally to develop norms for control of pollution. The study has been completed with the help of National Council for Cement and Building Materials. Ambient air quality, fugitive dust, stack emission, trade effluent, noise pollution and solid waste management was monitored during the study. Environmental standards are being drawn.

3. Development of Comprehensive Industry Document and Emission Standards for Hot Mix Plants

At present, there are more than 1,000 hot mix plants of different categories operating in different parts of the country. Most of the plants are of stationary and drum-continuous type. The rated production capacity varies from 6-10 tphr to 10-120 tphr. The location of these plants keep on changing. Burning of fuel, feeding of aggregates, heating of bitumen from such a large number of plants create environmental hazards, especially air pollution due to dust and volatile organic compounds.

The Central Board has decided to prepare a Comprehensive Industry Document on Hot Mix Plants in an effort to minimise the adverse environmental impacts by regulating emissions. Information on plant and process details, pollution control technologies, emissions and plant locations etc. were collected through extensive field visits as well as detailed questionnaire

surveys. The study has been completed with the help of CBRI, Roorkee. Environmental standards are being drawn.

Development of Environmental Standards for Wheat Processing and Flour Mills, Pulse Grinding and Milling, Dry Rice Grinding and Rice Mills

The objective of the study is to assess various environmental problems related to these industries and to develop standards for noise, emission and effluent including storm water disposal for wheat flour mills, pulse making mills, dry rice and pulse grinding mills and emission standards for rice mills. This project is likely to be completed by March 2003.

PROSECUTIONS LAUNCHED, CONVICTIONS SECURED AND DIRECTIONS GIVEN FOR CLOSURE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES

IMPORTANT DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT

During year 2001-2002 the following major/important legal matters have been listed before the Hon'ble Supreme Court and accordingly orders/directions have been issued for compliance of Central Pollution Control Board.

Ban on the Import of Toxic Wastes

Writ Petition(Civil)No.657/1995 (Research Foundation for Science, Technology & Natural Resource Policy Vs. UOI & Others)

The Writ Petition was filed in public interest in 1995 seeking Hon'ble Court's intervention to impose ban on the import of toxic wastes from the industrialized countries into India.

1. On 12.2.2001, the Hon'ble Court after hearing the matter, passed an order that report of the High Power Committee headed by Prof. M.G.K.Menon has been received. The High Power Committee has been appointed by the Hon'ble Court vide order, dated 13.10.1997 to look into various aspects of hazardous wastes and suggest measures. The Union of India has been directed to file their response thereafter other respondents also file their response.

2. On 12.2.2001, the Hon'ble Court also considered the report relating to the hazardous wastes off loaded at Alang in Gujarat, the said reports have been filed by the Central Pollution Control Board vide its affidavits, dated 29.2.2000 and 10.8.2000 in compliance of Hon'ble Court's order. The Hon'ble Court has directed that since, there is no specific finding by the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, the Union of India shall file an affidavit indicating whether the material imported is hazardous or not. If necessary, opinion of the High Power Committee be obtained. The matter is pending for the consideration of the Hon'ble Court.

Pollution in Medak District, Andhra Pradesh

Writ Petition (Civil) No.1056/1990 (Indian Council for Enviro Legal Action & Others Vs. UOI & Others)

The Indian Council for Enviro Legal Action filed petitions in 1990 in respect of the industries who were discharging untreated effluents over a period of time. various orders have been passed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court for compliance and constantly monitored the progress made by the concerned authorities. The further progress during the period under report is as follows:

The follow up and progress in the action plan is being monitored by the Hon'ble Court. On 6.2.2001, the Hon'ble Court has directed the Central Pollution Control Board to submit their response as to what standard is being followed and what it proposes to follow. As per the Joint Action Plan the standard of total dissolved solids (TDS) before discharge is 3000 mg/l. In compliance of Hon'ble Court's Order, dated 6.2.2001, the Central Pollution Control Board has submitted its response vide affidavit, dated 5.3.2001 before the Hon'ble Court for their consideration.

The Hon'ble Court after hearing the matter on 10.10.2001 has finally directed that further proceedings in the matter now be monitored by the Andhra Pradesh High Court. The High Court will ensure the implementation of the orders passed by this court and will deal the Writ Petition as well as Application filed therein in accordance with the law.

Noise Pollution by Firecrackers

Writ Petition (Civil) No.72/1998 (Noise Pollution – Implementation of the laws for restricting use of loudspeakers and high volume producing sound systems) Vs UOI & Ors.

The Hon'ble Court after hearing the matter on 27.9.2001 issued following directions to all the States and all the Union Territories to control noise pollution arising out of bursting of firecrackers, in view of the Deshehra and Diwali and other festivals :

1. The Union Government, the Union Territories as well as all the State Governments shall take steps to strictly comply with the rules framed under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. These Rules related to the noise standards for firecrackers mentioned at Sl. No. 89 of Notification No. GSR 682(E), dated 5.10.1999.

2. The use of fireworks or firecrackers shall not be permitted except between 6.00 p.m. and 10.00 p.m. No fireworks or firecrackers shall be used between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m.

3. Firecrackers shall not be used at any time in silence zones. 4. The State Education Resource Centres in all the States and the Union Territories as well as the

management/principals of schools in all the States and Union Territories shall take appropriate steps to educate students about the ill effects of air and noise pollution.

The Hon'ble Court has further directed that these directions shall be given wide publicity both by electronic and print media.

Taj Pollution Matter

Writ Petition (Civil) No. 13381/84 ( M.C.Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.) –

In compliance of Hon'ble Supreme Court's direction, dated 7.11.2000 regarding installation of four air quality monitoring stations in Agra region the Central Pollution Control Board submitted before the Hon'ble Supreme Court, a detailed proposal for setting up of the ambient air quality monitoring stations in Agra. According to the direction of the Hon'ble Court, the four air quality monitoring stations are to be run continuously for one year, all the seven days in a week by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Hon'ble Court has given appropriate directions on 4.5.2001 for setting up of four air quality monitoring stations in Agra region.

The Hon'ble court has considered the proposal of the Central Pollution Control Board and accepted the recommendations of the Mahajan Committee on 4.5.2001 and directed that the full cost of Rs.1,20,50,000/- towards the hardware for monitoring stations and hardware for Central Laboratory would be provided by the Mission Management Board and with regard to the remaining amount of operational cost of Rs.49.45 lacs would be made available to the Central Government to the Central Pollution Control Board within four weeks from the date of this order. The Hon'ble Court further directed that the Central Pollution Control Board shall use these funds for the purpose for which they are provided as stated in their proposal. The Central Pollution Control Board is to establish these four air quality monitoring stations in Agra region.

Ganga Pollution Matter

Writ Petition (Civil) No. 3727/1985 ( M.C.Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.) –

The Central Pollution Control Board has filed a Interlocutory Application (IA) before the Hon'ble Supreme Court seeking directions from the Hon'ble Court in respect of the municipalities/Nagarpalikes/local bodies located in the State of Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Bihar to maintain sewage treatment plants/ sewerage systems, pumping stations, crematoria, low cost toilets or any other assets or infrastructure created under the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). The Hon'ble Court on 28.3.2001 after consideration of the replies of the States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal directed that it is appropriate that the Central Pollution Control Board jointly with the respective State Pollution Control Boards, examined and inspected the functions of the aforesaid assets/infrastructure created under the Ganga Action Plan in the State of Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal

and submitted a comprehensive report indicating to what extent the orders of this court have been complied with by the respective authorities. The Hon'ble court has further directed that each of the State shall deposit a sum of Rs.1.5 lacs each to meet the expenses of the inspection. The Central Board after carrying out in-depth inspection in each of the State, has submitted its report before the Hon'ble Court and the Hon'ble Court has accordingly accepted the report of the Central Board and directed the concerned State Governments to submit their comments on the said report. The Hon'ble Court has directed the Registry of the Supreme Court to release an amount of Rs.6,00,000/- (six lacs) to the Central Pollution Control Board. The matter is under consideration of the Hon'ble Court.

Mercury Pollution in Singrauli Area

I.A. No. 343/2000 in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 3727/1985 (M.C.Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.)

An Interlocutory Application (IA) has been filed in the Supreme Court in respect of the mercury pollution being caused by the industries in Singrauli area in U.P. located in the river Ganga Basin. The study conducted by the Central Board and report prepared thereafter on various aspects beside other agencies have been relied upon, in support of the contention raised by the petitioner. The Petitioner has also referred the problem area identified by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Central Board has submitted its detailed reply before the Hon'ble Court. In compliance of the Hon'ble Court's order, dated 17.10.2001, the Central Board is to submit its report relating to the study report on bio-monitoring of Rihand reservoir and mercury balance in Thermal Power Plants.

Vehicular Pollution in Delhi

Writ Petition (Civil) No.13029/1985 (M.C.Mehta Vs. UOI and Others)

This Writ Petition has been filed regarding air pollution in Delhi. The Petitioner prayed before the Hon'ble Court that due to pollution by industries and vehicular pollution, appropriate direction may be issued to the concerned authorities for taking action. The Hon'ble Court from time to time passed several orders/directions to reduce the impact of air pollution generated in Delhi. The Hon'ble Court in series of their directions further passed following orders on 26.3.2001 for compliance:-

1. Those Schools which have as on 31.3.2001 placed firm orders to replace or conversion to CNG are permitted to run their existing buses upto 30.9.2001 equal to the number of buses for which conversion orders have been placed.

2. The DTC to run 1880 existing buses for which orders have been placed including the existing CNG buses which are not more than eight years old till 30.9.2001.

3. The contract carriage buses shall be permitted to ply their existing buses, equal to the number of existing buses for which steps have been taken to convert or replace to CNG mode till 30.9.2001.

4. The other bus operators, including stage carriage permit holders, owners of other commercial vehicles including autos, who have placed firm orders for new CNG vehicles or for conversion to CNG mode shall also be permitted to operate or equal number of commercial vehicles, till 30.9.2001, provided the vehicles are not more than eight year old.

5. No commercial vehicle after 1.4.2001 will be registered in Delhi which does not confirm to the order, dated 28.7.2000.

6. The Hon'ble Court directed the Bhure Lal Committee to examine that low sulpher diesel be regarded as a clean fuel and buses be permitted to run on that fuel. The Committee may submit report as to which fuel can be regarded as ‘clean fuel', which does not cause pollution or is otherwise injurious to health.

The matter was again considered by the Hon'ble Court in the month of February, 2002.

Pollution by Industries in NCT of Delhi

Writ Petition (Civil) No. 4677/85 (M.C.Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.)

The Special Leave Petitions were filed by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) against the order of the High Court of Delhi passed on 1.11.1999. The DPCC earlier identified these industries as ‘H' Category under the Master Plan of Delhi-2001. These industries are manufacturing plasticizers Di-butyl Phthalate (DBP) by using chemical (N-Butyl alchohal and Pthalic anhydride) as raw material. Against the categorization these industries got stay orders from the High Court of Delhi. On 13.12.2000, the Hon'ble Court after consideration of the joint inspection report of the Central Pollution Control Board

and the DPCC, vacated the stay granted by the Delhi High Court and directed that the manufacturing activities of both the industries shall be closed within ten days from the date of the order. The Hon'ble Court with the above mentioned directions finally disposed of the matter.

Pollution in River Yamuna

Writ Petition (Civil) No. 725/1994 (News Item ‘HT' AQFM Yamuna Vs CPCB & Ors.)

Distilleries Matters

The Hon'ble Court has considered the petitions filed by the Distilleries located in Haryana on 23.1.2001 and directed that a committee consisting of Additional Secretary or such other senior officer as may be deputed by the Ministry and the Chairman of Central Pollution Control Board and Haryana State Pollution Control Board be constituted and the said committee, shall take decision with regard to allowing all or any of the distilleries to operate or not to operate. The said committee may seek such technical assistance, as it may deem fit and proper. Accordingly, the committee has consulted experts in the field of environment, particularly those who are well acquainted with the distilleries and its effluent treatment, to evolve criteria for treatment and disposal of distillery wastewater.

Yamuna Pollution Matter

The Hon'ble Court on 10.4.2001 after considering various reports submitted by the Central Pollution Control Board on the status of Yamuna River, directed that the entire pollution take place only in the stretch which the Yamuna passes through Delhi which is about 22 km. The quality of water of river Yamuna is far superior than when it leaves Delhi and by the time Yamuna enters into Agra canal. The Hon'ble court further directed that when an Integrated Action Plan has been furnished, steps may be taken so as to ensure that at least by 31.3.2003 the minimum desired water quality (i.e. of class-C) of the river Yamuna is achieved.

The Hon'ble court on 6.11.2001 while considering the status of pollution in the river Yamuna observed that the deterioration of water quality which has become serious health hazard for the inhabitants of Delhi. The Government with all the resources at their command to ensure that unpolluted water or tolerable standard of water is maintained. The Hon'ble Court directed the Delhi Administration to submit a time schedule as to what it proposes to do and also indicate the phases in which the pollution level will come down to ensure that by March, 2003 no untreated sewage enters river Yamuna.

The Hon'ble Court on 4.12.2001 directed that the Government cannot allow construction without increasing the corresponding civic amenities because any such addition in the construction would increased population and the extinction of the river Yamuna. The Hon'ble Court further directed the Central Government to consider and inform the Court whether amendment is required under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 so as to the Environment Impact Assessment for the purposes of the town planning is incorporated.

Pollution by Chemical Industries in Gajraula Area

Writ Petition (Civil) No.418/1998 (Imtiaz Ahmad Vs UOI & Ors.) – Pollution by Chemical Industries in Gajraula area

The Petition was filed in 1998 regarding pollution caused by the several industries located in the Gajraula (Jyotiba Phule Nagar) District, U.P. It is alleged that those industries are discharging untreated effluent and emission beyond the prescribed limit as a result of which the health of the people and agricultural crops in the region severally affected. The discharge from the industries carrying industrial and chemical waste in the Bagad nullah which ultimately pollute the river Ganga. The Hon'ble court issued various directions to control the pollution in the area and the Central Pollution Control Board has submitted various inspection reports in compliance of the Hon'ble Court.

The Central Pollution Control Board has recently submitted its inspection report on 20.3.2001 after conducting inspection of M/s Insilco. In compliance of Hon'ble Court's order dated 31.10.2001 the Central Pollution Control Board has submitted its comments on the report of the NEERI in respect of the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR). The matter is pending for consideration of the Hon'ble court.

Pollution in River Gomti

Writ Petition (Civil) No. 327/1990 (Vineet Kumar Mathur Vs UOI & Ors.)

This writ petition was filed in 1990 regarding pollution caused by the industries located in the cities of Lucknow, Sitapur, Lakhimpur Khiri. The Central Pollution Control Board has submitted various inspection reports in respect of the status of pollution in the river Gomti. In the same matter the Hon'ble court ordered that it seems that Nagarpalikas and Municipalities are directly discharging the polluted water into the river Gomti without any treatment. It has been suggested that modern low cost technologies have now been available where with least expenses the water could be treated before it is discharged into the river. The Hon'ble court directed the Central Pollution Control Board to submit a detailed scheme indicating for adoption of these modern low cost technologies. The Central Board has submitted on 9.5.2001 the details of the modern low cost technologies. The matter is under consideration of the Hon'ble court.

MATTER WITH HIGH COURT OF DELHI

The United Communist Party of India Vs The Union of India & Ors. (CWP No.1640/2001)

Diesel Generator Sets Case

The United Communist Party of India has filed a writ petition in 2001 against the Union of India, in the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi. Central Pollution Control Board is Respondent No.2. The Petitioner has alleged that there are more than 1000 big and medium size hotels in Delhi using generator sets of 100 kVA and above ranging upto 3000 kVA and one generator of 2000 kVA create more pollution than 30 passenger buses at a time. Combustion system including boilers and big size gas burners are being operated in the kitchens and also for the health clubs of these hotels are major sources of pollution in the city of Delhi and no action is being initiated against these multinationals and against big hotels at the cost of poor person who reside in open and inhale toxic cancer causing polluted air.

Thee Hon'ble High Court of Delhi directed the following on 10.12.2001:

1. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, has to notify the emission standards for D.G.Sets (upto 800 kw) with in four weeks (i.e.by 7.1.2002).

2. The Central Board has to handle objections from concerned parties in relation to emission standards for DG sets ( above 800 kw) and draft standards are to be communicated to the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India within 8 weeks (i.e. 4.3.2002). The last date of receipt of objections was 15th December, 2001.

The matter will be relisted on 4.3.2002.

Waste Oil Management Society & Others Vs The Union of India & Ors.

The Petitioner have alleged that Respondent No. 1, the Union of India has issued public notice through Respondent No. 3, the Central Pollution Control Board in order to regulate the re-use/reprocessing of the recyclable waste in an environmentally sound manner. The actual user and registered with the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India shall be allowed to participate in the sale, auction, negotiation and content of waste oil etc. No trader shall be allowed to participate in the auction. The tender was floated by the Respondent No.2, which is a generator of waste oil, regarding the allotment of transformer oil generated by the respondent company.

The Petitioner No. 2 bid for the said tender called by the Respondent No.2 for disposal of 1000 KL transformer oil but was not awarded tender despite the submission of the valid consent under the Water Act, 1974 the Air Act, 1981 and valid authorisation under Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989. It has been alleged that tender was allotted to Respondent No.5, M/s Sun Chem Industries, who is neither registered with the District Industries Centre, Ministry of Petroleum nor has any valid authorisation from the State Pollution Control Board.

The Central Pollution Control Board filed its counter affidavit taking a stand that Respondent No. 5 is processing waste oil which is ‘H' category activity as per Delhi Master Plan (MPD-2001). And, as per Supreme Court order ‘H' category activity is not permitted in NCT - Delhi, the industry processing hazardous waste may be shifted away from NCT of Delhi. It may be located in the industrial area.

The Hon'ble High Court in its order stated that award of the contract shall be subject to the outcome of the writ petition.

Hemraj & Ors. Vs Commissioner of Police & Ors.

Closure of Cuts on Road case

The Petitioner Hemraj & others have filed CWP No.3419/1999 in the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi against the Commissioner of Delhi Police & others. By this writ petition, the petitioner seek to enforce the statutory obligations of the police authorities to exercise their powers under the provision of Regulation 30 of Delhi Police Act, Control of Vehicular and other traffic on roads and Street Regulation, 1980 which have been framed by virtue of power vested in the Commissioner of Police under Section 28 of Delhi Police Act, 1978. The Petitioners have prayed before the Court to impose restrictions on movement of heavy and medium goods traffic movement on the entire main road from Chattarpur Mandir leading towards Bhatti mines during peek hours in the morning as well as in the evening.

Impose total prohibition on restrictions on movement and/or plying of and /or parking of heavy and medium traffic goods vehicles for all 24 hours on all the approach roads by-lanes or streets leading to various village abadi or residential areas including the approach road to Fatehpur Beri and Deragaon Village.

To issue directions to remove the illegal encroachment, workshops on the side of the main roads from Chattarpur Temple to Bhatti mines.

The Central Board has filed its counter affidavit stating therein that CPCB has delegated the powers for enforcing and implementing the provisions of Water Act, 1974 and Air Act, 1981 to committee known as Delhi Pollution Control Committee. Further, it was said that if the trucks and other vehicles are allowed to carry badarpur sand/gravel bricks in an open vehicles, these are likely to cause air pollution besides nuisance and traffic hazard. The Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Writ Petition No. 13029 of 1986 along with Writ Petition No.393 of 1996 has earlier passed an order, dated 20.7.1998 directing the authorities to take urgent steps to tackle the acute problem of vehicular pollution in Delhi. Directorate of Transport, Government of NCT of Delhi has already issued a notification putting restrictions/prohibitions on the movement of vehicles in the NCT of Delhi.

The Hon'ble High Court vide its order, dated 10.5.2001, appointed a committee of amicus curie to assist the Court. Action taken report is to be filed on the next date of hearing. Committee constituted by the Hon'ble High Court filing its report before the High Court from time to time. Two officers of the Central Board has been nominated members of the said Committee.

Enkay Plastics (P) Ltd. & Others Vs Union of India & Others (C.W.P.No.3238/2000)

These batch of 14 writ petition filed before the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi under article 226 of the constitution of India, raising common question relating to the ‘H' category units as per Master Plan – 2001. The DPCC had issued closure direction under section 31 A of the Act to all the Units manufacturing urea formaldehyde in Union Territory of Delhi. Aggrieved by the order of closing the units approached the High Court of Delhi and same also obtained stay order. However, when the matter came up for hearing, the CPCB had to play a big role since it was CPCB who had categorized these units as ‘H'. The CPCB had to file various reports, affidavits and orders to Hon'ble Supreme Court of India, and had proved before the Hon'ble High Court that these units fall under ‘H' category and have to shift out of Delhi. The Hon'ble High Court of Delhi, that these units falls under ‘H' category and have to shift out of Delhi. The Hon'ble High Court dismissed the petition - stating that they are without any merit and each unit will have to pay Rs. 5000/- as cost, to be shared equally by CPCB and DPCC.

Acti-Recti & Anothers Vs UOI & Others ( C.W.P. No.3105/1999)

This Petition relates to the vehicles playing on Delhi roads which do not have their pollution under control. Among all such polluters the trucks using Delhi roads (especially in nights) and the DTC and blueline buses are major culprits. Among these DTC is the single largest identifiable polluter. Most of the DTC buses are old and even the newer ones run under DTC are so ruthlessly and negligently driven that the engine exhaust is extremely black and concentrated with solid particulate pollutants, leave aside invisible gaseous pollutants. The buses and trucks are driven unmindful about the health of other road users, whose lungs and eyes they fill with dirty and harmful smoke. The running of these buses in

violation of provision of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1981.

The matter was heard by the Hon'ble High Court of Delhi and after considering all the steps, the Hon'ble court on 1 st March, 2001 disposed of the petition with a view that the pendancy of CP(W) No.13029 of 1985 (M.C. Mehta Vs UOI & Ors.) in the Supreme Court involving the issues similarly to those raised in the petition, we do not consider it appropriate that those colour proceedings should be allowed to be continued in this Court. Let the petitioner approach the Supreme Court if so advised.

POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS, RULES AND NOTIFICATION ISSUED THEREUNDER

The fourth edition of the ‘ Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notification Issued Thereunder' has been updated after compilation of the Acts, Rules and Notifications relating to the Pollution Control. Since the 3rd edition published in the 1994, several enactments and notification have been issued which include the following

1. The National Environmental Tribunal Act, 1995 ; 2. The National Environment Appellate Authority Act,1997 ; 3. The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 ; 4. The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,1998; 5. The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules,1999 ; 6. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000; 7. The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules,2000; 8. The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Rules, 2000 ; and 9. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001.

In addition to the above Acts and Rules several amendments in the Acts and Rules have also been incorporated and the recently notified industry specific standards for the industries like, Pesticide, Pharmaceuticals (Bulk Drugs), Soda Ash, emission standards for Brick Kilns, Specification for two Stroke Engine Oil, emission standards for new Generator Sets and Noise Standards for Fire-Crackers, etc., have also been included in this edition. The various amendments brought out to Rules such as The Manufacturing, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (Amendment) Rules, 2000, The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) (Amendment) Rules, 2000, etc. have also been incorporated in the existing Rules at appropriate places. The fourth Edition of the ‘Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notification Issued Thereunder' has been brought out in the month of September, 2001.

FINANCE AND ACCOUNTS

The amount of grant-in-aid sanctioned by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, to the Central Pollution Control Board for Plan and Non-plan expenditure for the financial year 2001-2002 is as under

Sanctioned Budget for 2001-2002 Rs. in lacs

Plan-Projects/Programmes Rs . Rs. 900.00

Non-plan Rs. Rs. 692.58

Total Rs.1592.58

The broad details of the expenditure incurred out of the aforesaid amount of Rs. 1592.58 . lacs released to the Central Pollution Control Board and from other deposit - projects are given below :

Receipt Amount

(Rs. in lacs) Payments

Amount

(Rs. in lacs)

OPENING BALANCE 927.72 CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

I. GRANTS RECEIVED 1592.58 a) Fixed assets(Building)

- From government b) Other assets 116.10

- From other agencies (U.P. Govt. for AAQM-Agra) 71.13 II. REVENUE EXPENDITURE

II. FEES a) Administration 664.36

Consent fee - b) Board's laboratory 170.20

III. FINES/FORFEITURES - c)Running and maintenance of vehicles 0.69

IV. INTEREST ON INVESTMENT d) Maintenance and. repairs

including rent 37.71

V. MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS 62.27 e) Legal Charges & fees to

consultantst 0.53

VI. MISCELLANEOUS ADVANCES

1527.91 III Project Revenue

VII. DEPOSIT 56.35

a)Project (Revenue exp.) (Project I to IX) 577.72

VIII. OTHER DEPOSITS (outside projects)

760.86 IV. FEE FOR AUDIT 1

V. MISCELLANEOUS 1999.77

VI. ADVANCES 128.99

VII. DEPOSITS/CASH AT BANK 1302.75

VII. CASH IN HAND

Total 4998.82 Total 4998.82

Notes:

1. Miscellaneous: The amount reflects the payments made against the funds received for outside projects as noted below (Note No. 3)

2. Other Deposits:Other deposits include the deposits for the following projects from other Govt. Deptts/ Institutions namely:

i. Indo-Dutch Project ii. Indo-Norwegian Project iii. World Bank (Procurement – NTPC) iv. AWQMS (NRCD) v. GPD (NRCD) vi. Zoning Atlas (World Bank) vii. Training (World Bank) viii. Orissa Board (Procurement – GTZ) ix. Environmental Atlas Project x. ENVIS Project xi. Survey of Medium & Minor Rivers Project (GPD) xii. Development of National Standards (MoEF) xiii. JETRO Project xiv. UNEP Project xv. Survey of 61 Towns (NRCD) xvi. DST-CRM xvii. DUREM xviii. World Bank Development of Standards xix. Coastal Monitoring Project – Calcutta xx. DOD – Project Oceanography - Calcutta xxi. Gas Mixture xxii. EPA - NCR xxiii. UNEP (MALE) xxiv. Comprehensive approach on Environmental Audit (CAEA)

ANNUAL ACTION PLAN FOR THE YEAR 2001-2002

ANNUAL ACTION PLAN

The Annual Action Plan (AAP) for the year 2002-2003 is the combination of on-going activities of previous year and several new proposed activities. The Ministry has sanctioned an outlay of Rs. 2200 Lakh for the financial year 2002-2003, The various programs have been formulated covering different areas relating to prevention and control of pollution. The major expenditure is to be incurred on carrying out water and air quality assessment through the State Pollution Control Board/ Committees and in the enforcement activities. Considering the national level environment problem, proposals have been made for abatement of pollution. New activities have been identified after reviewing their importance on national level.

MAIN THRUST AND ACTIVITIES

During the year 2002-2003, an important initiative will be taken in regard to setting up of a Centre for Environment Planning and schemes under zoning atlas component of World Bank. The Annual Action Plan (AAP) of 2002-2003 is an attempt towards the target set in the Coimbatore Charter on Environment and Forest and to observe the effects of implemented programs for development of environment. During the year major emphasis is proposed to be given for activities related to: preparation of inventory of polluting sources, Preparation of State of Environment Reports for States/major cities, epidemiological studies, performance evaluation of CETP/STP, Solid Waste Management (municipal, Biomedical and hazardous), Plastic waste management, Vehicular and noise pollution control, Prevention and control of pollution in small scale industries, augmentation of existing air and water quality monitoring network monitoring of updating of Action plan for identified problem areas. In addition to this emphasis has been proposed for bio-monitoring of national aquatic resources, monitoring of specific pollutant in ambient air, updating of information on web-site, participation of NGOs/public in various pollution abatement programs and to effectively carryout mass awareness program. Proposals for strengthening of Zonal Offices with respect to building construction on acquired land have been made.

CAPACITY BUILDING THROUGH FOREIGN FUNDING

CPCB, in addition to the activities planned in the Annual Action Plan is also executing schemes under World Bank, Indo-GTZ program and projects sponsored by National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD). The projects under operation are:

1. Zoning Atlas-Environment Planning (World Bank) 2. Environmental Standards (World Bank) 3. Ambient air quality monitoring (World Bank) 4. Water quality monitoring of river Yamuna (NRCD)

UTILIZATION OF CESS AMOUNT

From 1999-2000, as per the Order dated 28.12.98 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, cess amount up to 20% is to be utilized for executing schemes of national importance. These schemes are to be executed through CPCB. During the year, on-going schemes will be continued by the CPCB. Schemes were sanctioned by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) and co-ordinated through CPCB under cess fund are as follows:

Environmental monitoring in problem areas of Kala-Amb, Parwanoo, Gobindgarh, Jodhpur , North Arcot and Najafgarh Drain Basin , Delhi ;

Oxidative stress bio-maker of aquatic pollution in Indian fishes;

An epidemiological study on prevalance of pulmonary & extra pulmonary silicosis in quarry workers;

Impact of environmental pollution on eye- An experimental clinical study;

Greenbelt for abatement of pollution and environmental improvement in five cities/towns of Tamil Nadu; and

Drinking water pollution due to fluoride and health hazards in Palam area.

BUDGET ALLOCATION

The MoEF has sanctioned an outlay of Rs. 2200.00 Lacs for the year 2002-2003 and project-wise allocation are summarized in a statement given ahead:

ALLOCATION (Rs.IN LAKHS) PROJECT HEAD

Headquarters Zonal Offices

Total

I. Pollution Assessment Survey & Monitoring 489.00 67.50 556.50

II. Laboratory Management- (Operation & Maintenance and R&D)

237.50 80.50 318.00

III. Development of standards and Guidelines

104.24 2.10 106.34

IV. Training 11.00 5.10 16.10

VA. Information (Database) Management 24.80 10.00 34.80

VB. Library 23.00 3.60 26.60

VI. Pollution Control Enforcement 932.76* 28.35 961.11

VII.Pollution Prevention and Control Technology 85.40 1.50 86.90

VIII. Mass awareness, Publication and NGO Activities 54.50 3.75 58.25

IX.Hazardous Waste Management 35.10 0.30 35.40

TOTAL 1997.30 202.70 2200.00

* Allocation includes:

• Rs. 250.00 lakh for Zonal Office offices/building construction • Rs. 200.00 lakhs for construction of Center of Spatial Planning Building at Headquarter of

CPCB, Delhi . • Rs. 245.00 lakhs for implementation of schemes under Eco-cities program.

Total Rs. 695.00 lakhs.

OTHER IMPORTANT MATTER DEALT BY THE CENTRAL BOARD

ZONING ATLAS PROGRAMME

The nation-wide environmental planning and mapping programme, known as "Zoning Atlas Programme" is being executed by the Central and State Pollution Control Boards and other agencies under the World Bank funded ‘Environment Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance Project'. The programme covers various spatial environmental planning activities has been conceived as a tool for protection of the environmental resources and for achieving developmental targets in an environmentally sound manner.

The programme is receiving technical support from the German Agency for Technical cooperation (GTZ) under the Indo-German Bilateral Programme on "CPCB/SPCBs Strengthening of Environmental Quality Assessment and Control".

The activities taken up under the Zoning Atlas Programme during 2001-02 are as below:

Environmental Atlas of India

The Environmental Atlas of India is a compilation of all the environmentally related information presented in the form of maps and text including statistical data. The Atlas has been completed and published.

Mapping of Environmentally Sensitive Zones and Industrial Sites - State-wise

This activity aims at presenting the information on environmentally sensitive zones viz. national parks, reserve forests, protected forests etc. and industrial sites, state-wise, in the form of maps. Earlier, the maps on Environmentally Sensitive Zones and Industrial Sites (ESZIS) were completed for Bihar, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Kerala, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Assam, Manipur and Jammu & Kashmir. During the current year, preparation of ESZIS maps is in progress for Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal.

District-wise Zoning Atlas

The study on Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries (ZASI) has been taken up district-wise, zones and classifies the environment and presents the pollution receiving potential of various sites/zones in the district and identifies the possible alternate sites for industries, through easy-to-read maps (1:250,000 scale). The work was earlier completed for 60 districts.

During the current year, the work is in progress for 50 districts taken up earlier and another 23 districts for which the work has been commenced in the current year. The list of these 23 districts is given below:

State District State District

Andhra Pradesh 1. Kurnool

2. Anantpur

3. Guntoor

Assam 14. Tinsukia

15. Nagaon

16. Cachar

17. Jorhat

Jammu & Kashmir 18. Jammu

19. Srinagar

Madhya Pradesh 20. Indore

U.T. of Pondicherry 21. Pondicherry

Gujarat 4. Valsad

5. Navsari

6. Surat

7. Narmada

8. Bharuch

9. Vadodara

10. Ahmedabad

11. Rajkot

12. Surendernagar

Goa 22. Goa

Jharkhand 13. Chatra Meghalaya 23. South Garo Hills

The ZASI reports have been published for Districts of Medak & Rangareddy (Andhra Pradesh), Sambalpur, Deogarh, Baragarh & Jharsuguda (Orissa) and Sirmour (Himachal Pradesh). The reports of Districts Cuttack, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapara of Orissa, Ratnagiri of Maharashtra, Ri-Bhoi and East Khasi Hills Districts of Meghalaya, Jamnagar , Junagadh and Porbandar Districts of Gujarat,

East Godavari , Srikakulam and Prakasam Districts of Andhra Pradesh and Ernakulam District of Kerala are under printing.

Several State Pollution Control Boards including those in Bihar, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra , Meghalaya, Tripura and Madhya Pradesh have issued internal orders for using the Atlases for site clearances. The Central Pollution Control Board is regularly pursuing the State Pollution Control Boards for ensuring usage of the Zoning Atlas recommendations.

Industrial Estate Planning

In continuation of the Zoning Atlas studies, the Industrial Estate Planning studies have been taken up at micro-level (1:50,000 and lower) to identify sites for industrial estates based on environmental sensitivity assessments.

The industrial estate planning studies for the following five sites have been finalized and sent to the concerned State Pollution Control Boards for ensuring usage of the results:

1. Rajanagaram- Kathipudi, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh

2. Agasode, Sagar District, Madhya Pradesh

3. Byrnihat , Ri -Bhoi District, Meghalaya

4. Kohara-Machhiwara, Ludhiana District, Punjab

5. Khurja, Bulandshahar District, Uttar Pradesh

The industrial estate planning studies for the following three sites have been completed and are under review for finalization:

1. Adityapur Industrial area, East Singhbhum District, Bihar

2. Baddi-Nalagarh, Solan District, Himachal Pradesh

3. Paradeep Industrial area, Undivided Cuttack District, Orissa

The industrial estate planning studies are in progress for the following sites:

1. Pipavav, Amreli District, Gujarat 2. Tandya Industrial area, Mysore District, Karnataka 3. Palakkad, Kanjikode District, Kerala 4. Lamlai, Imphal District, Manipur 5. Bhiwadi, Alwar District, Rajasthan 6. Bodhjungnagar site, North Tripura District, Tripura 7. Barjora, Bankura District, West Bengal

Environmental Management Plans (EMP) for Urban Areas, Mining Areas, Environmentally Fragile Areas, Tourism Areas, etc.

These studies are targeted for improving environmental quality through appropriate land use planning and management. The progress of work during the current year is presented below:

Environmental Management Plans (EMP) for Urban Areas

The following studies were taken up:

• EMP for Taj Trapezium Zone, Agra (Uttar Pradesh) • EMP for Agra City (Uttar Pradesh) • Incorporation of Environmental Considerations in Urban Planning - Indore (Madhya Pradesh) • Environmental Considerations for Land Use Planning in Vasai Virar Sub-region, District Thane

( Maharashtra ) • EMP for Agartala (Tripura)

• EMP for Bhubneshwar (Orissa) • EMP for Vadodara ( Gujarat ) • EMP for Patna ( Bihar ) • Review of Master Plan of Chennai from Environmental Considerations (Tamil Nadu)

The EMP for Agra has been completed. The study has resulted in identifying the priority projects to be executed for environmental improvement of Agra . Efforts are on to ensure implementation of these projects. The studies for other cities are in progress.

Environmental Management Plans for Mining Areas


• EMP for Mining Areas of Dhanbad (Jharkhand) • EMP for Satna Limestone Belt (Madhya Pradesh) • EMP for Korba Region (Chhattisgarh)

The methodology has been developed to carry out these studies and the studies are in progress.

Environmental Management Plans for Environmentally Fragile Areas

The preparation of environmental management plan for Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Madhya Pradesh is a pilot effort for protecting the environment and achieving sustainable development. The methodology has been developed for conducting these studies and the studies are in progress.

Environmental Management Plans for Tourism Areas


• Sustainable Tourism Development in Hilly Areas, Macleodganj and Bhagsunag (Himachal Pradesh)

• Environmentally Sound Development Concept for Tourist Destinations - Bakel Fort (Kerala)

Other Studies

Mapping of Polluting Activities from NOC/Consent Documents – a pilot has been taken up for West Bengal for creating an inventory of industries in GIS environment to facilitate decision-making on prevention and control of pollution in industries.

Regional/State Planning - These studies are targeted for demonstrating the utility of environmental planning tool for achieving overall development of the district/region/State in a sustainable manner. Pilot studies had been taken up for Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal and for Tripura State . Both these studies are in advanced stages of completion.

Ecocities - "Ecocity" is a city that decreases environmental burden/stress, improves living conditions and helps in achieving sustainable development through a comprehensive urban improvement system involving planning and management of land and its resources and implementation of environmental improvement measures. The Ecocities include area-wide improvements and providing of infrastructure and services.

The Zoning Atlas team of CPCB provided the concepts and technical support for the pilot Ecocity project for the Kottayam-Kumarakom Region of Kerala. The project was launched in January 2002 by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India.

A pre-feasibility study was undertaken with GTZ experts, under the Indo-German Bilateral Programme, on developing "Taj Ecocity" around Taj Mahal with verifiable environmental improvement considering social, economic and environmental aspects.

Human Resource Development

A comprehensive human resource development programme has been developed for providing training to various target groups, in the field of spatial environmental planning. The training programmes will be conducted through a network of institutions, called SEP-NET (Spatial Environmental Planning Network). The institutes included in the SEP-NET are: School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi, Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology - Ahmedabad, EPTRI - Hyderabad, Environmental Training Institute - Chennai, National Productivity Council - Delhi, Disaster Management Institute – Bhopal, TERI – New Delhi, and Steel Authority India Ltd. - Ranchi. The programme is supported by CDG, Germany with grants of approx. Rs 3.5 crore.

During the current year, all the preparatory works including finalsing the human resources development plan, arranging agreements with the participating training institutions, development of a quality assurance manual and related materials were completed. Also, a website for the programme was developed and the officials of participating training institutions were trained on content management of the web site.

A 4-week overseas training programme on ‘Spatial Environmental Planning' was conducted in Europe in June/July, 2001 for working level officers from the Pollution Control Boards and the Environmental Administration. Also, a 2-week Visit–Cum-Exposure Programme was conducted on ‘Spatial Environmental Planning' in Europe during September 2001 for the higher officials from the Pollution Control Boards and the Environmental Administration.

The hands-on-training on GIS (Geographic Information System for preparation and analysis of maps) was provided to the teams from the SPCBs and executing agencies. The teams from Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa and Bihar were able to handle the works with the training provided.

Infrastructure Development

The spatial environmental planning requires GIS tools and other supporting infrastructure for mapping and disseminating the results. The infrastructure including GIS hardware and software, audio-visual equipment and cartographic equipment have been installed at CPCB and various other State Pollution Control Boards and other executing agencies participating in the programme.

A Centre for Spatial Environmental Planning was commenced at the Himachal Pradesh State Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board, Shimla with modern facilities to undertake the planning tasks.

ACTIVITIES UNDER THE ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION (PREVENTION AND CONTROL) AUTHORITY FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

The Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) for the NCR was constituted by the Central Government vide notification dated January, 1998. The main functions of the EPCA are:

• To monitor the progress of the action plan drawn up by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India on pollution in Delhi as contained in the ‘White Paper on Pollution in Delhi with an Action Plan' issued by the Central Government on December 3, 1997;

• To make all necessary steps to ensure compliance of specified emission standards by vehicles including proper calibration of the equipment for testing vehicular pollution, ensuring compliance of fuel quality standards, monitoring and co-ordination action for traffic planning and management for control of vehicular pollution.

The Central Pollution Control Board provided all the technical and secretarial support to the EPCA for carrying out its functions. The EPCA monitored implementation of action points enlisted in the "White Paper on Pollution with on Action Plan", priority measures for vehicular pollution control and implementation of Sh. P.K. Kaul Committee recommendations as instructed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court vide order dated November 16, 1998. The EPCA also prepared reports on ‘Clean Fuels' and ‘Standards for CNG Vehicles and Refilling Stations' as desired by the Hon'ble Supreme Court. During period from April 2001 to March 2002, EPCA held 42 meeting for monitoring implementation of the action points and priority measures (Total number of meetings held till March 2002 is 194). EPCA also visited several sites to check compliance by various agencies. Concerned Departments/Ministries of the Central Government and State Governments, and other agencies were persuaded for implementation.

The issues taken up by the EPCA included clean fuels, standards for CNG vehicles and refilling stations, adulteration of fuels, conversion of public transport fleet to CNG mode, CNG supply

infrastructure, safety of CNG vehicles, common effluent treatment plants, biomedical waste management and Sh. P.K. Kaul Committee report. In addition, the EPCA had examined interlocutory applications, and other matters referred by the Hon'ble Supreme Court and appropriate action was taken. The action taken on the issues is presented in following paras:

Clean Fuels

The Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its order dated March 26,2001 directed as below:

"During the course of argument, it was contended before us that low sulphur diesel should be regarded as a clean fuel and buses be permitted to run on that. It was submitted that in some other countries ultra low sulphur diesel which has sulphur content of not more than 0.001 per cent is now available. We direct the Bhure Lal Committee to examine this question and permit the parties to submit their written representations to the Committee in this behalf. The Committee may submit a report to this Court in that behalf as also indicate as to which fuel can be regarded as `clean fuel', which does not cause pollution or is otherwise injurious to health".

The Hon'ble Supreme Courrt further directed vide order dated April 2001 as follows:

"It shall be open to the interested parties to make their representation directly before Bhure Lal Committee in support of their pleas as to what can be regarded as a clean fuel, which does not cause pollution and is otherwise not injurious to health, to assist the Committee to formulate its report."

Accordingly, the EPCA received representations from the following parties:

• Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP & NG); • Oil Companies; • Society for Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and the leading bus manufacturers, Tata

Engineering and Ashok Leyland; • Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC); • All India Motor Transport Congress; • Indian Tourists Transporters Association; • Delhi Contract Bus Association; • DTC Private Bus Operators Welfare Association; • Indian Association of Tour Operators; • SHV Energy Pvt. Ltd; and • Delhi Petrol Dealers Association.

EPCA also solicited option of Dr. Dinesh Mohan, Professor, IIT, Delhi and TERI, New Delhi . The issues came up through representations as well as from the experts, were examined by EPCA. Such issues include clean fuel, availability of CNG, infrastructure distribution of CNG, security of CNG supply and storage, conversion of diesel buses to CNG, operation of interstate and tourists buses, and financial incentives for promotion of CNG buses. After assessment of these issues, EPCA made following recommendations:

• The hydrocarbon fuels are inherently polluting and hence such fuels cannot be regarded as ‘clean fuels' and totally non-injurious to health. The effort is to constantly improve the fuel and engine technology of automobiles to reduce the effect. However, among these fuels, CNG, LPG and Propane can be regarded as environmentally acceptable fuels in NCT of Delhi.

• To get better emission control in petrol-driven vehicles, it is necessary to improve fuel quality, use catalytic converters and ensure that fuel is not adulterated.

• In view of the special measures needed for pollution control in the NCT of Delhi, low sulphur diesel with 0.05 % (500 ppm) sulphur cannot be regarded as an environmentally acceptable fuel.

• In the context of NCT of Delhi, there is need to bring public passenger transport (city buses, autos, taxis) as early as possible on CNG. For vehicles which cannot be converted to CNG for practical reasons, 0.05 percent sulphur diesel may be permitted as a Transitional Fuel for a limited period of time to be kept as short as possible for public health reasons.

• Ultra-low sulphur diesel (with 0.001 % sulphur) and low PAH content in combination with Continuously Regenerating Traps (CRT) and catalytic converters can be regarded as

environmentally acceptable fuel in the NCT of Delhi provided it does not get adulterated with low quality diesel or other adulterants. However, it is not available.

• The government should make plans to promote all environmentally acceptable fuels for the NCR as also plans to improve quality of other fuels with the relevant exhaust treatment devices and engine technology so that different options can compete in the market.

• MoP&NG should provide an adequate and enhanced allocation of natural gas for Delhi 's transport sector and this allocation should keep pace with the growing demand.

• Current infrastructure for CNG distribution should be strengthened and increased from its total 71 dispensing stations including 38 daughter stations, as on July 2001 to 90 dispensing stations by December 2001, all consisting of mother/on-line stations and daughter-booster stations, with a proper distribution across the city. IGL should ensure gas pressure of more than 200 bars in all the CNG stations.

• Plans for future distribution infrastructure should be set into motion to ensure that it stays ahead of the growing demand and takes into account turn around time of vehicles at the dispensing stations.

• As taxis and autos are on dual fuel mode, contingency plans to deal with the eventuality of disruption in gas supply for buses should be prepared and a plan of action should be filed in the Hon'ble Supreme Court.

• Buses, taxis and auto rickshaws plying on Stage Carriage and Chartered Carriage permits given for Delhi be covered by the CNG order. This would limit the movement of chartered buses on intercity routes on temporary permits. This requirement can be met by chartered buses on tourist permits, meant legitimately for plying interstate routes.

• In order to prevent Chartered Carriage bus operators taking advantage of this loophole, and begin converting to Tourist Permits, or obtaining Interstate Stage Carriage Permits, a ceiling be put on the number of Tourist permits given by the STA, equivalent to 1.5 times the normal annual growth rate of this category for the last five years (which we think would be reasonable to take care of those who currently ply mainly on interstate routes on temporary permits).

• The government of GNCTD should implement the July 28, 1998 order of the Hon'ble Supreme Court to speedily build new Inter-State Bus Terminals (ISBTs) in the North and Southwest to avoid pollution due to entry of inter-state buses in a time bound manner. This point is strongly emphasized because the entry of inter-state buses defeats the intent of the order.

• Financial incentives should be provided to bus operators purchasing new OEM and retrofitted CNG buses in the form of sales tax and excise tax exemption and low-interest loans with the subsidies ideally recovered from enhanced road taxes on private vehicles like cars and scooters and tax on diesel.

• An integrated plan to achieve clean air, which includes a comprehensive plan of action for controlling vehicular pollution whose components are described in the report should be prepared within a defined period of time and adopted.

EPCA submitted its report on "Clean Fuels" with above recommendations to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the first week of July 2001.

Standards for CNG Vehicles and Refilling Stations

While hearing the matter, the Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its order dated April 4, 2001 in W.P.(C) No. 13029/85 directed as follows:

"We request the Bhure Lal committee to examine the existing standards for CNG vehicles including conversion of vehicles to CNG mode and for the CNG refilling stations and submit report to this court for our consideration."

EPCA held discussions with the following organizations to have their views on the issue:

• Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI); • Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MRTH); and • Indraprastha Gas Ltd. (IGL).

EPCA also discussed the issue with experts from overseas: Mr. Frank Dursbeck from Germany; Mr. Christopher S. Weaver from USA , and, Mr. Lennart Erlandsson from Sweden .

As desired by the Hon'ble Supreme Court, EPCA submitted its report on "Standards for CNG Vehicles and Refilling Stations" which includes following recommendations:

i. Conversion of Old CNG Vehicles to CNG Mode

a. To achieve the best possible results for the conversion of existing buses to CNG, we recommend retrofitting (i.e. exchange of the old diesel engine for a new OEM CNG engine) rather than conversion (i.e. fitting a CNG conversion kit on an existing diesel bus).

b. Both converted buses and retrofitted vehicles should meet Bharat Stage II emission standards for gaseous pollutants. While particulate pollution is not a problem from a converted bus, other emissions like that of CO and NOx should be regulated as per the Bharat Stage II emission norms.

c. Engine converters should be required to obtain a new type approval for each separate diesel engine model they seek to retrofit/convert. The present provision of extension of type approval certificate to other engine/kit combination than the one originally submitted for type approval should not be allowed.

d. In order to avoid deficient installations, each and every converted bus must undergo inspection of the engine and high-pressure fuel storage system before being allowed to enter service. This inspection programme should subsequently be extended to comprise periodic inspections (at least annually) on all operating CNG buses for emissions and safety compliance. This inspection should be equivalent to the conformity of production (COP) inspections for OEM buses. Furthermore, it should comply with the respective regulations prevalent in other countries. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways needs to set inspection norms for:

o Visual check of components relevant to emissions including the exhaust emissions systems.

o Measurements of CO, HC, CO2 and O2 levels with the engine idling. o Close loop control check o Determination of NO X and CO levels under full engine load (as specified in the rule

115, sub rule 2 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules) on a simple dynamometer. e. According to the rules, the Department of Transport of GNCTD is responsible for safety and

roadworthiness inspection. But realising that their inspectors lack expertise in the field of CNG vehicles, we recommend that the task of inspecting every converted bus for its engine and high pressure fuel storage system before it enters service, be entrusted to the Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL) and the Indraprastha Gas Ltd (IGL), who are having requisite expertise.

ii. Norms for setting up of conversion workshops and development of technical infrastructure

1. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways needs to issue technical and legal norms for the approval of conversion workshops.

2. Concerned Ministries should initiate steps in cooperation with OEM manufacturers, conversion workshops and technical institutions to develop technical infrastructure such as trained workshop personnel, availability of spare parts, test resources, etc to make it possible to enforce strict emissions standards.

iii. OEM CNG Vehicles

1. All new CNG buses should meet Bharat Stage II emission standards. In fact, the new buses already meet Bharat Stage II emission standards.

2. Procedures for the durability testing, emissions warranty and other commitments to be made by the manufacturer of the engine should be laid down by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

iv. Need for more stringent emissions standards for future CNG vehicles

1. MRTH may be asked to notify Euro IV equivalent standards for new CNG buses from 2005 and simultaneously provide fiscal incentives for achieving European Environmentally Enhanced Vehicles standards.

2. Test procedure for engines using gaseous fuels such as CNG be changed from a "steady state" test to a "transient" test as this type of test is more representative of actual driving on the road under various conditions.

v. Quality of Natural Gas

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas may be asked to lay down the specifications of pipeline gas. The gas composition, as indicated by methane content and the Wobbe index (indicator to measure the effect of changes in gas composition on air-fuel ratio and engine combustion) should be laid down.

vi. Safety Aspects in CNG Refilling Stations

1. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas may be asked to review the layout of the dispensing stations to ensure easy approachability to dispensers and protection of the installed pumps.

2. Standardise all vehicle-refuelling receptacles or nozzles on the NGV-1 standard to reduce filling time, minimise safety risk posed by leakage of gas due to O-ring failure, and allow more efficient use of existing compression capacity.

vii. Certification and Testing of CNG Vehicles

The capabilities and capacities of the type approval institutions should be improved in order to reduce the duration of the type approval procedure to reasonable, internationally common time frames. The type approval procedure including the "Information on Technical Specification to be Submitted by Manufacturer" of testing agencies needs to be reviewed in order to delete unnecessary test items and administrative procedures, and to make the system more cost-effective and less time consuming. A complete test should not take more than three weeks, and for minor modifications, specified by a competent authority, the vehicle should not need to undergo the complete new type approval procedure. Rather, only those parts affected by the changes should require testing.

viii. High-pressure Cylinders and Piping for Storage of CNG on Board Motorised Vehicles

The Bureau of Indian Standards may be asked to lay down standards for high-pressure cylinders and piping for the on board storage of CNG as a fuel for automotive vehicles on the lines of prevailing international standards such as ISO-11439 Gas cylinders – "High-pressure Cylinders for the On-board Storage of Natural Gas as a Fuel for Automotive Vehicles".

Adulteration of Fuels

The Hon'ble Supreme Court while hearing I.A. No. 151 of the Writ Petition No. 13029/1985 filed by Delhi Petrol Dealers Association gave the following directive in its order dated November 22, 2001 :

"Copy of this application be also forwarded to Shri Bhure Lal who should constitute an agency which would independently carry out random inspection at the petrol pumps, oil depots and tank lorries in Delhi and give a report with regard to the quality of petrol and diesel available there. It will not be necessary for such an agency to give advance notice before lifting samples as it will be helpful if there is an element of surprise".

To ascertain the existing procedures for checking adulteration of fuel and to formulate a work plan for conducting surprise checks and independent fuel testing, EPCA discussed the matter with the representatives of the Anti-Adulteration Wing of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG), Department of Food and Civil Supplies, Govt. of NCT Delhi, Society for Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and the Society for Fuel Testing Laboratory (FTL) Noida. EPCA submitted an interim report to the Hon'ble Supreme Court, which included following issues that emerged out of these deliberations:

1. The Anti-Adulteration Wing set up under the aegis of the MoP&NG and Department of Food and Civil Supplies have periodically collected the samples of fuels supplied through the retail outlets. The samples have been tested by the FTL at NOIDA and these were found to be complying with the fuel quality specifications laid down by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS);

2. According to the Anti-Adulteration Wing, although adulteration of fuels could not be detected, certain irregularities and malpractices such as stock variation, short delivery and seal tampering were observed during inspection in some of the retail outlets;

3. It is possible to meet the broad range of BIS specification of fuel quality with an intelligent mix of adulterants to the extent of 5 to 10 per cent. As such, it is difficult to detect adulteration in fuels unless there is a gross violation which makes a distinct variation from the specifications;

4. The adulteration in the fuels includes a range of low priced hydrocarbons such as Naptha, PDS Kerosene, improperly refined waste oil and solvents. To control the use of Naptha as a solvent for adulteration, the MoP&NG has enforced two ordinances. However, a foolproof system to prevent the use of various adulterants does not exist. To this objective, production, sales end use of such commodities will have to be regulated through proper pricing and other measures which need to be examined;

5. Besides testing of fuel, fuel samples in regard to compliance of BIS specifications, possibilities for prescribing testing procedures to check the presence of specific categories of adulterants will also need to be examined; and,

6. The existing system of inspection of Anti-Adulteration Wing of MoP&NG, the Food and Civil Supply Department, Govt. of NCT Delhi needs improvement to ensure independent and surprise checking. An important step in this regard will be to involve representatives of NGOs/Consumer groups.

Subsequently, EPCA authorized the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) as an agency to carry out random inspection of petrol pumps, oil depots and tank lorries. Based on the results received from FTL and observations during sampling, CSE submitted a draft report to EPCA. A copy of the draft report was provided to the Regional Level Coordinator of the Oil Companies to elicit their comments. The comments made by the Oil Companies were discussed in the presence of representatives of the Oil Companies on 4.2.2002. The report was then finalized taking into account the comments of the Oil Companies and submitted to the Hon'ble Supreme Court in February 2002. Major findings and recommendations of the report are as follow:

• Tests to detect adulteration are not used

The tests conducted by the laboratories including the laboratory set up under the direction from the Supreme Court for checking adulteration are not adequate to detect adulteration.

In addition to the direction to the EPCA, the Honourable Supreme Court has also ordered the Department of Food and Civil Supplies under the Government of Delhi to organise special drive to check adulteration of diesel. Thus the element of surprise was missing.

• Tests are inadequate to detect adulteration

The report however finds that it is irrelevant to count the number of adulterated samples as found in the lab. The findings show that the current fuel quality specifications and testing methods designed for fuel quality monitoring are not adequate to detect adulteration.

Detecting adulterants in petrol is as much difficult under the current BIS specifications. An intelligent mix can be worked out very precisely keeping in view the outer limit of the specs. We have found that it is actually possible to calculate the amount of adulterant a fuel can take and still meet the BIS specifications. For instance, 91 octane petrol can be adulterated with 15 per cent low aromatic naphtha and still be within the minimum limit of 88 octane. Even if one considers 89 octane petrol in the market, it can still take 6 per cent naphtha mix. But 10-15 per cent adulteration can be immensely profitable. By mixing only 15 per cent naphtha with petrol a retail outlet can reap nearly, Rs 32,000 profit per day.

• Sulphur levels decrease in fuel

The sulphur content in diesel at the retail outlet varies between 200 ppm to 300 ppm, and astonishingly, nearly 3 per cent of the samples record 100-149 ppm level – a level, which refineries do not even produce. The petrol sulphur spec at the retail end varies between 200 ppm to up to 500 ppm sulphur content.

The report concludes that in addition to improving the current testing procedures and fuel specifications, it is even more important to design alternative testing methods specifically designed to detect adulteration.

The study clearly indicate that serious steps are required to improve the system in order to prevent and check adulteration. The current system is compromised from testing methods that are not adequate to detect adulteration to penalty systems designed to let the manufacturers go scot-free. Distorted prices continue to encourage adulteration.

a) Quality of fuel at the retail end

As of now, the responsibility and penalty are fragmented along the supply chain. Though retailers and the transporters are penalised by the oil companies if malpractices occur, the oil companies are not held accountable. The best way that consumer pressure can be intensified on the oil companies to develop a system of public rating of the retail outlets on a monthly basis based on an independent inspection,

testing and audit of the outlet. The quality based public rating will discipline the supply chain and may prevent the widespread malady.

b) Improved testing procedures and tightening of fuel quality standards

The tightening of the fuel quality standards and regulating some key parameters like aromatics, olefins in petrol, and PAH in diesel is required.

c) Alternative testing procedures for more accurate detection

For more accurate detection alternative testing methods and protocols should be adopted straight away and applied for surveillance. It is possible to create a library of different refinery samples of automotive fuels and possible adulterants. With the help of the standard library chromatogram, it will be much easier to detect fuel adulteration.

Conversion of vehicles to CNG

According to Hon'ble Supreme Court order, entire bus fleet of Delhi was to be converted to CNG by 31.3.2001. The autos and taxies were also directed to convert to clean fuel/CNG. However as on 31.3.2001 only, 1600 buses, 25,000 autos and 10,000 cars including 1100 taxis were operating on CNG mode. The Hon'ble Supreme Court, vide order, dated 26 th March, 20001 extended the target date of conversion of entire bus fleet to CNG by September, 2001 subject to booking of new vehicle on CNG or for conversion kit and submission of affidavit by the vehicle owners that they will convert their vehicle by that time. The Hon'ble Supreme Court further extended the time limit up to January 31, 2002. Delhi Govt. has filed affidavit in the Court to phase out 200 buses every month as per increase in availability of CNG.

As on March 31, 2002, there are about 57,240 CNG vehicles including 2120 DTC and 2111 private buses, 2165 RTVs, 4816 taxis, 35678 autos and 10350 private cars. As per the recent direction of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, autos can operate using cleaner petrol with 1 % benzene and 0.05 % sulphur contents.

Recently, the Hon'ble Supreme Court directed to fine Rs. 500/- per day on diesel buses and Rs. 1000/- per day w.e.f. May 8, 2002 if they ply till the entire bus fleet is converted to CNG mode.

CNG Supply Infrastructure

As per the Hon'ble Supreme Court order dated April 5, 2002, the IGL to make available 16.1 lacs kg of CNG per day in the NCT of Delhi by 30.6.2002. IGL was requested to apprise the EPCA about their preparedness in complying with the order. As on 12.4.2002, IGL has installed a total of 79 compressors comprising of 30 mothers, 23 on-line and 26 daughter booster compressors. The total capacity of mother and online compressors is 33573 kg per hour, considering 18 hours working in a day. The daily capacity of compressors to fill up CNG works out to be 604314 kg against which sales is around 5 lacs kg per day.

At present, there are 94 CNG compressors in operation which include 17 mother station on IGL land, 9 mother stations on DTC land, 13 on-line stations, 26 daughter booster stations and 29 daughter stations. As on March 31, 2002, 57240 CNG vehicles were in operation which consists of 2120 DTC buses, 2111 private buses, 35678 three wheelers, 2165 RTV/Mini buses, 10350 private cars and 4816 taxies. In March 2001, the number of CNG vehicles were 26350 only with 200 DTC buses, 200 private buses, 250 RTVs, 14000 three wheelers, 2200 taxis and 9500 cars.

To increase the CNG despairing capacity to 6.9 lacs kg per day 5 nos. of additional compressors are expected to be commissioned by the end of June 2002. In addition to above 8 compressors have also been ordered which are expected to be commissioned by September 2002 to make a dispensing capacity of 8.29 lacs kg per day. In order to meet the demand of CNG, 7 more compressors are being procured which will increase the capacity to 9.6 lacs kg per day by December, 2002. At some locations compressors and dispensers will be doubled to increase the additional bus filling capacity.

In order to meet the requirement of 16.1 lacs kg CNG per day, a total of 110 numbers of compressors will be required. At present, 53 compressors are under operation, 5 compressors are under commissioning, delivery of another compressors are 8 expected between June to August, 2002, and

order for 7 compressors are being placed, fresh tendering have to be done for the remaining 37 compressors. EPCA is of the opinion that the CNG supply plans are not adequate to meet the target fixed by the Hon'ble Court .

Safety of CNG Vehicles

In view of fire accidents in few CNG buses, EPCA discussed the mater with bus manufacturers, Transport Department, DTC so as to assure preventive measures. The main causes of accidents were reported due to gas pipe disconnection, structural failure and gas leak filling.

The manufacturers informed that they have analysed the root causes for the accidents and adopted additional safety kits in the buses in order to avoid future accidents. To vent out gas from under floor to roof top vent pipes have been installed in most of the buses. It was also informed that the bus manufacturers have taken precautions so that the extra spark generated in the distribution chambers get arrested and does not travel to the exhaust pump. Besides this, pamphlets are being provided which contain all precautionary measures to be taken before and during body building of the buses and other guidelines to be followed during gas fillings and gas leakages.

EPCA asked the bus manufacturers to exercise checks during the body building, which may supplement the STA certification. The bus manufacturers may also recall the vehicle, if body is not built as per their specifications. It was pointed out by EPCA that according to report submitted by the experts earlier, spark plug ignition need to be replaced by contact less electronics ignition system.

Common Effluent Treatment Plant

As per Hon'ble Supreme Court order, 15 common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) are to be constructed by Delhi Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC). EPCA has constantly pursued the issue of CETPs with concerned agencies i.e. CETP Societies, Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) and Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC). The status on construction of 15 CETPs is presented in Table 14.1.

Table 14.1 Status of Construction of CETP's in NCT - Delhi

S. No Location Status of CETP's as on January 14, 2002

1. CETP at Wazirpur Industrial Area

The construction work has been taken up in October, 1999 with scheduled date of completion as June, 2001. The construction of plant completed and trial run started from 12.10.2001.

2. Mangolpuri Industrial Area

The construction work has been taken up in September 1999 with scheduled date of completion as April 2001. The trial run of the plant started on 28.11.2001. The plant is designed to treat 2.4 mld of wastewater..

3. Mayapuri Industrial Area

The construction work for primary ETP was taken up in November, 1999 and scheduled to be completed by June, 2001. The construction work of CETP is complete and trial run started by first week of February 2002.

4. Jhilmil Industrial Area

The construction work for primary treatment plant was taken up in September, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by May, 2002. The plant is designed to treat 16.8 mld of wastewater. 90% work of conveyance of effluent from Friends Colony Industrial area is complete and the excavation work for raw effluent pumping station in Jhilmil Colony Industrial Area is in progress.

5. Lawrence Road Industrial Area

The construction work for primary treatment plant has been taken up in November, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by May 2002. However, completion of work is likely to be delayed by 3-4 months. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater.

6. Badli Industrial Area

The construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by October 2002. About 50% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater.

7. GT Karnal Road Industrial Area

The construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by August 2002. About 50% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to

treat 6 mld of wastewater.

8. SMA Industrial Area

The construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in January, 2001 and scheduled to be completed by September, 2002. About 30% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater.

9. Nangloi Industrial Area

The construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in January, 2001 and scheduled to be completed by September, 2002. About 60% of the civil work has been completed and all the pressure filter vessels are received. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater.

10. Okhla Industrial Area

The construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by June, 2002. About 80% of the civil work has been completed and filters have also been arrived at the site. The plant is designed to treat 24 mld of wastewater.

11. Okhla Industrial Estate

The Society has raised objections regarding design of the CETP, which they have got prepared from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi . The revised proposal has been sent to NEERI for the approval.

12. Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area

The tenders for award of work has been invited.

13. Naraina Industrial Area

The tenders for award of work has been invited

14. Najafgarh Road Industrial Area

The tenders for award of work has been

15. Anand Parbat Industrial Area

Transferred to DDA, which has to develop the area. However, there is court stay, which need to be vacated.

Report on P.K. Kaul Committee Recommendations

The P.K. Kaul Committee, constituted by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the matter of W.P.(C) No. 914/1996 recommended 34-point action plan to improve treatment and disposal of sewage and industrial wastewater from trans-Yamuna area. As per the order of the Hon'ble Supreme Court dated November 16, 1998, EPCA is monitoring the implementation of the action plan.

The Hon'ble Supreme Court vide its order dated May 4, 2001 referred the affidavits of Delhi Jal Board (DJB) and Ghaziabad Development Authority (GDA) to EPCA and directed as follows:

"The Bhure Lal Committee is requested to examine the various affidavits which have been filed in this Court, copies of which should be forwarded to the said Committee, in relation to the implementation of the P.K. Kaul Committee's Report. The needful be done and the Report submitted within three months. In the meantime various government agencies will endeavour to do whatever is required to be done."

Accordingly, EPCA examined the affidavits and held discussions with DJB, GDA and U.P. Pollution Control Board on the issue. Based on the submissions of these organizations, EPCA prepared "Second Report on P.K. Kaul Committee Recommendations" and submitted to the Hon'ble Supreme Court.

MOEF – ENVIRONMENT CANADA INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PROJECT – IMPLEMENTATION OF SUB-COMPONENT ON AIR QUALITY MONITORING BY CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

The Project Canada - India Environmental Institutional Strengthening Project (MOEF-EC Project) is a five year (2000-2005) project funded by Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and implemented by Environment Canada with approx. project cost of Canadian Dollars 4.73 Millions. The implementation of project has started during August 2000 and will end in September 2005. The basic objectives of the project are to strengthen the institutional capacity of India's MOEF to promote environmentally sound development with national priorities and to address environmental issues of global concern.

The project plan have three well developed component (Table 14.2) apart from project management component. The Sub-component Air Quality Monitoring under Project component Air Emission Monitoring and control is implemented by Central Pollution Control Board. The sub-component has provision of training of Indian officials in Canada on Monitoring of Air Toxics such as VOC, Semi-VOC and Calibration & Auditing of Instruments. There has also provision for external validation of training programme and improvement therein by EC Technical Experts during their short-term assignment to Central Pollution Control Board. Under the project component, two training sessions for two CPCB Scientists each, were held at Environment Technology Centre (ETC), Ottawa, Canada.

Table 14.2: Project Component of Canada India Institutional Strengthening Project

Main Project Component Project Sub-Component

Air quality monitoring.

Air Emission monitoring and control Conversion of Auto rickshaws to CNG.

Sub regional training and technology transfer centre for environmentally sound management of hazardous waste.

Custom feasibility study – Training and equipment.

Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes

National Chemical Profile.

Improvement of institutional capacity for global environmental issues and emerging environmental issues.

Training and other capacity building activities.

Emerging Environmental issues

Workshop on bio-technology applications for pollution prevention and remediation.

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Delhi

As per the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handing) Rules, 2000, all the hospitals and nursing homes are required to provide treatment facilities for their wastes. EPCA has taken up the matter with concerned organizations i.e. Department of Environment, Department of Health and DPCC. As informed by the organizations, the status on installation of treatment facilities as on August 11, 2001 is as below

1. All the 45 hospitals with more than 500 beds have provided facilities for treatment and disposal of their bio-medical wastes.

2. For collection and treatment of bio-medical wastes from other hospitals and nursing homes, DPCC has authorized two private companies namely, M/s Synergy Waste Management Co. and M/s India Waste Development Ltd.. At present, these companies collect and treat wastes from about 1300 hospitals and nursing homes. Out of 10 tonnes per day wastes generated by these units, 1.5 tonnes of infectious waste is collected and incinerated.

Govt. of NCT of Delhi has allowed M/s India Waste Development Ltd. to utilize spare capacity of incineration available with Deendayal Upadhyaya Hospital, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Babu Jagjeevan Ram Hospital and Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Hospital.

West Bengal

A report on the status of implementation of Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 in hospitals with bed strength exceeding 500 in towns with population less than 30 lakhs in the State of West Bengal was prepared. In this State, the SHSDP under the Family Welfare and Health Department of the Government of West Bengal is executing a major action plan aided by the World Bank focussed on delivery of an efficient health services system to the public. The thrust of the action plan with reference to bio-medical waste management was to develop a system that is `scientific, economical and sustainable' . The scale of implementation of the West Bengal's SHSDP is formidable, covering 117 health care units and ten major hospitals.

Some of the salient observations are:

1. Hazardous BMW and general wastes are kept segregated and secured within premise. 2. Four out of the ten hospitals surveyed have a dedicated hospital waste treatment utility like

autoclave / microwave 3. The stellar role played by the Kalyani Municipality in voluntarily participating in a joint exercise

with SHSDP & West Bengal SPCB in exploring the usage of the existing autoclave as a common waste treatment facility involving private healthcare units was a novel experiment.

4. In most of the hospitals disposable syringes are on the wane and are being replaced by sterilized glass syringes.

5. The SHSDP has brought out a set of attractive posters for mass awareness in the local language i.e. Bengali.

Besides above, lack of pre-treatment (chemical disinfection) of BMW, no rainproof roof at most of the central vats within the hospital premise, inconvenient locations of the autoclave room vis-à-vis the central vats, odd timings of BMW movement, unsatisfactory maintenance around the vats and lack of proper gear for waste handlers, are areas that need more attention. Besides, there was a reluctance of most of the municipalities to address BMW separately and even in utilizing SHSDP funds for construction of a burial pit for BMW in their dumping grounds needs to be addressed too.

Bangalore

Detailed inspections were carried out in some of the selected hospitals in order to have a feel of implementation of Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998. An indexing system was developed, as shown in Table 14.3, to quantify the compliance scenario in the Bangalore City.

Table 14.3: Bio-Medical Waste Management Practices in Bangalore

Hospitals

Handling and Transportation

Segregation Incineration Disposal Autoclaving Effluent Treatment

Total

Manipal Hospital

3 3 5 5 - 3 19

St. Martha's Hospital

3 3 3 3 - 2 14

Bangalore Baptist Hospital

3 3 3 3 - 1 13

St. John's Hospital

3 3 3 3 - - 12

M.S. Ramaiah Medical Institute

1 2 3 3 - 3 12

Sanjay Gandhi Accidental Hospital

3 3 3 2 - - 11

Mallya Hospital

3 3 1 1 - 1 9

Minto Hospital

3 5 - 1 - - 9

Govt. T.B. Hospital

3 3 - 2 - - 8

K.C. General Hospital

3 2 - 1 - - 6

Note: Good= 5, Satisfactory= 3, Improper = 2, and Poor = 1.

The estimation in the above table is based on the following negations recorded during the inspections:

Many hospitals are not doing segregation as per notification.

A few hospitals found not properly handling and transporting the waste from ward to storage /disposal point.

Disposal of the waste sharps not in practice.

Most of the hospitals not practicing the quantification of waste generated from wards.

All hospitals have no information about drainage and sewerage plan.

Most of the incinerators not attaining the temperature as prescribed in the notification.

Most of the incinerators found having no emission control facilities.

No hospital found using autoclave for sterilizing the infected waste sharps and needles.

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams, their Characterisation and Waste Minimisation Options in various Industrial Sectors

CPCB has undertaken the project on "Identification of Hazardous Wastes, their Characterisation and Waste Minimisation Options in Petrochemical, Pesticides, Dye & Dye Intermediates and Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceutical Sectors" with a view to identify various hazardous waste streams generated from unit operations during production, estimation of hazardous waste generation per tonne of product and characterisation of hazardous waste streams, for suitable treatment and disposal. The study for Petrochemicals and Pesticides sectors have been completed. The findings, in terms of products-wise hazardous waste streams identified and existing waste management practices are given in Table 14.3 & 14.4 for Pesticide sectors.

Table 14.3: Product-wise Hazardous Waste Streams Identified in Pesticides Sector

Product Waste Streams

Process waste (Organic residue)

ETP waste (Calcium phosphate sludge)

Monocrotophos

Bio-sludge

Process waste (Phenolic residue)

ETP sludge (Calcium phosphate sludge)

Profenophos

Bio-sludge

Process waste (Organic mother liquor)

Acephate

ETP sludge (Chemical sludge)

Process Waste (Distillation residue)

Chloropyriphos

Bio-sludge


Process waste (Distillation residue)

Ethion

ETP chemical sludge

Process waste (Phosphorus sludge)

Zinc phosphide

Process waste (Phosphoric acid clarification sludge

Process waste (Phosphorous sludge)

Aluminium phosphite

Process waste (Phosphoric acid clarification)

Process waste (Toluene distillation residue)

Endosulfan


Process waste (Detoxification sludge)

Cypermethrin



Process waste (Detoxification sludge)

Fenvalerate

ETP sludge


Malathion



Dimethoate

ETP sludge

Table 14.4: Waste Stream-wise Existing Waste Management Practices Adopted by Pesticide Industry

Product Waste Streams Disposal

Process waste (Organic residue) Incineration

ETP waste (Calcium phosphate sludge) Sold to poultry feed manufacturers

Monocrotophos

Bio-sludge Recycled, excess to landfill

Process waste (Phenolic residue) Incineration

ETP sludge (Calcium phosphate sludge) Sold to poultry feed manufacturers

Profenophos

Bio-sludge Recycled, excess to landfill

Process waste (Organic mother liquor) Incineration Acephate

ETP sludge (Chemical sludge) Landfill

Process Waste (Distillation residue) Incineration


Chloropyriphos Bio-sludge Recycled, excess to landfill

Process waste (Distillation residue) Incineration Ethion

ETP chemical sludge Landfill

Process waste (Phosphorus sludge) Incineration Zinc phosphide

Process waste (Phosphoric acid clarification sludge

Incineration

Process waste (Phosphorous sludge) Incineration Aluminium phosphite

Process waste (Phosphoric acid clarification) Incineration

Process waste (Toluene distillation residue) Incineration Endosulfan


Process waste (Detoxification sludge) Incineration Cypermethrin


Process waste (Organic residue) Incineration

Process waste (Detoxification sludge) Dried and incineration

Fenvalerate

ETP sludge Landfill

Process waste (Organic residue) Incineration Malathion


Process waste (Organic residue) Incineration Dimethoate

ETP sludge Landfill

Waste Disposal Criteria, Leachate Standard and Guideline for Treatment & Disposal of Leachate Generated in Hazardous Waste Disposal Facilities

According to the schedule 4 of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 and amended thereof, one of the responsibility of CPCB is to recommend the standards for treatment & disposal of waste and leachate. In view of this, CPCB has taken a study to prepare guidelines 1) Criteria for Hazardous Waste Disposal; 2) Leachate Standard; and 3) Guideline for Collection, Treatment & Disposal of Leachate.

Hazardous waste disposal criteria, leachate standard and its collection, treatment & disposal options were presented and discussed in the previous Peer & Core Committee meeting. It was decided in Peer & Core Committee that a Sub Committee be constituted by CPCB to examine the above issues further. The sub committee suggested some changes in the draft guidelines, which are given below:

Suggested Criteria for Disposal of Hazardous Wastes into Secured Landfill Facility:

In general, the following qualitative requirements should be considered for the disposal of hazardous wastes in secured landfill. The wastes coming to the facility should pass through paint filter test. The following listed wastes should not be allowed to dispose of directly (without pre-treatment) into the landfill facility: -

Water leachate extraction quality Concentration Suggested concentration

pH 4 – 13 4 – 12

Total Phenols < 100 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Arsenic (As) < 1 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Lead (Pb) < 2 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Cadmium (Cd) 0.2 mg/l < 0.2 ppm

Hexavalent Chromium (Cr ±6 ) < 0.5 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Copper (Cu) < 10 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Nickel (Ni) < 3 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Mercury (Hg) < 0.2 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Zinc (Zn) < 10 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Fluoride < 50 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Ammonia < 1000 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Cyanide (Cn) < 2 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Nitrate < 30 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Adsorbable organic bound chlorine < 3 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Water soluble content < 10 mg/l Same as Column (2)

Strength of viscose solid HW before disposal into SLF

Transverse strength (Vane testing) > 25 KN/m 2 Same as Column (2)

Unconfined compression strength > 50 KN/m 2 Same as Column (2)

Axial deformation < 20 KN/m 2 Same as Column (2)

Degree of mineralisation or content of organic materials

Annealing loss of the dry residue at 550°C

< 10 wt % 20% of non-biodegradable

5% of bio-degradable

Oil & Grease < 4 wt % Same as Column (2)

Note : Under the disposal criteria w.r.t. water soluble bearing waste, it was suggested that "water soluble bearing waste be stored in HDPE bags having thickness not less than 1 mm & then it should be stored in SLF. Otherwise, waste containing soluble salts should be stored separately".

Suggested approach for treatment of leachate

Based on the characteristics of leachate generated from treatment, storage & disposal facility (TSDF), following treatment schemes have been suggested in order of preference:

i. Treatment in an off-site existing wastewater treatment plant, after on-site pre-treatment, if required.

ii. Complete Treatment in an on-site leachate treatment plant.

a. Off-site treatment-disposal of leachate refers to treatment and disposal at a facility not associated with the landfill operation. The off-site treatment-disposal alternatives include industrial Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) and/or Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (MWTP). Off-site treatment of leachate will be feasible only in few cases such as:

a. The industrial CETPs or MWTPs available at reasonable distances. ii. These treatment plants are capable of treating the leachate generated from hazardous waste

disposal sites technically. The permit requirements of CETPs and MWTPs are met while handling the leachate.

iii. CETPs and MWTPs are ready to accept the potential liabilities associated with accepting hazardous leachate because the leachate generated will be varying in composition as well as in quantity.

b. On-site treatment / disposal of leachate can be used to accomplish either pre-treatment of the leachate to discharge to another facility for additional treatment before disposal, or complete treatment to meet direct discharge limits. Pre-treatment process will be governed by the capabilities of the subsequent off-site treatment facility. In some cases on-site treatment/ disposal may not be feasible due to the following reasons:

• The seasonal and long-term variation in the quantity & characteristics of leachate makes the treatment process difficult,

• If the quantity of leachate generated is too low that the design of treatment plant is not technically feasible.

On-site treatment / pre-treatment options for leachate

As the nature and characteristics of leachate generated from various landfills varies to a large extent, the treatment scheme has to be selected on case to case basis. For the treatment of the leachate as generated in India based on the general characteristics, the following on-site treatment schemes would be feasible technically:

• Multiple-stage evaporation of the leachate when TDS is high and quantity is low. • Combination of biological treatment and carbon adsorption when the TDS is low and biological

treatment is feasible.

On-Site Treatment Options for Treatment of Leachate are:

OPTION-1 : When TDS conc. in leachate is high i.e > 10,000 mg/l.

(a) Multiple-stage evaporation of the leachate - This method of leachate treatment is suitable when the leachate is having very high TDS concentration and it hinders biological treatment (above 10,000 mg/l). In the above treatment scheme the leachate is to be first evaporated in a two stage evaporator. The volatile organics are vaporized and condensed in a condenser. The residue after evaporation is separated in a centrifugal separator. The solid residue, which mainly contains soluble salts, is disposed in a special disposal facility after packing in HDPE bags. The condensed organic portion is partially chemically oxidised with H2O2 in a reaction tank. This is for making the organics more easily biodegradable. The partially oxidised condensate is to be taken for biological treatment in an activated sludge process. If required the treated effluent may have to be given a polishing treatment (like carbon adsorption) before discharge into a surface water body, in order to meet the regulatory standards.

However, the following options can be considered with regard to the type of organics present in the leachate and quantity:

• If the condensate contains mostly biodegradable organics, the H2O2 addition step would not be necessary.

• If the quantity of leachate is quite low and when it is safe for the vapour from the evaporator to be released to the atmosphere, the condensation and the subsequent steps could be avoided.

(b) Discharge of leachate into marine coastal areas – Leachate with TDS above 10,000 mg/l can be discharged into marine coastal areas provided it meets the Marine disposal standards.

OPTION 2 : When TDS concentration in leachate is low.

(a) Leachate flow is sufficient enough for continuous treatment

The two leading processes for treating organics are biological treatment and activated carbon adsorption. If the organics consist solely of biodegradable compounds, then biological treatment alone would suffice, although a subsequent solids removal and polishing step could be necessary in some situations. Under that scheme the following three options are suggested:

Biological Treatment followed by Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) process :

This scheme shall be applicable when the organics present in the leachate are refractory but not toxic in nature and concentration is high.

GAC followed by Biological Treatment Process:

This sequence is used when toxic organics would interfere with the biological process.

Biophysical Treatment:

This biophysical treatment approach is the combination of simultaneous biological (activated sludge) and Powdered Activated carbon (PAC) treatment processes in the bio-reactor. This approach would be applicable when the organics present in the leachate are of persistent nature.

(b) Leachate flow is not sufficient enough for continuous treatment

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) – Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)

This is batch process of bio-treatment in Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) filled with Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC). This process utilises the advantages of simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation in a SBR.

Review of Guideline for Disposal of Drill Cuttings/Drilling Fluids from Oil Drilling Operations

The oil drilling operators submitted representations to Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) & CPCB for review of existing guidelines notified by MoEF, Govt. of India in 1996 under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for disposal of drill cuttings (DC)/drilling fluids (DF) being generated from on-shore and off-shore oil drilling operations. CPCB has taken up review of the guidelines for safe disposal of DC or DF being generated from on-shore/off-shore oil drilling operations. The proposed (reviewed) guidelines were discussed in the meeting of Peer & Core Expert Committee of CPCB. Highlights of guidelines as finalised in the 17 th Peer & Core Committee meeting are as follows:

• Disposal of Drill Cuttings & Drilling Fluids for On-shore Installations: • Drill cuttings (DC), Drilling fluids (DF) should be disposed off in a well designed lined pit • Use of diesel base mud is prohibited. Only water based mud (WBM) should be used for oil

drilling operations. • Low toxicity oil based mud (OBM) having aromatic content <1% is permitted in special case. • Low toxicity (i.e. 96 hr LC 50 > 30,000 mg/l) chemical additives should be used for drilling

operation • DC separated from OBM should have oil content at < 10 gm/kg for disposal into disposal pit. • The waste pit after it is filled up shall be covered with impervious liner • Drilling wastewater should be collected in the disposal pit, evaporated or treated • Barite shall not contain Hg > 1 mg/kg & Cd > 3 mg/kg. • Total material acquired for preparation of drill site must be restored after completion of drilling

operation • If any environment friendly technology emerges for substitution of drilling fluid and disposal

technology, it may be brought to the notice of MoEF and regulatory agencies. If the operator desires to adopt such environment friendly technology, a prior approval is required.

Disposal of Drill Cuttings & Drilling Fluids for Off-shore Installations

o Use of diesel base mud is prohibited. Only WBM is permitted for off-shore drilling. The low toxicity OBM should have aromatic content < 1%.

o The toxicity of chemical additives used in the DF (WBM or OBM or SBM) should be biodegradable and should be low toxic.

o Hexavalent chromium compound should not be used in DF. o Bulk discharge of DF in off-shore is prohibited except in emergency situations. o WBM / OBM / SBM should be recycled to a maximum extent. OBM is prohibited for

disposal into Sea o WBM/SBM is permitted for disposal into Sea at an average reate of 50 bbl/hr/well

from a platform o Drill cuttings of any composition should not be discharged in sensitive areas notified

by MoEF. o Use of OBM will be restricted with zero discharge of DC. o DC should not have oil content > 10 gm/kg before disposal into Sea. o If any, environmental friendly technology emerges, a prior approval from MoEF is

required. o Barite used in preparation of DF shall not contain Hg > 1 mg/kg & Cd > 3 mg/kg.

Preparation of Laboratory Manual and Training on Characterisation & Analysis of Hazardous Waste"

According to the Schedule 4 of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000, the responsibility of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is to recommend procedures for characterisation of hazardous waste. The CPCB has taken-up a project for preparation of above manual in collaboration with Environmental Protection and Training Research Institute (EPTRI), Hyderabad . The manual has been finalised.

The report includes sampling, analysis and characterisation of hazardous waste. For reference the sampling approach overview, applicability of sampling equipment and methods for characterisation of hazardous waste are given in Table 14.5 to 14.7:

Table 14.5: Sampling Approach Overview

Sampling Strategy

Definition Applicability Advantages/Disadvantages

Authoritative Technique where sample locations are selected based on detailed knowledge of the waste stream without regard to randomization.

Waste streams of known physical/chemical properties and concentrations.

Requires in-depth knowledge of properties and constituents of waste streams. Rationale for sample selection must be well documented and defensible.

Random (Simple, Stratified, systematic)

Techniques where sample selection and location are determined through the application of statistical methods.

Used to collect representative samples where data is insufficient to justify authoritative sampling (e.g., waste streams of unknown or variable concentration).

See discussions below for each respective random sampling technique.

Simple Random All locations/points in a waste or unit from which a sample can be attained are identified, and a suitable number of samples are randomly selected.

Used to collect representative samples of wastes that are heterogeneous throughout the entire waste stream or unit (e.g., multiple drums of unknown origin).

Advantages: Most appropriate when little or no information is available concerning the distribution of chemical contaminants.

Disadvantages: May misrepresent waste streams with areas of high concentration or stratification.

Stratified Random

Areas of non-uniform properties or concentrations are identified and stratified (segregated). Subsequently, simple random samples are collected from each stratum of the waste or unit.

Used to collect representative samples from waste or units that are known to have areas of non-uniform properties (strata) or concentration (hot spots) e.g., surface impoundment with multiple waste layers.

Advantages: Provides for increased accuracy of waste streams representation if strata or a typically high or low concentration area is present.

Disadvantages: Requires greater knowledge of waste stream than for simple random sampling and nay require sophisticated statistical applications.

Systematic Random

The first sampling point is randomly selected but all subsequent samples are collected at fixed space intervals (e.g., along a transect or time intervals).

An alternate procedure used to collect representative samples from modestly heterogeneous waste streams that provide for simplified sample identification.

Advantages: Provides for easier sample identification and collection than other techniques.

Disadvantages: May misrepresent waste streams with unknown areas of high concentration or stratification.

Table 14.6: Applicability of Sampling Equipment to Waste Streams, Waste Location or Container

Waste Type Drum Sacks and

Open-Bed

Closed Bed

Storage Tanks

Waste Piles

Ponds, Lagoons

Conveyor Belt

Pipe

Bags Truck Truck Or Bins & Pits

Free-flowing liquids and slurries

Coliwasa N/A N/A Coliwasa Weighted bottle a

N/A Dipper N/A Dipper

Sludges Trier N/A Trier Trier Trier * *

Moist powders or granules

Trier Trier Trier Trier Trier Trier Trier Shovel Dipper

Dry powders or granules

Thief Thief Thief Thief * Trier Thief Shovel Dipper

Sand or packed powders and granules

Auger Auger Auger Auger Thief Thief * Dipper Dipper

Large grained solids

Large Trier

Large Trier

Large Trier

Large Trier

Large Trier

Large Trier

Large Trier

Trier Dipper

* This type of sampling situation can present significant logistical sampling problems, and sampling equipment must be specifically selected or designed based on site and waste conditions. No general statement about appropriate sampling equipment can be made.

Table 14.7 Parameters of Hazard Characteristic

Parameter hazard characteristic

Method

Setaflash closed-cup method USEPA Test method No. 1020. Ignitability

Pensky Martens closed cup method USEPA Test method No. 1010

Corrosivity PH electrometric measurement USEPA Test method No. 9040.

Toxicity Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure Test method No. 1311.

In order to have desired capability for analysis and characterisation of hazardous waste, CPCB has conducted a four-day hands-on training programme to the laboratory personnel of State and Central Pollution Control Boards during August 28-31, 2001 at EPTRI, Hyderabad .

EPISODAL POLLUTION STUDIES

Breakage of underground Pipeline in Ankleshwar Industrial Estate

Ankleshwar Industrial Estate was found flooded with industrial effluents on the surface, on account of major blockades / breaches in effluent drainage pipelines all around and overflows from the three major pumping stations. This contaminates the ground water ultimately.

The CPCB team after visiting the site has taken action to stop overflow of industrial effluent through storm water drain. The course of action was taken by various agencies as given below sequentially.

• Issuance of a Direction under Section 18 of Water Act by CPCB to GPCB for the immediate corrective measures – Subsequent issuance of a Direction by GPCB to Ankleshwar Industries Association (AIA) and Gujarat Industrial Development (GIDC) for immediate measures to stop the effluent flowing through earthen drains and to take up the repairs of drainage system.

• Preparation and submission of time bound Action Plan with task, schedule for the repair/replacement of the drainage pipelines.

• Formation of Technical Committee, involving from MPCB, GPCB, AIA, GIDC and the State Government to monitor the progress in the implementation of the Direction issued to AIA & GIDC.

• Tasks, involving repair/replacement of pipelines in various segment of drainage network, worth Rs. 25 million completed within a short span of 4-6 months. Overflowing ponds near Pumping Stations filled up and levelled not to allow any further accumulation of effluent.

Blow out of ONGC oil production well

During the study tour related to Development of National Emission Standard for Petrochemical industry at IPCL, Gandhar, it was reported by IPCL authorities that there was blow out of ONGC oil production well No. 345 located in Gandhar oil fields. The ONGC oil production well No. 345 is located in Gandhar oil fields near village Pakhajan. The distance of the well from IPCL Gandhar is around 25 Kilometers. The oil extraction capacity of the well is around 75 M 3 /hour and has depth of around 3800 meters. The Gandhar oil reservoir area is around 800 Sq. km.

The oil extraction pipe of production well seems to be damaged as a result of sabotage because of this. The crude oil & gas gushing out caught fire. It was observed that no fencing was provided near the well. The presence of oil & gas was observed coming out at very high force and forming thick smoke clouds in atmosphere. The ONGC has deployed crisis management team at the incident site for exploring the possibility to extinguish the fire.

POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES - IDENTIFICATION AND ACTION PLAN TO CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION

The Central Board, in collaboration with concerned State Pollution Control Boards has initiated water quality monitoring at limited number of locations. The monitoring network was gradually augmented. At present there are 784 locations. The monitoring data are annually compiled, analysed and compared with desired water quality in different water bodies. Where ever gaps are observed especially with respect to pollution related indicators like Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), the water body is identified as polluted.

In 1988-89, CPCB identified 10 problem areas and 10 polluted river stretches to concentrate the pollution control efforts and the list of polluted stretches formed the basis for formulation of River Action Plan of the National River Conservation Directorate. The list was further extended based on increasing pollution problem in our country.

The water bodies having BOD more than 6 mg/l are identified as polluted water bodies. A list of such water bodies is placed ahead. The respective State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees have been requested to formulate action plan to restore the water quality of the water bodies.

In order to achieve the compliance of the water quality criteria in the 85 polluted river stretches identified, the following action is required:

• Inventory of sources which are discharging effluent in those stretches; • Action Plan preparation to control the discharge of untreated effluent and implementation of the

same; and, • Location specific effluent standard based on water quality modelling execise for the polluting

sources.

List of Polluted River Stretches

River Polluted Stretch Source/Town Critical Parameters (in mg/l)

Andhra Pradesh

River

Godavari 1. Polavaram to D/S of Rajamundary

Rajamundary & Polavaram Sewage

BOD - 6-12

Nagavalli · Nagavalli along Industrial & Domestic BOD- 6-10

Thotapalli Regulator water from Rayagada

Musi · D/S of Hyderabad Hyderabad- Securanderabad-Sewage

BOD- 16-44

Lake

· Kishtra Reddy Pet Tank, Medak

Medak Sewage BOD- 9-28

· Dharamsagar tank, Warangal

Warangal Sewage BOD- 7.5-9.4

· Hussain Sagar Lake Hyderabad-Securandabad

Sewage

BOD- 8-19

· Sarronagar Lake Ranga Reddy Hyderabad BOD- 8.0-12.5

· Pulicate Lake, Nellore

Nellore sewage BOD- 8-12.1

Assam

River

Kalong · Elengabeel System Nagaon- Sewage BOD- 10-70

Bharalu · D/S Guwahati Guwahati Sewage BOD- 38

Delhi

River

Yamuna · Wazirabad to Okhla Industrial & Domestic Waste from Delhi

BOD- 6-77

Jharkhand

River

Subarnrekha · Ranchi to D/S of Jamshedpur

Industrial & domestic

waste from ranchi & Jamshedpur

BOD

Gujarat

River

Sabarmati · Ahmedabad to D/s of Vautha

Discharge from Meshwa

& Ahemdabad

BOD-56-504

· Kankoria Lake ,Ahemdabad

Municipal & Industrial waste from Ahemdabad

BOD-6-29

Amlakhadi 1. Along Ankeshwar

Industrial & Domestic waste from Ankeshwar

BOD-138-920,

Ammonia-117.6-201.60

Shedi · Along Kheda Kheda Sewage BOD- 8-19

Damanganga · Vapi D/S to Confl. with sea

Industrial & Domestic waste from Vapi,Salvas,Daman & Kachigaon

BOD- 9-10

Ambika · Billimora D/S Billimora Sewage BOD- 18

Bhadar · Jetpur to Ratia (Junagarh)

Jetpur & Dhoraji Sewage BOD- 33

Khari · Lali village, Ahemdabad BOD-92-675

Kolak · Vapi to Patalia. Vapi Industrial township Phase –III,IV & Daman Industrial area

BOD- 11-35

Par · Vapi to Patalia Atul township & Industrial waste water, Pardi &Umarkhadi waste water

BOD- 27

Haryana

River

Ghaggar · Interstate border with Punjab to Ottu wier at Sirsa

Industrial & Municipal waste from Sirsa

BOD-8-50

Yamuna · Okhla to Kosi Kalan Industrial & Domestic waste from Faridabad & Palwal

BOD- 16

Drain No.8 · Sonepat to Confl. with Yamuna

Industrial & Domestic waste of Sonepat

BOD-6-36

Himachal Pradesh

River

Markanda · Kala Amb D/S to Haryana Border

Industrial & Domestic waste from Kala Amb

BOD- 55

Colour- 1009 Hazen

Lake

· Renuka Lake BOD- 8

Karnataka

River

Bhadra · Maleshwaram to D/s of Bhadravathi

Industrial & Domestic

waste from Bhadravathi

BOD- 7.2

Tunga · D/S of Shimoga Shimoga Sewage BOD

Kali · Along Dandeli Town West Coast Paper

Mill waste

BOD

Tungabhadra 1. Harihar D/S to Hara eahalli Bridge .

Harihar Sewage & Grasim waste BOD- 6-8

Lake

· Heballa Valley Lake , Mandya

Mandya Sewage BOD- 6-36

· Ulsoor Lake Bangalore sewage BOD- 6-18

M.P

River

Khan river · Indore city to confluence with Kshipra

Indore-sewage BOD- 65-120

Kshipra · Ujjain to confluence with Chambal

Ujjain- sewage BOD- 8-24]

Chambal · D/S of Nagda Industrial Waste – Grasim & Nagda Sewage

BOD- 8-24

Tapi · D/S of Napanagar to Burhanpur city

Domestic & Industrial waste water from Nepanagar & Burhanpur

BOD

Lake

· Lower & upper Lake, Bhopal

Bhopal sewage BOD- 6-8

Maharashtra

River

Godavari · Nasik to( Raher) Nanded

Sewage from Nasik , Chanderpur, Nanded, Raher

BOD- 6-66

Kalu · Atale village to Confl. with Ulhas

BOD- 6-10

Ulhas · Mohane to Baddapur Industrial & Domestic runoff ulhasnagar

BOD- 6-8

Weinganga · D/S Ashti Ashti town BOD- 6-7

Panchganga · Along Ichalkaranji Ichalkaranji BOD - 7-25

Wardha · Along Rajura village Paper mill waste BOD - 6-8

Bhima · Pargaon to Confluence with river Daund

Pune - Sewage

Nira – discharge

BOD - 6.5

Mula & Mutha · D/s Pune city City Sewage of Pune BOD - 6.7

Bhatsa · D/S of shahpur Industrial township.

Industrial township – Shahpur BOD

Patalganga 1. Khopoli to Esturaine

region Industrial & Municipal sewage from khopoli, Rasayani & Paundh

BOD – 6

Kundalika · Along Roha city Roha city sewage BOD - 6-6.5

Krishna · Dhomdam to Sangli Sewage & Industrial waste from Karnal & Sangli

BOD - 6-8

Tapi · M.P. Border to Bhusaval Bhusaval Sewage BOD - 6-9

Girna · Malegaon to Confl.with Tapi Malegaon Sewage BOD - 6-12

Nira · Along Pulgaon Pulgaon Cotton Mill BOD – 6-21

Meghalaya

River

Kharkhala · Near Sutnga Khlieri,Jaintia Hills

BOD – 8-10

Lake

· Umiam Lake , Barapani Sewage from Shillong BOD 7-13

· Ward Lake , Shillong BOD 9-12.2

· Umtrew lake, Byrnihat East BOD - 7-9

· Thadlaskena lake Shilong BOD 7-9

Orissa

River

Brahmani · Panposh D/S to Dharamsala Sewage & Industrial waste from Panposh, Rourkela , Talcher, Dharamsala

BOD 6-7

Ib · Sundargarh to Confl. With Mahanadi

Sewage & Industrial waste from Sundargarh, Jharsuguda, Brajrajnagar

BOD 6-9

Mahanadi · Cuttack D/S Cuttack Sewage BOD 6-8

Kuakhai · Along Bubhaneshwar Bubhaneshwar – Sewage BOD - 7

Kathjodi · Along Cuttack Cuttack Sewage BOD 6-12.3

Punjab

River

Satluj · D/S of Ludhiana Sewage from Ludhiana and Jalandar

BOD 8-14.4

Beas · D/S of Mukorian Industrial discharge from Goindwal and Mukarian

BOD-8.4-20

Ghaggar 1. Mubarkpur to Sardulgarh

Municipal & Industrial discharge from Patiala , Sukhna paper mills & Derra Bassi

BOD - 6.4-50

Rajasthan

River

Ghaggar · Ottu weir to Hanumangarh Industrial & domestic waste from Haryana & Punjab

BOD

Chambal · D/S Kota city Industrial & Domestic waste from Kota

BOD 6-6.4

Banas / Berach river

· Udaipur to Chittorgarh Municipal waste from Udaipur & Chittorgarh

BOD

Tamil Nadu

River

Vaigai · Along Madurai Madurai-Industrial & domestic wastewater

BOD- 7-9

Palar · Vaniyambadi Vaniyambadi - Industrial & Municipal Wastewater

BOD-

Adyar · Along Chennai Chennai- Industrial & Municipal Wastewater

BOD

Coovum · Along Chennai Chennai- Industrial & Municipal wastewater

BOD

Tambiraparani · Papavinasam to Arunuganeri

Madura Coats Indusitrial waste BOD- 6-13

Noyyal · Along coimbatoor, Tirupur, Palyanakotti

Industrial & domestic wastewater from coimbatoor, Tirupur, Palyanakotti

BOD

Cauvery · D/s of Mettur Dam to Erode city

Municipal sewage of Erode BOD- 6.4-7

Sikkim

River

Ranichu · Along Ranipur Municipal Wastewater Ranipur BOD- 24

Uttar Pradesh

Yamuna 1. Kosi Kalan to confl. with Chambal

Sewage from Agra , Vindravan, Mathura & Etawah

BOD- 6-37

Hindon · Saharanpur to Confl. With Yamuna

Sewage & Industrial

effluent from Saharanpur , Muzaffur Nagar & Ghaziabad

BOD- 9-36

Western Kali · Muzaffar Nagar to Confluence with Hindon

Sewage & Industrial effluents from Muzaffar nagar & Mansoorpur

BOD- 21-44

Buri Yamuna · Pilkhani to Confluence with Yamauna

Industrial effluent of Pilkhani Distillary

BOD

Kali Nadi Eastern · Merrut to Kannauj Industrial and Municipal sewage from , Meerut , Modi nagar, Bulandsahar, Hapur, Gulwati and Kannauj

BOD- 43-135

Gomti · Lucknow to Confluence with Ganga

Sewage & Industrial effluent from Lucknow , Sultanpur, Jaunpur.

BOD 6-8.2

BOD 6-7.6

Ganga · Kannauj to Kanpur D/S Discharge through Kalinadi & Ramganga sewage & Industrial effluent from Kannauaj and Kanpur

BOD 6-10

· Varanasi D/s Varanasi sewage & Industrial effluent

BOD 6.5- 16.5

West Bengal

River

Damodar · Durgapur to Haldia Industrial waste & sewage from Durgapaur & Asansol

BOD 6.4-32