Annual Plenary Meeting of ERMES...TUG Volvo 7700 Hybrid solo bus, 12.155t EEV DieselhybridSCR+DPF 158 kW Diesel 120 kW Elektro4760 X finalised Vienna TUG Iveco Iris Citelis Hybridsolo

Institute for Internal Combustion Engine and Thermodynamics

27.09.2012 Vehicle Emissions Stefan Hausberger 1

Annual Plenary Meeting of ERMES

(European Research on Mobile Emission Sources)

Brussels

27 September 2012

Input TUG

Stefan Hausberger

1) Overview of the measurement programs on LDV and HDV

2) Overview ERMES-Evaluation tool for instantaneous emission tests



Tasks Vehicle and engine tests serve:

• As data base for direct analysis (change over EURO-classes, fuel effects, etc.)

• As input to produce engine emission maps for the simulation tool PHEM

PHEM then simulates emission factors for traffic situations defined by vehicle

speed + gradient cycles

COPERT

National

Models

National /lab

data

Common data

base

„Average

speed model“

PHEM HBEFA

Driving behaviour data

representative cycles

Emission

measurements

Emission factor

models

Emission inventory

models



Emission-Maps

Pe

Em

• For cost reasons transient cycles are used ( ≥ 1 Hz)

Accurate evaluation of modal emissions necessary

Sophisticated vehicle and test stand specific correction for

exhaust gas transport time, mixing effects and response times

(allocation of emission event to Pe and rpm)

• Standardised result file formats for data base needed

“ERMES Tool” to have common evaluation tool

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

time [s]

fuel

con

sum

ptio

n [g

/h]

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

norm

alis

ed e

ngin

e sp

eed

and

pow

er [

-]

fuel consumption

normalised engine power

normalised engine speed

Modal emissions sorted in

normalised rpm/Pe grids

Production of engine maps in PHEM



Pe n

Em

Emission-Maps

Gear shift model

Transmission ratios

Driving resistances Losses in drivetrain

Vehicle data

Gradient

Driving Cycle in 1Hz

Velocity

Gear optional

Emissions Fuel consumption

Transient correction

Thermal behavious of catalysts

Cold start

SCR -10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1600 1625 1650 1675 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800

time [s]

FC

[k

g/h

]

0

5

10

15

20

25

CO

[g

/h]

Optional: HEV

Routines



Coordination of test programs HDV

Tasks: fill gaps for EURO V vehicles and measure EURO VI vehicles/engines

Status test programmes reported to TUG (with funding):

* 3 engines at TÜV (BAST); status = 1 finalised

* 3 vehicles at TUG (BAFU); status = 1 finalised

* 1 vehicle at TUG (UBA-AUT); status = finalised

* PEMS tests at AVL-MTC and at TUG (see separate slides)

? 3 vehicles at TUG, funding in discussion with BMVIT-AUT

(incl. PHEM parameterisation for EURO VI engines).

General problem: EURO VI vehicle and engine availability



Coordination of test programs HDV Overview on chassis dyno and engine tests

Available 01/2013 in ideal case: 15 EU V and 6 EU VI

La

bo

rato

ry

engine and vehicle ve

hic

le t

yp

e /

gro

ss

ve

hic

le

we

igh

t

ce

rtif

ica

tio

n

lev

el

tec

hn

olo

gy

(SC

R, E

GR

, P

M-

Ca

t,…

)

rate

d e

ng

ine

po

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r [k

W]

en

gin

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es

t b

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rolle

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sta

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ry

tra

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ien

t

status of measurements (planned for

month/year; finalised etc.) Budget

HBEFA 3.1 9 EU IV EGR&SCR in HBEFA3.1

HBEFA 3.1 7 EURO V SCR in HBEFA3.2

HBEFA 3.1 0 EURO V EGR in HBEFA3.3

TUGengine: D2066 LF23

vehicle: MAN TGA 18.440

delivery

truck, 18t Euro V SCR 325 X X Xfinalised open

TUGengine: DC 13 05

vehicle: R400 LA4x2MNA

road tractor,

18t Euro V EGR 324 X Xfinalised UBA AT (10k€)

TUGengine: ??????

vehicle: MAN ??? Euro V EGR ??? X Xplaned for Oct/Nov 2012 BAFU (10k€)

TUGengine: OM 471 LA 6-4

vehicle: MB Actros 1845 LS

road tractor,

18t Euro VI

EGR, DPF,

SCR 330 X Xfinalised open (BMVIT 28k€?)

TUGengine: DC 13

vehicle: Scania R LA 4x2

road tractor,

18t Euro VI

EGR, DPF,

SCR ??? X Xplanned for Oct 2012 open (BMVIT 28k€?)

TUGengine: Cursor HI-eSCR

vehicle: IVECO STRALIS Hi-Way

road tractor,

18t Euro VI DPF, SCR ??? X Xvehicle availibility open BAFU (10k€)

TÜV Nordengine: DC 13

vehicle: Scania R LA 4x2

road tractor,

18t Euro VI

EGR, DPF,

SCR ??? X Xmeasurements finalised (BAST project) BAST

TÜV Nordengine: OM 471

vehicle: - - - - - --- Euro VI

EGR, DPF,

SCR ??? X Xmeasurements planned for autumn 2012 (BAST project)BAST

TÜV Nordengine: MAN

vehicle: - - - - - --- Euro VI

EGR, DPF,

SCR ??? X Xmeasurements planned for autumn 2012 (BAST project)BAST

tbd. DAFroad tractor,

18t Euro V SCR

tbd.RENAULT (engines different from

VOLVO)

road tractor,

18t Euro V SCR

tbd. DAIMLERroad tractor,

18t

Euro V / EEV (last

generation) SCR

tbd. IVECOroad tractor,

18t Euro V SCR

New tests EURO V

New tests EURO VI

Budget for 1 veh.

BAFU



Coordination of test programs HDV Overview on PMES tests at AVL MTC: 15 vehicles, 8 applicable for basic

emission factors (others are driven with alternative fuels)

La

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n

lev

el

tec

hn

olo

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(SC

R, E

GR

, P

M-

Ca

t,…

)

rate

d e

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ine

po

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W]

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status of measurements (planned for

month/year; finalised etc.) Budget

AVL MTCvehicle: Nissan Atleon 70.14

Euro IV SCR 103 X Xmeasurements finalised, data submitted

AVL MTCengine: ?

vehicle: MAN TGL 12.240

delivery

truck, 12t Euro IV EGR 176 X X Xmeasurements finalised, data submitted

AVL MTCengine: ?

vehicle: Scania CK270 city bus, 18t Euro V EEV SCR 199 X X X Xmeasurements finalised, data submitted

AVL MTCengine: ?

vehicle: MAN A26 city bus, 18t Euro IV EEV SCR 228 X Xmeasurements finalised, data submitted

AVL MTCengine: ?

vehicle: Volvo FL 240

delivery

truck, 12t Euro V SCR? 181 X Xmeasurements finalised, data submitted

AVL MTCengine: ?

Vehicle: Volvo B12M 9700S Euro V EEV SCR 250 measurements finalised, please submit data

AVL MTCengine: ?

Vehicle: Volvo B12M 9700S Euro V EEV SCR 250 measurements finalised

AVL MTCengine: ?

Vehicle: MAN TGL 12.240 (re-

delivery

truck, 12t Euro IV EGR 176 X XRe-tested due to high Nox emissions at first test run.

AVL MTCengine: ?

Vehicle: Volvo FH16 90-tonnes truck Euro IV SCR 515 Xstatus unknown, please submit data

AVL MTCengine: ?

Vehicle: Volvo FH480 truck Euro V SCR X

AVL MTCengine: ?

Vehicle: Scania bus Euro V EGR Xno ECU-connection

AVL MTCengine:? Vehicle MAN TGX

26.480 truck Euro V EGR 353 Xmeasurements finalised, data submitted

AVL MTCengine? Vehicle IVECO 150E25

truck Euro V SCR 185 Xmeasurements finalised, data submitted

AVL MTCengine:?Vehicle Renault Mascot

160.65 truck Euro IV EGR 115 Xstatus unknown, please submit data

AVL MTCengine:? VehicleVolvo FL6

truck Euro III 154 X

type of testing

AVL-MTC PEMS Tests



Coordination of test programs HDV PMES tests at TUG: 27 city buses tested, 11 diesel, 9 HEV, 5 CNG, 2 LPG

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fue

l ty

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(SC

R, E

GR

, P

M-

Ca

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)

rate

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ca

pa

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dm

³]

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status of

measurements

(planned for

month/year;

finalised etc.) Budget

TUG MAN Lions City G articulated bus, 17.25t EEV LPG 3-way cat 200kW @2200 12816 X finalised Vienna

TUG EVOBUS Citaro articulated bus, 17.84t EEV CNG Oxikat 240@2000 11967 X finalised Vienna

TUG

EVOBUS Capa CityO 530

GL articulated bus, 19.1t EEV Diesel SCR 260@2000 11967 X finalised Vienna

TUG EVOBUS Citaro articulated bus, 17.94t EEV Diesel SCR 260@2000 11967 X finalised Vienna

TUG Solaris Urbino articulated bus, 16.92t EEV Diesel SCR+PM Kat 266@1900 9186 X finalised Vienna

TUG Solaris Urbino Hybrid articulated bus, 18.14t EEV DieselhybridSCR+DPF 180,5kW Diesel, 2x75kW E-Motoren6692 X finalised Vienna

TUG EVOBUS Citaro Hybrid articulated bus, 18.82t EEV DieselhybridSCR 160kW Diesel, 4x87 kW E-Motoren0 X finalised Vienna

TUG EVOBUS Citaro articulated bus, 16.855t EURO VI Diesel SCR+DPF 265@1800 10677 X finalised Vienna

TUG

Solaris Urbino Hybrid

Vossloh Kippe EEV Dieselhybrid 0 210 kW Diesel, 240kW E-Motor6700 X finalised Vienna

TUG

IVECO System Heulies

Dieslehybrid articulated bus, 0t EEV Dieselhybrid 0 0 Daten werden nachgereichtX finalised Vienna

TUG MAN Lions City articulated bus, 12.57t IV LPG 3-way cat 200@2200 12816 X finalised Vienna

TUG MAN Lions City articulated bus, 12.5t EEV CNG 3-way cat 180@2200 11967 X finalised Vienna

TUG MAN Lions City solo bus, 12.35t EEV CNG 3-way cat 228@2000 12816 X finalised Vienna

TUG EVOBUS Citaro O530 solo bus, 11.95t EEV CNG Oxikat 260@2000 11967 X finalised Vienna

TUG IVECO Iris solo bus, 12.6t EEV CNG 3-way cat 213@2000 7800 X finalised Vienna

TUG EVOBUS Citaro O530 solo bus, 10.77t EEV Diesel SCR 228@2000 6370 X finalised Vienna

TUG Solaris Urbino solo bus, 11.51t EEV Diesel SCR+PM Kat 231@1900 9186 X finalised Vienna

TUG VDL Citea solo bus, 11.21t 5 Diesel SCR 231@1900 9186 X finalised Vienna

TUG Temsa Avenue solo bus, 10.88t EEV Diesel SCR 231@2300 9186 X finalised Vienna

TUG MAN Lions City solo bus, 11.74t EEV Diesel DPF 235@1900 10518 X finalised Vienna

TUG IVECO Iris solo bus, 11.9t EEV Diesel SCR 213@2200 7800 X finalised Vienna

TUG Solaris Urbino Hybrid solo bus, 11.4t EEV DieselhybridSCR+PM Kat 160 kW Diesel 44 kW Elektro6692 X finalised Vienna

TUG MAN Lions City Hybrid solo bus, 12.785t EEV DieselhybridSCR+DPF 318 kW Diesel 2x75kW Elektro6871 X finalised Vienna

TUG Volvo 7700 Hybrid solo bus, 12.155t EEV DieselhybridSCR+DPF 158 kW Diesel 120 kW Elektro4760 X finalised Vienna

TUG Iveco Iris Citelis Hybrid solo bus, 0t EEV DieselhybridSCR 220 kW Diesel 175 kW Elektro5880 X finalised Vienna

TUG VDL (2012) Citea solo bus, 11.21t EEV Diesel SCR 231@1900 9186 X finalised Vienna

TUG Volvo (2012) 7700 Hybrid solo bus, 12.155t EEV DieselhybridSCR+DPF 158 kW Diesel 120 kW Elektro4760 X finalised Vienna

Type of tests



Results for 1 EURO VI semi-trailer



Results for PEMS measurements TUG, city buses (12m, 2 axis)

EU V and EEV



Summary HDV

If project offered to BMVIT will be funded, sufficient measurement

budget is available. Availability of EURO VI HDV limited yet.

Budget to convert tests into engine maps from PHEM and to produce

emission factors still open.

First results show:

The 1 tested HDV EURO V with EGR has somewhat higher NOx at low

velocities than assumed in HBEFA 3.1

The 1 EURO VI vehicle has even lower NOx than assumed in HBEFA 3.1



Coordination of test programs passenger cars

Tests on EU 5+6 from JRC, EMPA, TNO, TUG and ADAC shall be available.

Until now data from TUG+ADAC available at TUG

Availability further data needs cooperation agreement to be signed?

Total vehicles tested in NEDC + real world cycles yet, if data will be submitted:

Lab EU5 SI EU5 CI EU6 SI EU6 CI

TNO 5 7 - 3

ADAC 1 3 - 1

TUG 5 5 - 5

EMPA 10 4

JRC 8 4

Total 29 23 0 8 (7 diff. Models)

Detailed list with makes and models regularly distributed by TUG

If further budget available:

Test EURO 6 (if additional models become available)



Preliminary results test programs Diesel passenger cars

Bars show 95% confidence interval

Status= EU 5: 16 cars

EU 6 : 5 cars



Preliminary results test programs Diesel passenger cars



EU 6 : 5 cars



Preliminary results test programs Gasoline passenger cars



EU 6 : 0 cars



Summary LDV

Available measured number of vehicles ok, if all announced data made

available

Number of EURO 6 vehicles on the market limited yet

How long shall we wait with update emission factors for more cars ?

Budget from JRC and UBA-Germany available for evaluation, engine

map production and for emission factor production at TUG.

Open: shall we produce data sets in PHEM for HEV and BEV?

First results show:

• The EURO 6 cars tested seem to have as low emissions as assumed

in HBEFA 3.1. However, until now only 3 BMW, 1 Audi, 1 Mazda have

been tested.

• EURO 5 diesel seem to have higher NOx than assumed in HBEFA 3.1

• PM and PN emissions are low for diesel with DPF

• Further analysis to be done with complete data set



ERMES Tool

Evaluation of modal test data needs experience and some

standardisation to produce reliable transient engine maps if input

comes from different labs.

Excel macros and test bed driver proved not to be a harmonic

combination

Collected bag data was hard to analyse

Engine emission maps produced only from EMPA and TUG data

TUG automatizes the evaluation (ppm to g/s to g/km) for

• undiluted and diluted measurements

• Cars, HDV and HDE

• for all test cycles

With “model mapper” to be applied at all test beds

Includes all corrections and shall include also tool to correct for

variable time shifting of emission signals.



ERMES Tool, some features

Designed for vehicle and engine tests. Introduction of “norm-names” and data

load ramps for “easy” application on other test stands, e.g. chassis dyno:



ERMES Tool, some features

Correction of measured emissions also for modal data



ERMES Tool, Status Much more work than assumed (10 months yet)

Introduced 1.10.2012 at TUG chassis dynamometer for pass cars



ERMES Tool, next steps

Application for other TUG test stands approx. November 2012

Implementation of advanced time shift correction planned until Dec. 2012

Application for other labs: > Dec. 2012

Possible next steps for interested labs:

“Demo-day” either via WebEx or life

If tool is required by more ERMES labs:

a) Share development costs

b) Find common funding

Adaptation of ERMES Tool to test stand specific file formats, analyser specifications

etc. is assumed to take > 0.5 man months!



Efas

Documents

Annual Plenary Meeting of ERMES...TUG Volvo 7700 Hybrid solo bus, 12.155t EEV DieselhybridSCR+DPF 158 kW Diesel 120 kW Elektro4760 X finalised Vienna TUG Iveco Iris Citelis Hybridsolo