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C:\Users\waqar\Desktop\Annual Reports\Introduction14-15.doc
ANNUAL PROGRAMME OF RESAERCH WORK
FOR THE YEAR
2014-15
OF
BIOCHEMISTRY SECTION
POST HARVEST RESEARCH CENTRE
FAISALABAD
C:\Users\waqar\Desktop\Annual Reports\Introduction14-15.doc
Introduction
This section conducts research relating to nutritional quality evaluation of
promising lines / varieties of grain crops, fruits, vegetables and fodder crops, utilization
of agro-industrial wastes as plant nutrient source and soil improver for enhancing
productivity of crops, effect of fertilization on quality of crops and soil health for
improving plant nutrition and also determining toxicants/anti-nutritional factors in
different crops. In addition analytical facility for the quality assessment of
products/varieties of crop specialists, industry and farmers is carried out as per their
requirements.
During the year research will be carried out on nutritional quality of wheat, rye
grass, pear, apple, peach pomegranate, kinnow and pearl millet. Effect of fertilization on
quality of tomato, okra, guava, carrot and lentil, free fatty acid contents of seed cotton
and its effect on germination, preservation / silage of maize fodder, effect of storage
length on aflatoxin content of cereals, antioxidant potential of kinnow fruit , impact of
saline water on quality of sorghum fodder and standardization of bio diesel and bio
ethanol production techniques.
Staff position
S. No. Name of Post Filled Vacant Total
1 Agricultural Chemist (Bio) 1 - 1
2 Assistant Agriculture Chemist 1 - 1
3 Assistant Research Officer 5 - 5
Break up of experiments
i. Ongoing = 19
ii. New = 03
iii. Total = 22
C:\Users\waqar\Desktop\Annual Reports\Introduction14-15.doc
CONTENTS
Sr.
No.
Title Page No.
1 Quality comparison of different apple varieties grown in Punjab 1
2 Effect of potassium on nutritional quality and yield of wheat. 2
3 Nutritional quality evaluation of different varieties of peach. 3
4 Effect of farm yard manure alone and in combination with NP
fertilizer on quality of maize fodder. 4
5 Nutritional quality evaluation of different varieties of ryegrass. 6
6 Assessment of antioxidant potential of kinnow fruit. 8
7 Nutritional quality evaluation of different varieties of pomegranate
under climatic conditions of Faisalabad. 10
8 Effect of alone and combined application of organic and inorganic
manures on the production and nutritional quality of guava. 12
9 Nutritional quality evaluation of pearl millet fodder varieties/lines. 14
10 Improving the nutritional quality and yield of lentil by the use of
potassium. 16
11 Impact of saline water on nutritional quality and yield of sorghum
fodder. 18
12 Standardization of biodiesel production method in castor bean on
small/ laboratory scale. 20
13 Standardization of bio ethanol production technique at small scale.
22
14 To study the effect of free fatty acid contents of cotton seed on its
germination. 23
15 Quality comparison on silage prepared by different varieties of
maize. 25
16 Quality of okra as influenced by foliar application of boron and zinc 27
17 Carotene, sugar and vitamin-c contents in carrots as affected by
different levels of potassium 29
18 Temporal changes in aflatoxin content of cereal grains affected by
storage length. 31
19 Nutritional quality evaluation of different pear varieties. 33
20 Physicochemical variations in kinnow quality induced by harvesting
times and geographical zones. 35
21 Nutritional quality evaluation of organically and inorganically grown
tomato 38
22 Nutritional quality evaluation of organically and inorganically grown
okra. 40
23 Advisory Service 42
1
TITLE-1 QUALITY COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT APPLE
VARIETIES GROWN IN PUNJAB
OBJECTIVES Apple constitutes an important part of human diet as they are a source
of sugars, acids and iron. Therefore different varieties of apples will be
evaluated for different quality parameters.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Maryam Sarfraz, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2014-17
LOCATION Biochemistry Section PHRC, AARI, Faisalabad in collaboration with
Hill Fruit Research Stations, Murree.
TREATMENTS
T1 KingRed Delicious
T2 Golden Delicious
T3 Jona Gold
T4 Kandhari
T5 Red Golden
T6 Star king Delicious
T7 Golden Russet
T8 Ida Red
T9 Sky spur
T10 Nugget
T11 Red Chief
T12 Spartin
T13 Gala must R
METHODOLOGY I Kg sample of thirteen different varieties of apple will be collected
from Hill Fruit Research Station, Murree during the month of
September according to RCBD with three replications. After recording
fresh weight, pulp %, Juice %, Peel %, Firmness and Moisture. Juice
will be extracted and analyzed for ascorbic acid, malic acid, acidity,
pH, TSS, reducing sugar, total and non reducing sugar and iron.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
New Experiment
2
TITLE-2 EFFECT OF POTASSIUM ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND
YIELD OF WHEAT
OBJECTIVES Potassium has key role in improving quality and yield of wheat and
other crops as well. Our farming community is not applying potassium
to the wheat. This study is therefore planned to see the effect of
potassium on nutritional quality and yield of wheat.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2014-17
LOCATION
Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS
Treatments Fertilizer kg ha-1
T1 NP (120-90)
T2 NP (120-90) + K (40)
T3 NP (120-90) + K (60)
T4 NP (120-90) + K (80)
T5 NP (120-90) + K (100)
METHODOLOGY Crop will be sown at farm area of Biochemistry Section AARI,
Faisalabad by opting necessary agronomic practices during the month
of October-November by following RCBD with three replications. Full
dose of phosphorus and potassium will be applied at the time of
sowing while nitrogen will be applied two splits. Data regarding
physical parameters will be recorded at the time of harvesting. Grain
samples will be collected from each plot, dried, ground and analyze for
dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, Phosphorous, K,
calcium & NFE.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
New Experiment
3
TITLE-3 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT
VARIETIES OF PEACH.
OBJECTIVES Peach (Prunus Persica) fruit is a drupe which is low in calories and
contains no saturated fats. They are rich in numerous health promoting
compounds, minerals and vitamins. Therefore different varieties of
peach will be analyzed for quality parameters.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Hafsa Zafar, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2014-17
LOCATION Biochemistry Section, PHRC, AARI, Faisalabad in collaboration with
Hill Fruit Research Station, Murree.
TREATMENTS Varieties
T1 Nectarine
T2 Florida King
T3 Spring Crest
T4 Peach 8
T5 Peach 3
T6 Maria Delicizia
T7 Early Grand
T8 A 699
METHODOLOGY Samples of eight varieties of peach will be collected from Hill Fruit
Research Station, Murree during the month of June according to RCBD
with three replications. Data regarding fresh fruit weight, fruit diameter,
dry matter, moisture and firmness of fruit will be recorded. Samples will
be analyzed for juice %, peel %, seed %, vitamin-C, reducing sugars,
non-reducing sugars, total invert sugars, TSS, pH and acidity whereas
oven dried samples will be ground and analyzed for fiber, phosphorus,
potassium and iron.
PREVIOUS YEAR,S
RESULTS
New experiment
4
TITLE-4 EFFECT OF FARM YARD MANURE ALONE AND IN
COMBINATION WITH NP FERTILIZER ON QUALITY OF
MAIZE FODDER
OBJECTIVES To find out the better combination of NP fertilizer and Farm yard
manure to get good quality biomass of maize fodder.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Khalid Hussain, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad in collaboration with Fodder
Research Institute Sargodha.
TREATMENTS
Treatments FYM / Fertilizer
T1 Control
T2 NP 120-90 kg ha-1
T3 5 t ha-1 FYM
T4 10 t ha-1 FYM
T5 15 t ha-1 FYM
T6 1/2 NP + 5 t ha-1 FYM
T7 1/2 NP + 10 t ha-1 FYM
T8 1/2 NP + 15 t ha-1 FYM
METHODOLOGY Maize fodder will be sown at farm area of Fodder Research Institute
Sargodha during the month of July following RCBD with three
replications. Treatments will be applied at the time of sowing. Trial
will be harvested at 50% heading stage. Fresh fodder yield will be
recorded and samples from each plot will be collected, dried, ground
and analyzed for dry matter ,crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash,
Phosphorous, calcium and NFE
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-5
5
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MAIZE FODDER
Treatments Fresh Fodder
Yield (t ha-1)
Dry matter
(%)
Ash
(%)
T1 44.15e 19.75 7.13b
T2 59.3b 19.38 8.03a
T3 45.9de 19.92 7.90a
T4 47.2d 19.33 7.90a
T5 50.9c 19.90 7.76a
T6 52.4c 18.57 7.99a
T7 60.8b 18.35 8.60a
T8 64.3a 19.66 7.86a
CV (%) 3.39 NS 3.36
LSD 3.175 - 0.461
Treatments Crude fat
(%)
Calcium
(%)
Crude protein
(%)
T1 1.70c 0.678 8.70c
T2 2.29ab 0.742 12.30a
T3 2.00abc 0.714 9.00c
T4 1.93bc 0.661 9.15c
T5 2.00bc 0.675 9.00c
T6 2.10abc 0.624 9.35c
T7 2.13ab 0.731 11.10b
T8 2.43a 0.711 11.00b
CV (%) 10.59
NS 5.03
LSD 0.390
- 0.876
Conclusion
Maximum fresh fodder yield (64.45 t ha-1) and dry matter (19.66 %) was
found where 1/2 NP + 15 t ha-1 FYM was applied while maximum crude protein (12.30 %)
was found where NP 120-90 kg ha-1 was applied.
6
TITLE-5 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT
VARIETIES OF RYEGRASS.
OBJECTIVES Ryegrass is a very useful multicut un-conventional fodder of winter
season. Its growth also continues in swear cold and frost. It is resistant
to salinity to some extent. It is rich in protein and dry matter as
compare to other rabi fodders. Animals eat it happily both in fresh and
dry form. It is also suitable for mixed cropping with Oat, Berseem and
Lucerne. Its hay is also useful equally.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Khalid Hussain, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS Varieties/Lines
1) RG1
2) Fantastic
3) Marshal
METHODOLOGY Rye grass varieties will be sown at farm area of Biochemistry Section
AARI, Faisalabad during the month of October following RCBD with
three replications. Fresh fodder yield will be recorded at the time of
each cutting. Samples from each variety will be collected, dried,
ground and analyzed for dry matter ,crude protein, crude fiber, crude
fat, ash, phosphorous, calcium and NFE
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-7
7
Chemical composition of Rye Grass Cutting-I
Treatment Fresh
Fodder
Yield
(t ha-1)
Dry matter
(%)
Ash (%) Crude fat
(%)
Crude
Protein
(%)
Marshal 23.35 14.41 11.62 2.76 15.10
Fantastic 38.88 12.37 11.78 2.95 15.58
RG-1 33.72 13.49 11.38 2.51 14.67
Chemical composition of Rye Grass Cutting-II
Treatment Fresh
Fodder
Yield
(t ha-1)
Dry matter
(%)
Ash (%) Crude fat
(%)
Crude
Protein
(%)
Marshal 19.77 14.53 12.10 2.50 14.37
Fantastic 26.13 12.17 11.34 2.68 14.87
RG-1 26.10 13.43 11.78 2.30 14.28
Conclusion
Maximum fresh fodder yield (38.88 t/ha), crude protein (15.58 %), and crude
fat (2.95%), were found in fantastic in cutting I. Similar trend was also found in cutting II
8
TITLE-6 ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF KINNOW
FRUIT.
OBJECTIVES
Antioxidant compounds in food play an important role as a health
protecting factor. Scientific evidence suggests that antioxidants reduce
the risk for chronic diseases including cancer and heart disease
(Gorinstein et.al., 2004). Citrus fruit have higher contents of
antioxidants i.e. phenolic and ascorbic acids. That is why the present
study is planned to determine the antioxidants potential of kinnow
fruit.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Hafsa Zafar, Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar
Farooq
DURATION 2013-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS Sampling Locations
1) Faisalabad
2) Sargodha
3) Layyah
4) Vehari
5) Toba Tek Singh
METHODOLOGY Ten Kinnow fruit samples (12 kinnow fruit/sample and four fruit per
replication) will be collected during the month of February and march
from each of the above mentioned locations according to RCBD with
three replications. Fresh juice of the samples will be extracted and
stored for determination of Vitamin- C while after peeling and
removing seeds samples will be cut into slices, oven dried, ground,
sieved and stored in storage bottles for analysis of total phenolic
contents and antioxidants.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-9
9
ANTIOXIDANT CONTENTS OF KINNOW FRUIT
Districts
Antioxidant activity
(%DPPH radicals
scavenged/mL of
juice)
Vitamin C
(mg/100mL of
juice)
Total phenol
contents
(g/100g)
Sargodha 41.72 16.14 a 5.6 a
T.T.Singh 40.70 15.96 a 4.8 b
Vehari 40.01 15.15 b 4.1 c
layyah 40.68 14.95 b 4.4 c
Faisalabad 41.03 14.08 c 4.3 c
C.V 8.16 5.87 9.50
LSD N.S 0.806 0.3947
Conclusion
Samples of Sargodha were found better due to higher antioxidant activity
(41.72%DPPH radicals scavenged/mL of juice), vitamin C (16.14 mg/100mL of juice) and
total phenols (5.6 g/100g).
10
TITLE-7 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT
VARIETIES OF POMEGRANATE UNDER CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS OF FAISALABAD
OBJECTIVES
Pomegranate is among the most popular, nutritionally rich fruit with
unique flavor, taste, health promoting characteristics and is often called
as “Super fruit”. Therefore present study is planned to check the
quality of pomegranate under climatic conditions of Faisalabad.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Hafsa Zafar, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-16
LOCATION Biochemistry Section, PHRC, AARI, Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS Varieties
T1 NARC-1
T2 NARC-2
T3 Sultan
T4 Kandhari
T5 Tarnab Gulabi
METHODOLOGY Samples of five varieties of Pomegranate will be collected from
Horticultural Farm, Faisalabad during the month of august according to
RCBD with three replications. After recording fresh weight and
diameter juice will be extracted and analyzed for Juice %, peel %,
seed % vitamin-C, reducing sugar, non-reducing sugar, total invert
sugar, TSS, pH and acidity
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page- 11
11
Physicochemical analysis of Pomegranate:
Treatments
Fresh
Weight
(g/fruit) Juice (%)
Peel
(%)
Seed +
Pulp
(%) pH
Acidity
(%)
Tarnab
Gulabi 143.8 d 31.7 b 34.5 c 33.8 b 3.3 b 1.63 b
NARC-1 221.9 a 33.4 a 37.7 ab 28.9 c 3.2 bc 1.70 a
NARC-2 199.6 b 28.0 c 35.7 bc 36.3 b 3.5 a 1.65 b
Kandhari 159.6 c 17.0 d 39.2 a 43.7 a 3.2 c 1.16 c
Sultan 187.7 b 32.3 ab 37.2 c 30.4 c 3.5 a 0.78 d
C.V 5.58 3.05 5.24 5.95 1.90 1.29
LSD 15.7 1.308 2.913 3.10 0.115 0.0325
Treatments
Reducing
Sugar(%)
Total Sugar
(%)
Non Reducing
Sugar
(%)
TSS (%) Vitamin C
(mg/100mL)
Tarnab Gulabi 10.72 c 16.40 b 5.40 a
17.5b
12.5 ab
NARC-1 11.75 b 14.10 d 2.23 c 15.4d 12.5 ab
NARC-2 9.90 c 13.42 d 3.34 b 14.6e 9.8 c
Kandhari 12.19 b 15.03 c 2.70 bc 16.4c 12.8 a
Sultan 16.02 a 18.88 a 2.72 bc 19.8a 11.75 b
C.V 4.04 2.77 13.21 0.56 4.80
LSD 0.892 0.784 0.7881 0.169 1.037
Conclusion
Considering, total sugar contents (18.9 %) Juice (32.3 %) TSS (19.8 %) performance
of Sultan was found better. Fresh Weight (221.9g) was found better in NARC-1.
12
TITLE-8 EFFECT OF ALONE AND COMBINED APPLICATION OF
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MANURES ON THE
PRODUCTION AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF GUAVA
OBJECTIVES
To find out the optimum dose of individual and combined application
of organic and inorganic manures on quality of guava.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Arfan-ul-Haq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-15
LOCATION In collaboration with Horticultural Research Institute, AARI,
Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS
T1 = NPK 100% (1000g, 500g, 500g) / tree
T2 = NPK 100% (1000g, 500g, 500g) + FYM (40 kg/plant)
T3 = NPK 75% (750g, 375g, 375g) + FYM 25% (10 kg/plant)
T4 = NPK 50% (500g, 250g, 250g) + FYM 50% (20 kg/plant)
T5 = NPK 25% (250g, 125g, 125g) + FYM 75% (30 kg/plant)
METHODOLOGY This trial will be conducted at farm area of Horticultural Research
Institute, AARI, Faisalabad using RCBD with three replications. Farm
yard manure will be applied in the month of December. Full dose of
Phosphorous and Potassium and half dose of nitrogen will be applied
in the month of February and remaining half dose of nitrogen in the
month of august. Winter fruit will be collected and data regarding
yield /plant, fruit weight, fruit size, no. of fruits/plant and Firmness of
fruit will be recorded. Samples will be analyzed for vitamin-C,
reducing, non reducing and total sugars, TSS, pH on fresh basis.
Samples will be dried, ground and analyzed for dry matter and crude
protein.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page -13
13
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GUAVA
Treatments Dry
Matter
(%)
Crude
Protein
(%)
pH Ascorbic
Acid
(mg/100g
)
Reducing
Sugars
(%)
Non-
reducing
Sugars
(%)
Total
Sugars
(%)
T1 11.65ab 8.75ab 5.43b 185ab 3.96b 1.41b 5.45b
T2 12.25a 9.62a 5.33b 213a 5.76a 1.96a 7.82a
T3 10.75b 8.45ab 5.73a 157bc 3.73b 1.08c 4.87c
T4 10.43b 8.17ab 5.83a 139bc 3.59bc 0.96c 4.61c
T5 9.51c 7.29b 5.90a 120c 3.21c 0.77d 4.01d
CV 4.67 9.98 2.07 16.79 5.79 7.65 4.51
LSD 0.972 1.589 0.220 51.501 0.444 0.171 0.455
Conclusion:
The treatment T2 where full dose of NPK and FYM were applied gave
maximum dry matter (12.25%), crude protein (9.62%) , ascorbic acid (213mg/100g) and
Total sugars (7.82%).
14
TITLE-9 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF PEARL
MILLET FODDER VARIETIES / LINES
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the yield and nutritional quality of varieties / promising
lines of pearl millet fodder being evolved by the Fodder Section,
AARI, Faisalabad.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-16
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad in collaboration with Fodder
Section AARI, Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS Varieties/Lines
1) Sargodha Bajra 2011
2) BS-2000
3) FB-794
4) FB-812
5) FB-822
6) MB-87
7) F-786
METHODOLOGY Samples of pearl millet varieties / lines will be collected from Fodder
section, AARI Faisalabad according to RCBD with three replications
at 50% heading stage. Samples will be dried, ground and analyzed for
dry matter ,crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, phosphorous,
calcium and NFE
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-15
15
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PEARL MILLET FODDER
Treatments Dry matter
(%)
Ash
(%)
Crude fat
(%)
Sargodha Bajra 2011 15.23 c 11.30 a 2.43 c
BS-2000 18.01 ab 8.16 b 2.53 c
FB-794 17.31 b 10.02 b 2.85 bc
FB-812 16.99 b 9.64 b 2.48 c
FB-822 17.93 ab 9.12 c 2.61 bc
MB-87 19.28 a 9.10 c 3.07 b
F-786 17.94 ab 9.69 d 3.54 a
CV (%) 5.55 3.00 9.27
LSD 1.731 0.503 0.459
Treatments Phosphorous
(%)
Calcium
(%)
Crude protein
(%)
Sargodha Bajra 2011 0.110 d 0.075 bc 9.04 b
BS-2000 0.162 ab 0.083 ab 11.67 a
FB-794 0.174 a 0.085 ab 11.38 a
FB-812 0.140 c 0.086 a 10.79 ab
FB-822 0.167 ab 0.080 ab 11.38 a
MB-87 0.115 d 0.070 c 9.92 ab
F-786 0.151 bc 0.081 ab 11.67 a
CV (%) 8.55
6.88 9.48
LSD 0.021
0.009 1.799
Conclusion
F-786 was found better due to higher crude protein (11.67 %) and crude fat
(3.54 %). However maximum dry matter (19.28%) was found in MB-87, ash (11.30 %) in
Sargodha Bajra 2011, phosphorous (0.174 %) in FB-794 and calcium (0.086 %) in FB-812.
16
TITLE-10 IMPROVING THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND YIELD OF
LENTIL BY THE USE OF POTASSIUM
OBJECTIVES To improve the nutritional quality and yield of lentil by the use of
potassium. Our farming community is not applying potassium to the
pulses. Potassium has key role in improving quality and yield of lentil.
Pulses are poor man meat as they are rich in protein and other nutrients
essential for proper body functioning.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-16
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad in collaboration with Pulses
Research Institute Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS
Treatments Fertilizer kg ha-1
T1 NP (25-60)
T2 NP (25-60) + K (30)
T3 NP (25-60) + K (45)
T4 NP (25-60) + K (60)
T5 NP (25-60) + K (75)
METHODOLOGY Crop will be sown at farm area of Pulses Research Institute Faisalabad
by opting necessary agronomic practices during the month of October
by following RCBD with three replications. Treatments will be applied
at the time of sowing. Data regarding physical parameters (Grain yield)
will be recorded at the time of harvesting. Grain samples will be
collected from each plot, dried, ground and analyze for dry matter,
hard grains, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, Phosphorous,
calcium & NFE.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-17
17
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LENTIL
Treatments Grain Yield
(kg ha-1)
Dry matter
(%)
Ash
(%)
Crude fat
(%)
T1 575.67 b 96.66 3.30 b 2.64 c
T2 800.37 a 96.70 3.40 ab 3.10 bc
T3 822.67 a 96.75 3.42 ab 3.44 ab
T4 858.67 a 96.77 3.44 ab 3.75 ab
T5 876.67 a 96.80 3.53 a 4.15 a
CV (%) 5.22
NS
2.83 11.87
LSD 77.26 0.182 0.763
Treatments Crude Protein
(%)
Phosphorus
(%)
Calcium
(%)
T1 20.71 b 0.227 c 0.080 b
T2 21.29 ab 0.263 b 0.084 ab
T3 21.88 ab 0.275 b 0.085 ab
T4 22.75 ab 0.291 b 0.088 a
T5 23.33 a 0.343 a 0.092 a
CV (%) 5.09 5.61 5.16
LSD 2.106 0.029 0.008
Conclusion
Potassium application @ 75 kg ha-1 along with standard dose of N 25 kg ha-1
and P 60 kg ha-1 produced maximum grain yield (876.67 kg ha-1), ash (3.53 %), crude fat
(4.15 %) crude protein (23.33%), phosphorus (0.343%) and calcium (0.092 %).
18
TITLE-11 IMPACT OF SALINE WATER ON NUTRITIONAL QUALITY
AND YIELD OF SORGHUM FODDER
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of saline water application on nutritional
quality and yield of sorghum fodder.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-2015
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad in collaboration with Soil
Salinity Research Institute Pindi Bhattian.
TREATMENTS
Treatments Water quality
T1 Canal Water
T2 ECiw 4.0 dSm-1
T3 ECiw 6.0 dSm-1
T4 ECiw 8.0 dSm-1
T5 ECiw 10.0 dSm-1
METHODOLOGY Medium texture normal soil will be selected, brought in bulk and filled
in cemented lysimeter (6 x 4 x 3 ft) at Soil Salinity Research Institute
Pindi Bhattian. Irrigation water salinity will be developed with
quadratic equation using NaCl, Na2SO4, CaCl2 and MgSO4 keeping
SAR within safe limit ≤15. Crop will be sown by following CRD with
three replications. Data regarding Fresh fodder yield will be recorded
at the time of harvesting. Samples will be collected from each
replication, dried, ground and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein,
crude fiber, crude fat, ash, Phosphorous, calcium and NFE.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-19
19
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SORGHUM FODDER
Treatments Fresh fodder
yield
(t ha-1)
Dry matter
(%)
Ash
(%)
Crude fat
(%)
T1 47.30 a 20.88 c 11.75 a 3.00 a
T2 47.23 a 20.91 c 10.89 ab 2.63 ab
T3 45.54 b 21.55 b 10.52 abc 2.60 ab
T4 43.79 c 22.16 a 9.51 bc 2.43 b
T5 43.20 c 22.32 a 9.04 c 1.83 c
CV (%) 5.64 3.64 8.08 7.89
LSD 1.400 0.370 1.573 0.374
Treatments Crude Protein
(%)
Phosphorus
(%)
Calcium
(%)
T1 8.75 0.178 0.077 a
T2 9.33 0.169 0.074 a
T3 9.04 0.166 0.071 ab
T4 8.17 0.143 0.070 ab
T5 8.46 0.108 0.066 b
CV (%)
NS
4.52 5.31
LSD 0.013 0.007
Conclusion
Canal water produced maximum fresh fodder yield (47.30 t ha-1), ash (11.75
%), crude fat (3.00 %) phosphorus (0.178%) and calcium (0.077 %). Maximum dry matter
(22.32 %) was found in T5 where ECiw 10.0 dSm-1 water was applied.
20
TITLE-12 STANDARDIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
METHOD IN CASTOR BEAN ON SMALL/LABORATORY
SCALE
OBJECTIVES
Biodiesel refers to vegetable oil or animal fat-based diesel fuel
consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters.
Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g.,
vegetable oil, animal fat) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.
Biodiesel helps reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide, soot
emissions, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. It is important to note
that vegetables oils are usually composed of several fatty acids, thus
the properties of oil will be a mixture of the properties of the fatty
acids it contains and the biodiesel made from the oil will also exhibit a
mixture of these properties. So, production of biodiesel and its
standardization is an imperative step as an environment friendly
technique.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Arfan-ul-Haq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS T1= Oil:Methanol= 1:6 (1.6% KOH)
T2= Oil: Methanol= 1:9 (1.6% KOH)
T3= Oil:Methanol= 1:6 (1.6% NaOH)
METHODOLOGY Amount of free fatty acids will be determined in oil. Different reagents
like methanol, Sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and vegetable oils will
be utilized in different ratios at different temperatures. Castor oil will
be used for the production of bio diesel. After standardization of bio
diesel production method, Biodiesel will be analyzed for Free fatty
acids, Percent recovery of Bio diesel, density, pH, viscosity, moisture,
Boiling point, Flashpoint and Economics of bio diesel Production.
Technique will be developed to produce bio diesel on small scale using
CRD with three replications.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-21
21
RECOVERY OF BIODIESEL FROM CORN OIL
Treatments Recovery of
biodiesel (%)
Recovery of
glycerine (%)
Price/Litre
(Rs.)
T1 75.00 22.90 480
T2 63.85 16.92 657
T3 69.23 19.23 605
Conclusion:
The treatment T1 gave better recovery of biodiesel (75%) at the rate of
480.Rs/ L
22
TITLE-13 STANDARDIZATION OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE AT SMALL SCALE
OBJECTIVES
A biofuel is a fuel that uses energy from a carbon fixation. These fuels
are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation
are plants and micro algae. These fuels are made from a biomass
conversion. Biomass refers to living organisms, plants or plant-derived
materials. This biomass can be converted to energy in three different
ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical
conversion. This biomass conversion’s can be in solid, liquid, or gas
form.
Bioethanol is a form of biochemical conversion that can be produced
from agricultural feedstocks. It can be made from very common crops
such as sugar cane, potato, and corn.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2013-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS The following processes of bioethanol production will be standardized
at lab scale;
i) Fermentation (Plastic bucket, Pitcher, Earthen pot)
ii) Distillation (Soxhlet, Copper wire, self made)
iii) Dehydration (Azeotropic & extractive distillation)
METHODOLOGY A technique will be developed to produce bio ethanol on lab scale
(small scale) using local lab equipments and inputs following CRD
with three replications. Different techniques of fermentation,
distillation and dehydration will be standardized at small / lab scale.
Initially technique will be standardized for Sugarcane (Gur) and then
for corn, sweet potato and starchy material of plants. Percent recovery
of bio ethanol will be recorded. Bio ethanol will be analyzed for
density, viscosity, boiling point, pH, purity, and absorbance.
Economics of produce will also be calculated.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Fermentation is in progress.
23
TITLE-14 TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF FREE FATTY ACID
CONTENTS OF COTTON SEED ON ITS GERMINATION
OBJECTIVES In cotton, seed is seldom planted immediately after harvesting. It is
stored sometimes for a longer period during which some biochemical
changes occur and one of the chemical compound which changes
with storage is free fatty acid. This study is planned to test
germination of different cotton varieties in relation to change in free
fatty acid contents due to variation in picking time.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Khalid Hussain, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-14
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS Varieties / lines
1) FH-114
2) FH-118
3) FH-142
4) FH-941
5) FH-942
6) FH 456
METHODOLOGY Cotton crop will be sown in normal season (May). Three pickings
will be collected and seeds obtained in each picking will be tested for
germination and free fatty acid. A correlation will be established
between free fatty acid contents & germination. Samples of each
picking will also be analyzed for dry matter, oil content.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-24
24
GERMINATION PATTERN OF COTTON VARIETIES
Varieties 1st picking 2nd picking 3rd picking
Germination
(%)
Free Fatty
acid (%)
Germination
(%)
Free Fatty
acid (%)
Germination
(%)
Free
Fatty acid
(%)
FH-114 30.0 2.0 42.0 1.3 29.0 6.6
FH-118 37.0 4.2 39.0 1.7 33.0 5.0
FH-142 21.0 4.0 41.0 2.5 33.0 3.1
FH-456 32.0 4.6 38.0 1.9 33.0 5.3
FH-941 23.0 6.6 42.0 2.2 24.0 3.8
FH-942 42.0 2.8 48.0 1.8 40.0 4.6
Conclusion
Maximum germination with lower value of free fatty acid content was observed in
picking II of all varieties. Free fatty acid contents ranged from 1.3 to 2.5 percent while
germination ranged from 38 to 48 percent.
25
TITLE-15 QUALITY COMPARISON OF SILAGE PREPARED BY
DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF MAIZE
OBJECTIVES
Silage is considered the better way to conserve forage crops. A
forage crop can be cut early and only has 23% dry matter to be
ensiled successfully. Silage can be produced both in cold and cloudy
weather. Fermentation in silage reduces harmful nitrates accumulated
in plants during droughts and in over fertilized crops. Maize silage
has 30-50% higher nutritive value compared to maize grain and
maize straw. Keeping in view of the importance of silage this trial
was planned to compare different varieties of maize fodder for silage
quality.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Khalid Hussain, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS Varieties
T1 = Silage A (S-2002)
T2 = Silage B (Faisalabad Makai)
T3 = Silage C (FH-1046)
T4 = Silage D (FH-793)
T5 = Silage E (EV-77)
T6 = Silage F (EV-78)
METHODOLOGY Crop will be sown at farm area Biochemistry Section AARI,
Faisalabad during august by following RCBD with three replications.
Ten Kg sample of each fodder variety will be collected at milk stage
and silage will be prepared by keeping them in an-aerobic conditions
in air tight polyethylene bags for 35-45 days. Silage samples of each
variety will be analyzed for dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, crude
fiber, ash, Ca and P
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-26
26
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MAIZE FODDER.
Treatment Dry
matter
(%)
Ash (%) Crude fat
(%)
Phosphor
us (%)
Calcium
(%)
Crude
protein
(%)
S-2002 22.20bc 8.96 2.54 0.13a 0.080ab 12.22a
FSD Makai 21.96c 8.96 2.55 0.11ab 0.077ab 10.19b
FH-1046 23.77a 9.51 2.63 0.10b 0.083a 11.91a
FH-793 23.57ab 9.63 2.60 0.12ab 0.083a 10.63b
EV-77 24.20a 8.92 2.60 0.12ab 0.064b 11.85a
EV-78 19.66b 8.94 2.41 0.11ab 0.077b 12.21a
C.V (%) 3.74 Ns NS 11.11 13.37 4.18
LSD 1.532 - - 0.023 0.018 0.875
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SILAGE
Treatment Dry
matter
(%)
Ash (%) Crude fat
(%)
Phosphor
us (%)
Calcium
(%)
Crude
protein
(%)
S-2002 21.47a 9.10c 1.89b 0.16 0.188 12.73a
FSD Makai 21.23a 9.49bc 1.98ab 0.15 0.115 10.59bc
FH-1046 20.60ab. 9.44bc 1.45cd 0.15 0.103 12.45a
FH-793 18.80b 10.40a 1.54c 0.14 0.113 11.00b
EV-77 18.81b 9.97ab 1.25d 0.14 0.095 12.60a
EV-78 19.17b 9.85ab 2.10a 0.15 0.117 12.75a
C.V (%) 5.13 4.13 4.72 NS NS 5.21
LSD 1.867 0.728 0.147 - - 1.143
Conclusion.
Best silage was obtained in S-2002 and FH-1046 due to higher crude
protein contents (12.73 & 12.45%) respectively.
27
TITLE-16
QUALITY OF OKRA AS INFLUENCED BY FOLIAR
APPLICATION OF BORON AND ZINC.
OBJECTIVES Boron and zinc play an important role directly and indirectly in
improving the yield and quality of fruits and vegetables. Keeping in
view, this study is planned to see the effect of boron and zinc on
quality of okra.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Maryam Sarfraz, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS T1 Control (No Zn, No B)
T2 Zn 0.2% + B 0.1%
T3 Zn 0.4% + B 0.2
T4 Zn 0.6% + B 0.3%
T5 Zn 0.8% + B 0.4%
METHODOLOGY Crop will be sown in February at Biochemistry Section AARI,
Faisalabad by following RCBD with three replications.
Recommended dose of PK will be applied at the time of sowing
while N will be applied in two splits first at the time of sowing and
second after thirty days. Four sprays will be applied, each after 15
days of germination. Spray will be done according to the treatment.
Samples of different picking will be collected after three days of
interval. Composite sample of each picking will be kept in oven for
dry matter. Source of Zn will be Zn SO4.7H2O, and source of B will
be Boric acid (H3BO3). Samples will be collected and analyzed for
dry matter, moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, NFE, Zn
and B
PREVIOUS YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-28
28
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF OKRA
Treatments
Yield
(t/ha)
Dry
Matter
(%)
Moisture
(%) Ash (%)
Crude
Protein
(%)
Crude Fat
(%)
T1 8.68 a 12.5 a 87.5 a 0.87 a 1.95 c 0.18 a
T2 7.27 ab 12.4 a 87.6 a 0.87 a 2.04 bc 0.20 a
T3 7.78 ab 12.5 a 87.5 a 0.84 a 2.11 ab 0.18 a
T4 7.52 ab 13.3 a 86.7 a 0.88 a 2.16 a 0.21 a
T5 6.80 b 12.1 a 87.9 a 0.84 a 2.16 a 0.20 a
CV 9.33 5.05 0.73 3.52 2.28 7.04
LSD 1.37 1.195 1.195 0.057 0.089 0.026
Conclusion
T4 was found better due to high dry matter (13.3%), Ash (0.88%), crude Protein
(2.16%) and Crude Fat (0.21%) where Zn was applied @ 0.6 % and B @ 0.3 %.
29
TITLE-17 CAROTENE, SUGAR AND VITAMIN-C CONTENTS IN
CARROTS AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
POTASSIUM
OBJECTIVES
Potassium is a multipurpose element and involve in the synthesis of
carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and organic acids. It also acts as
enzyme activator, osmo-regulator and help in opening and closing of
leave stomata. The K involves in crop quality by controlling NO3
accumulation in plant leaves, result in higher crude protein and
soluble amino acids. Michalik (1985), Evers (1989), Base and Sam
(1990) reported that carotene contents of roots were significantly
influenced by nitrogen and potassium application. To find out the
most effective dose of K fertilizer for obtaining good quality carrot
high in carotene, sugars and vitamin-C.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Maryam Sarfraz, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS
Recommended dose of NPK = 60-100-60 kg ha-1
Treatment Potassium (kg ha-1)
T1 0
T2 40
T3 60
T4 80
T5 100
T6 120
T7 140
METHODOLOGY Experiment will be sown during the month of September at
Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad by following RCBD with
three replications. Recommended dose of NP and different doses of
K will be applied to the field. Fresh carrot samples will be collected
from each replication and analyzed for juice %, pulp %, root shoot
ratio, color, firmness, dry matter, ash, reducing, non reducing, total
sugars, vitamin-C, TSS and vitamin-A (carotene)
PREVIOUS YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-30
30
PHSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CARROTS
Treatments
Yield
(t/ha)
Shoot
Wt
(t/ha)
Root
Shoot
Ratio
Dry Matter
(%) Ash (%)
Ascorbic
Acid
(mg/100ml)
T1 19.0 b 24.8 b 0.8 9.93 b 0.64 5.7 e
T2 21.4 ab 24.4 b 0.9 8.47 c 0.81 6.1 d
T3 22.2 ab 26.1 b 0.9 7.50 d 0.69 6.7 c
T4 25.2 a 26.7 b 1.0 7.13 d 0.76 6.8 c
T5 25.5 a 27.1 b 1.0 9.57 b 0.71 7.5 b
T6 25.8 a 34.5 a 0.7 10.63 a 0.82 8.0 a
T7 22.0 ab 25.5 b 0.8 8.67 c 0.67 7.1 c
CV 10.86 13.00 NS 3.97 NS 3.22
LSD 4.374 6.251 0.625 0.393
Treatments Pulp % Juice % TSS
Reducing
sugar (%)
Total
sugar (%)
Non
reducing
sugar (%)
T1 54.12 41.43 b 8.3 b 3.25 c 5.14 b 1.79 a
T2 56.44 47.50 ab 9.1 ab 3.58 bc 5.14 b 1.48 a
T3 58.46 43.83 ab 9.1 ab 3.57 bc 5.30 ab 1.65 a
T4 50.74 46.15 ab 9.6 ab 3.95 bc 5.41 ab 1.39 a
T5 55.83 49.36 a 10.1 a 4.19 ab 5.51 a 1.25 ab
T6 53.81 48.36 ab 10.1 a 4.92 a 5.52 a 0.57 b
T7 56.77 44.88 ab 9.6 ab 3.93 bc 5.37 ab 1.37 ab
CV NS 8.70 9.34 12.14 2.96 33.91
LSD 7.108 1.565 0.845 0.281 0.819
Conclusion:
It is concluded that maximum yield (25.8 t/ha), shoot weight (34.5 t/ha), dry
matter (10.63%), ash (0.82%), ascorbic acid (8.0mg/100ml), TSS (10.1), reducing sugar
(4.92%) and total sugar (5.52%) was found in T6 where potassium was applied @ 120 kg/ha.
31
TITLE-18 TEMPORAL CHANGES IN AFLATOXIN CONTENT OF
CEREAL GRAINS AFFECTED BY STORAGE LENGTH
OBJECTIVES
Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) are a group of naturally occurring
compounds called mycotoxin, produced by certain moulds
growing on some food crops during production and storage.
Alfatoxin are produced by aspergillus flavus. They occur mainly
in ground nuts (peanuts) edible nuts, dried, figs, species and maize
product. This study is planned to find out the aflatoxin in rice and
corn at different storage interval.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Maryam Sarfraz, Muhammad Zaighum Mushtaq, Nisar Ahmad
and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS T1 Control (At the first day of storage)
T2 After 90 days of storage
T3 After 180 days of storage
T4 After 270 days of storage
T5 After 360 days of storage
METHODOLOGY 10 kg corn and rice samples were collected and stored during the
months of November and December, 2012 at room temperature for
aflatoxin contents analysis. Samples were drawn after every ninety
days interval and analyzed for aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2).
Samples will be drawn from the same storage bulk and will be
analyzed for aflatoxin after every ninety days. Temperature and
humidity will be recorded at first week of every month.
Experiment will be continued till the contamination is found.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page- 32
32
AFLATOXIN CONTENT IN CEREAL GRAINS
Conclusion:
No aflatoxin content was found in rice / corn even after 540 days of storage up
till now.
Treatments Rice Corn
G1 G2 B1 B2 G1 G2 B1 B2
T3 (July)
(After 180
days storage)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T4
(November)
(After 270
days storage)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T5 (March)
(After 360
days storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T6 (June)
(After 450
days storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T7
(September)
(After 540
days storage
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
33
TITLE-19 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT
PEAR VARIETIES
OBJECTIVES
The pear is ranked second after apple among global production of
deciduous fruit pre species (Ozturk et.at., 2009). Pear is not only a
good source of abundant vitamin-C and potassium but also contain
lower calories than citrus & apple (Xie et.al., 2007). The present
study is planned to evaluate the nutritional quality of different pear
varieties.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Hafsa Zafar, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad in collaboration with
Horticultural Research Station Soon Valley.
TREATMENTS 1. William
2. Concord
3. Santa Maria
4. Pre cocea
5. Leconte
6. Baggu gosha
METHODOLOGY Ten samples of each variety will be collected from Horticultural
Research Station Soon valley, Khushab at maturity stage during the
month of July. After recording fresh weight, Pulp %, Juice %, seed
%, diameter, firmness, juice will be extracted and analyzed for
vitamin- C, Reducing non- reducing and total invert sugars, pH,
acidity and firmness
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-34
34
Physicochemical analysis of Pear:
Treatments
Fresh
Weight
(g/fruit)
Diameter
(mm)
Firmness
(kg)
TSS
(%)
pH
Baggu
Gosha 89.9 b 53.58 b 7.55 a 12.5 a 5.03 a
William 97.7 b 54.4 b 6.54 b 10.4 d 4.72 b
Concord 95.7 c 49.93 c 6.50 b 11.3 c 4.7 c
Precocae 119.9 a 61.57 a 8.00 a 12.6 a 4.44 d
Lecont 99.5 b 56.06 b 5.83 b 11.5 b 4.68 c
Santa Maria 93.2 b 55.59 b 6.66 b 10.1 e 4.28 e
C.V 15.04 5.09 9.70 0.77 0.233
LSD 12.91 2.52 0.867 0.1569 0.0192
Treatments
Reducing
Sugar(%)
Total
Sugar
(%)
Non
Reducing
Sugar
(%)
Juice
(%)
Seed
(%)
Pulp
(%)
Baggu Gosha 5.5 ab 6.7 bc 1.1 c 49.84 a 15.9 a 34.2 c
William 4.9 c 6.4 cd 1.5 b 38.44 bc 15.0 ab 46.5 ab
Concord 5.5 ab 7.3 a 1.8 a
43.28
abc 13.8 ab 42.9 b
Precocae 5.1 c 6.5 c 1.4 b 36.89 c 8.7 c 54.4 a
Lecont 5.2 bc 7.0 ab 1.7 a 48.23 a 9.9 c 41.9 bc
Santa Maria 5.6 a 6.2 d 0.7 d 46.32 ab 13.4 b 40.3 bc
C.V 3.62 2.82 7.78 14.59 15.12 14.66
LSD 0.3407 0.335 0.1875 8.35 2.2 8.29
Conclusion
Fresh weight (119.9 g / fruit), diameter (61.57 mm), firmness (8.00 kg) and TSS
(12.6 %) was found better in Precocae whereas total sugar was better in Concord (7.3 %) and
Lecont (7.0 %). Baggu gosha (49.84%) and Lecont (48.23 %) showed better Juice.
35
TITLE -20 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN KINNOW QUALITY
INDUCED BY HARVESTING TIMES AND GEOGRAPHICAL
ZONES
OBJECTIVES Citrus occupies a prominent position in the fruit industry of the world.
In Pakistan, kinnow is the leading citrus cultivator with 70% share of
total citrus production (Khan et.al., 2010). Nutritional quality of fruits
is influenced by regional changes and harvesting time (Iqbal, 2012).
Promotion campaigns including quality, convenience and taste
characteristics may play an important role in order to increase demand
for kinnow (Saunt, 1990). So this study is planned to find the best
harvesting time and region for good quality of kinnow.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammaf Arfan-ul-Haq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section, AARI, Faisalabad.
TREATMENTS Sampling intervals
i. February(last week)
ii. March (last week)
METHODOLOGY Ten samples (9 kinnow per sample) will be collected from the farmer’s
field of the following locations at three intervals by using RCBD with
three replications and analyzed for quality parameters.
1) Faisalabad
2) Sargodha (Kotmomin and Bhalwal)
3) Layyah
4) Vehari
5) Toba Tek Singh
Data regarding fruit weight, size, no. of seeds per fruit, peel, pulp and
juice % will be recorded. Juice of the samples will be extracted and
analyzed for pH, TSS, vitamin-C, reducing, non reducing and total
invert sugars. Metrological data will also be collected.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-36
36
Physicochemical analysis of Kinnow
Table: 1
Table: 2
Districts
Peel (%) Juice (%) Pulp (%)
February March Mean February March Mean February March Mean
Sargodha 24.80 22.90 23.84c 46.40 48.99 47.69a 27.60 26.78 27.20bc
T.T.Singh 26.30 25.70 26.00b 43.70 45.37 44.55c 28.50 27.22 27.84
ab
Vehari 28.50 27.25 27.86a 42.60 46.39 44.49c 27.70 24.56 26.10c
layyah 26.60 25.68 26.13b 41.90 43.64 42.78d 29.70 28.62 29.15 a
Faisalabad 23.70 23.64 23.66c 46.60 46.34 46.48b 28.10 28.22 28.15ab
Mean 25.97a 25.03b 44.25b 46.15a 28.30a 27.07b
C.V (%) 5.21 3.87 7.97
LSD
location 0.846 1.115 1.406
LSD time 0.652 0.854 0.925
Districts
Seed (%) Diameter (mm) pH
February March Mean February March Mean February March Mean
Sargodha 1.18 1.33 1.26d 77.60 78.62 78.11ab 3.47 3.36 3.41b
T.T.Singh 1.51 1.71 1.61c 74.39 79.27 76.83b 3.67 3.70 3.68a
Vehari 1.30 1.80 1.55c 79.00 80.05 79.52a 3.73 3.59 3.65a
layyah 1.80 2.07 1.93a 71.39 75.83 73.61c 3.45 3.44 3.45b
Faisalabad 1.61 1.80 1.70b 74.96 78.44 76.70b 3.60 3.58 3.59a
Mean 1.47b 1.74a 75.47b 78.44a 3.58 3.53
C.V (%) 11.93 5.42 4.71
LSD
location 0.122 2.656 0.107
LSD time 0.087 1.562 ns
37
Table: 3
Conclusion:
Considering districts samples of Sargodha showed maximum results regarding
different quality parameters like TSS, Total Sugars, Vitmain-C and Juice percentage while
February was found batter sampling time as compared to March regarding different quality
parameter.
Districts
Ascorbic Acid (mg/100g) TSS (%) Total Sugars (%)
February March Mean February March Mean February March Mean
Sargodha 16.40 14.49 15.44a 15.13 13.38 14.26a 13.02 11.29 12.15a
T.T.Singh 15.50 13.76 14.63b 13.34 10.43 11.88c 11.38 8.80 10.09c
Vehari 15.98 13.40 14.69b 13.61 12.20 12.91b 11.58 10.29 10.94b
layyah 14.46 12.58 13.52c 14.30 12.18 13.24b 12.24 10.59 11.41b
Faisalabad 14.09 12.56 13.32c 14.00 12.09 13.03b 12.00 10.46 11.23b
Mean 15.29a 13.36b 14.07a 12.06b 12.04a 10.29b
C.V (%) 7.07 8.61 9.55
LSD
location 0.645 0.716 0.679
LSD time 0.439 0.335 0.316
38
TITLE-21 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF
ORGANICALLY AND INORGANICALLY GROWN
TOMATO
OBJECTIVES
Organic farming is a production system which avoids or largely
excludes the use of synthetic and inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and
growth regulators. So this study is planned to give comparative
nutritional quality evaluation of organically and inorganically grown
crops.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Arfan-ul-Haq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS T1. Inorganic (Tomato grown using inorganic fertilizer @ 85-75-
60 kg ha-1 NPK)
T2. Organic (Tomato grown using Press mud on N-equivalent
basis)
METHODOLOGY Crop will be sown at farm area of Biochemistry section using T test
with 9 replications. Chemical analysis of press mud will be carried
out for NPK. Press mud will be applied two months prior to
transplanting while half dose of N and full dose of P & K will be
applied at the time of transplanting. Remaining half dose of N will be
applied at flowering stage. Inorganic tomatoes will be treated using
different synthetic chemicals e.g. fertilizer, pesticide etc. while no
chemical will be applied on organic tomatoes. Samples will be
collected, dried, ground and analyzed for dry matter, crude fat, crude
protein, crude fiber, ash, Ca, P and K.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-43
39
YIELD & CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TOMATO
Conclusion:
Inorganic tomatoes gave higher yield (24.9 t ha) while organic tomatoes gave
higher dry matter (8.38 %), crude protein (1.69 %) and ash (1.18%).
Treatments Yield (t/ha) Dry Matter
(%)
Crude Protein (%) Ash (%)
Inorganic 24.19 7.72 1.43 1.06
Organic 17.82 8.38 1.69 1.18
α-value 0.0002 0.0009 0.00041 0.323
40
TITLE-22 NUTRITIONAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF
ORGANICALLY AND INORGANICALLY GROWN OKRA
OBJECTIVES
Organic farming is a production system which avoids or largely
excludes the use of synthetic and inorganic fertilizers, pesticides
and growth regulators. So this study is planned to give comparative
nutritional quality evaluation of organically and inorganically
grown crops.
RESEARCH
WORKERS
Muhammad Arfan-ul-Haq, Nisar Ahmad and Umar Farooq
DURATION 2012-15
LOCATION Biochemistry Section AARI, Faisalabad
TREATMENTS T1. Inorganic (Okra grown using inorganic fertilizer @ 85-75-60
kg ha-1 NPK)
T2. Organic (Okra grown using Press mud on N-equivalent basis)
METHODOLOGY Crop will be sown at farm area of Biochemistry section using T test
with 9 replications. Chemical analysis of press mud will be carried
out for NPK. Press mud will be applied two months prior to sowing
while half dose of N and full dose of P & K will be applied at the
time of sowing. Remaining half dose of N will be applied at
flowering stage. Inorganic okra will be treated using different
synthetic chemicals e.g. fertilizer, pesticide etc. while no chemical
will be applied on organic okra. Samples will be collected, dried,
ground and analyzed for dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, crude
fiber, ash, Ca, P and K.
PREVIOUS
YEAR,S
RESULTS
Page-45
41
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF OKRA
Conclusion:
Inorganic okra gave higher yield (13.15 %) and crude fat (0.374 %) while organic
okra gave higher dry matter (13.73%), ash (0.968%), crude protein (2.407%), K (2.09%), P
(1.548%) and Ca (0.693%).
Treatments Yield
(t/ha)
Dry
Mtter
(%)
Crude
Fat
(%)
Ash
(%)
Crude
Protien
(%)
K (%) P (%) Ca (%)
Inorganic 13.15 11.95 0.374 0.964 2.136 1.71 1.445 0.558
Organic 7.61 13.73 0.295 0.968 2.407 2.09 1.548 0.693
α-value 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.882 0.0256 0.143 0.0978 0.0149
42
ADVISORY SERVICE 2013-14
S.
No.
Source Name of
sample
No. of
samples
Analysis Detail
1 Fodder Research Institute Sargodha Sorghum 21 Crude Protein
2 Post Harvest Research Center
Faisalabad
Guar splits 01 Gum, protein,
fiber, fat,
minerals
3 Food Technology Section, AARI,
Faisalabad
Food bars 07 Crude Protein
4 Food Technology Section, AARI,
Faisalabad
Food bars 06 Crude Protein
5 Post Harvest Research Center
Faisalabad
Guar 01 Gum, protein,
fiber, fat,
minerals
6 Plant Pathology Section, AARI,
Faisalabad
Cotton seed 08 Crude Fat
7 Post Harvest Research Center
Faisalabad
Poultry feed 04 Crude Protein
8 Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad wheat 01 Dry matter, ash,
crude protein
9 Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad Wheat flour 14 Crude Fat,
Crude protein
10 Plant Physiology Section, AARI,
Faisalabad
Stevia 01 Ash
11 Post Harvest Research Center
Faisalabad
avocado 02 Crude protein,
TSS, Acidity &
pH
12 Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad Wheat flour 07 Crude fat
13 Food Technology Section, AARI,
Faisalabad
Biscuits 07 Crude fat
14 Sugarcane Research Institute
Faisalabad
Press mud 01 Moisture,
nitrogen
15 Regional Agri. Research Institute
Bahawalpur
Guar seed 15 Crude protein,
Gum, germ
+meal & husk
16 Food Technology Section, Faisalabad Biscuits 11 Crude protein
17 Regional Agri. Research Institute
Bahawalpur
Guar seed 01 Crude protein,
Gum, germ +
meal & husk
18 Food Technology Section, Faisalabad Meat 05 Crude fat
19 Food Technology Section, Faisalabad Food bars 24 Crude protein
20 Fodder Research Institute Sargodha Sorghum 05 Protein & ash
21 Sugarcane Research Institute
Faisalabad
Press mud 02 Moisture, NPK
Total 144
