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Announcements■ Thursday, November 12th at 4:15 PM
– Rough drafts due on turnitin.psu.edu
■ Sites.psu.edu/emotion– Rubric for rough draft– TurnItIn instructions and paraphrasing
examples– APA example paper (updated
yesterday)
■ Exam 3 Grades
Self-Conscious Emotions■ Negatively-valenced
self-conscious emotions– Shame– Guilt– Embarrassment
■ Positively-valenced self-conscious emotions– Pride– Hubris
Self-Conscious Emotions■ Evaluation of the self
■ Cognitively complex
■ Develop later
■ Adaptive
■ Facial and body change
The Top 10!!
■What causes shame or guilt?
■What causes embarrassment?
Top 10 Causes of Shame/Guilt1. Not spending enough time with children, partners, etc.
2. Not losing that extra pound
3. Spending money on yourself
4. Not making your partner happy
5. Always being late
6. Not being the perfect host/hostess
7. Forgetting someone’s birthday
8. Taking some “me” down
9. Letting your parents down
10. Saying “no”
(Mirror, UK)
Top 10 Most Embarrassing Moments
1. Wardrobe Malfunctions
2. Lost for Words
3. Mistaken Baby Bump
4. Romantic Mishaps
5. Looking Foolish
6. Nigel No-Friends
7. Embarrassment by Proxy
8. Dating Disasters
9. Getting caught (i.e., foot in mouth)
10. Clumsy Catastrophes
(Reader’s Digest Australia, 2009)
Two Perspectives
■ Historically, Shame → Public; Guilt → Private
■ Distinct Emotions (Tangney; Keltner)– Shame, guilt, and embarrassment are
different emotions
■ Single-Emotion Theory (Sabini & Silver)– Shame, guilt, and embarrassment are same
emotions
Distinct Emotions Perspective: Shame and GuiltBoth Shame and
Guilt■ Elicited by moral
violation
■ Negative, highly intense
■ Long-lasting
■ Similar Feelings
■ Similar Cognitive Appraisals
Shame (vs. Guilt)
■ More intense, unexpected
■ Greater physiological change (HR, blushing)
■ Less likely to confess, make amends
(Tangney and colleagues, 1996)
Distinct Emotions Perspective: Embarrassment (vs. Shame and Guilt)
■ Elicited by social, not moral convention (or just attention!)
■ Least negative, most fleeting
■ Greater physiological changes (blushing, HR)
■ Fewer moral implications
■ Less self-anger, more amusement
■ Different Cognitive Appraisals
(Tangney and colleagues, 1996)
Distinct Emotions Perspective:Eliciting Stimuli
Shame
• Moral Violations
• Large failure
• Cheating, lying
Guilt
• Moral violations
• Large failure
• Cheating, lying
Embarr
• Social Conventional violation
• Small failure
• tripping
(Keltner & Buswell, 1996, 1997)
Distinct Emotions Perspective: Cognitive Appraisals
■ Guilt = BAD ACT– specific transgression or behavior– “I cheated on this exam – my behavior was
bad, but I’m not a bad person”
■ Shame = BAD SELF– specific transgression + negative
evaluation of global self– “I cheated on this exam - I’m a bad
person”
■ Embarrassment = FOCUS ON SELF– “Those three students saw me cheat and
are looking at me.”
Distinct Emotions Perspective: Subjective Feelings■ All negatively valenced
■ Shame and guilt highly arousing, embarrassment lower in arousal
■ Guilt– Regret, remorse, rumination - nagging focus on
preoccupation with specific transgression, hope– Feelings dissipate faster than shame, slower than guilt
■ Shame– Regret, depression, immoral, disgust, self-directed anger– Feeling physically smaller and inferior to others; feel
people are watching– Feelings are long-lasting
■ Embarrassment– Feeling foolish, stupid, awkward– Feelings dissipate quickly
Distinct Emotions Perspective: Behavior Changes
■ Guilt– Approach Behavior: Desire to act - undo the bad
deed, apologize, confess– Bowed head and frown
■ Shame– Avoidance Behavior: Desire to hide or escape– Do not confess or apologize– Head and gaze down, shrinking of the body
■ Embarrassment– Avoidance Behavior: Blushing, smiling, covering face– Approach Behavior: jokes, smiling, laughing– Approach-and-Avoidance Posture: Gaze aversion +
non-Duchenne smile, nervous touching, looking at and away
Distinct Emotions Perspective
■ IV: 3 emotion events– Think of a time when you felt shame [guilt]
[embarrassment]
■ Then, rated 31 dimensions – Causes, thoughts, feelings, behaviors, presence of other
people
■ Self- and other-attributions– Self-attribution: focused on own thoughts about bad
act– Other-attribution: focused on other people’s thoughts
about bad act(Tangney and colleagues, 1996)
Distinct Emotions Perspective
■ Experienced in private– 10% of guilt events– 18% shame events– 2% embarrassment
events
■ Presence of People– Shame and guilt –
close others– Embarrassment –
acquaintances and strangers
(Tangney and colleagues, 1996)
Embarrassment Guilt Shame0
1
2
3
4
5
Ps' own perceptions of how ridiculous they lookedPs' beliefs about other people's perceptions of how ridicu-lous they looked
Leve
l o
f ri
dic
ulo
usn
ess
On ridiculousness, greater discrepancies between self-attributions
and other-attributions causes embarrassment
When we view the self as more ridiculous than we think other people view
us, this causes embarrassment
Embar-rassment
Guilt Shame0
1
2
3
4
5
Ps' own percpetions of how unforgiveable their behavior wasPs' beliefs about other people's perceptions of how unforgiveable their behavior wasLe
vel of
unfo
rgiv
eable
ness
When we view the self as more unforgiveable than we think other people view us, this
causes shame and guilt
On unforgiveableness, greater discrepancies between self-attributions
and other-attributions causes shame and guilt
Distinct Emotions Perspective
■ All include conscious evaluation of the self
■ Eliciting Stimulus: – Moral vs. Social; Presence of People
■ Avoidance > Shame, Embarrassment, Guilt > Approach
■ Cognitive Appraisals– Self vs. other attributions– Unforgiveable vs. Ridiculous Discrepancies
■ Subjective Feelings – Intensity: Shame > Guilt > Embarrassment– Co-occur with different emotions
Single-Emotion Theory■ Shame, guilt, and E are different words for same emotion
■ Moral and social violations not required cog appraisals– Moral and nonmoral violations cause all 3 emotions
■ Only require cognitive appraisal is evaluation of the self– Core Self vs. Presented Self
■ Shame = flaw in one’s core self
■ Embarrassment = flaw in one’s presented self
– Real Flaw vs. Apparent (possibly visible) Flaw■ Shame = perception of a real flaw in our self or our
character
■ Embarr = perception that other people see a flaw in our self or character (may or may not be accurate)
Being drunk….shame or embarrassment?
■ Distinct Emotions – Embarrassment!
■ Single-Emotion Theory – It depends on the situation!– Does this reveal a real flaw in the person?
■ Being an alcoholic
– Does this reveal an apparent (visible) flaw?■ Being drunk at a graduation party
Single-Emotion Theory■ 20 scenarios: 10 – shame; 10 – embarr.
■ If Distinct Emotions True: – Shame scenario → Shame!– Embarr scenario → Embarr!– Zero or negative correlations
■ If Single-Emotion Theory True:– Shame scenario → Shame and Embarr!– Embarr scenario → Embarr, but not shame– High, positive correlations
(Sabini, Garvey, & Hall, 2001)
Shame Scenario Embarrassment Scenario
1234567
5.45
3.58
5.44 5.31
Shame RatingsEmbarrassment Ratings
1 =
not
at
all;
7 =
extr
em
ely
For following 2 scenarios:
1. How much shame would you experience?
1 = none; 7 = extreme shame
2. How much embarrassment would you experience?
1 = none; 7 = extreme embarrassment
You are taking a class with a friend’s boyfriend/girlfriend. You are studying late together one night for your social psych
midterm. Surprisingly your friend’s girlfriend/boyfriend tries to kiss you just as your friend walks in the room. Your friend
looks at you and asks, “How could you do something like that to me?” You are speechless and the conversation ends with your friend storming out of the room saying, “I never
want to see you again!”
You are taking a class with a friend’s boyfriend/girlfriend. You are studying late together one night for your social
psych midterm. One thing leads to another and you find yourself kissing. You agree that night never to discuss it again and not to tell your friend. However, a week later she/he finds out what happened between you two and
asks, “How could you do something like that to me?” You are speechless and the conversation ends with your
friend storming out of the room saying, “I never want to see you again.”
Single-Emotion Theory
■ 20 scenarios– 10: real flaw revealed– 10: possible flaw revealed
Real Flaw Scenario Possible Flaw Scenario
1234567
5.37
3.45
5.33 5.2
Shame RatingsEmbarrassment Ratings
1 =
not
at
all;
7 =
extr
em
ely
Single-Emotion Theory
■ Reasonable Basis – audience has a good reason to believe you
revealed a flaw, but you did not
■ No Reasonable Basis – audience perceives you have a flaw, but they
do not have good reason for this perception
■ Guilty – you are guilty of the offense, but someone else
exaggerates your offense
Reaso
nabl
e Bas
is
No Rea
sona
ble
Basis
Guilty
w/ e
xagg
erat
ion
1
3
5
7
4.172.86
4.335.43
4.075.55
3.82
6.26
2.42
Shame Ratings Embarrassment RatingsAnger Ratings
1=
no
t a
l a
ll;
7 =
e
xtr
em
ely
Reaso
nabl
e Bas
is
No Rea
sona
ble
Basis
Guilty
w/ e
xagg
erat
ion
1
3
5
7
4.172.86
4.335.43
4.075.55
3.82
6.26
2.42
Shame Ratings Embarrassment RatingsAnger Ratings
1=
no
t a
l a
ll;
7 =
e
xtr
em
ely
Single-Emotion Theory
• When a real, serious flaw of the self is revealed
Shame
• When we communicate that although there seems to have been a real flaw of the self, there actually was not.
Embarr
• When people’s perception of our potential flaw is unreasonableAnger
Other people’s perceptions of us are correct!
Other people’s perceptions of us are wrong!
Two Types of Embarrassme
nt
Embarrassment as
Exposure
No negative self-
evaluation
Compliments, focus on self
Embarrassment as Less
Intense Shame
Negative Self-Evaluation
Small specific failure of standards
Clip
What about guilt?■ Distinct Emotions –
– Guilt is a distinct emotion.– Evaluation of a bad act– Self-attribution– Maladaptive guilt can turn
into shame
■ Single-Emotion Theory– Any feelings that
characterize a guilty person– You can only feel guilt if
you are guilty!– Shame is one type of guilty
feelings
SHAME GUILT EMBARRASSMENT
Eliciting Stimulus
Moral, serious transgression
Public or Private
Moral, serious transgression
Public or Private
Less serious transgression
Public
Cognitive Appraisals
Global Self-Attribution Specific Self-Attribution
Presented Self (w/ or w/o negative
evaluation)
Behavior Changes
Avoidance
Look down, slight frown, slumped
posture
Approach
Look down, slight frown, move forward
in space
Avoidance or Approach
non-Duchenne smile, lip press, gaze down,
head movement down, face touch
Physiological Changes
Blushing, ↑ Heart rate
Subjective Feelings
Unpleasantness↑ Arousal (higher)Negative emotions
Hopelessness
Unpleasantness↑ Arousal (lower)
Negative emotionsHope
Unpleasantness (lowest),
↑ Arousal (lowest)Positive emotions
Shame? Guilt? Embarrassment?
Summary■ Distinct Emotions:
– Many Differences– But, similarities too!
■ Single-Emotion Theory– Different intensities of the same emotion– Real Flaw vs. Apparent (Possible) Flaw
determines the label we give our feelings– More work needed for guilt