ANNOUNCEMENTSTest Avg = 17, range: 8 - 27Brief syllabus

Today – Ch 29 After break - Ch 30, 10 (photosynth), 35 - 39

Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns

1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?- Stomata – pores used for gas exchange- Roots – absorb water & minerals from underground- Apical meristems – tips of shoots & roots where growth occurs- Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent water loss thru leaves- Jacketed gametangia – gamete producing organ with protective

jacket of cells to prevent dehydration- Sporopollenin – polymer that formed around exposed zygotes & forms

walls of plant spores preventing dehydration- Lignin – structural polymer that provides strength for woody tissues

Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns

1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?

- Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts)- Tougher spores (sporopollenin)- Jacketed gametangia

- Vascular tissue (ferns)- Cells joined to transport water & nutrients- Lacked seeds

- Development of seeds (Gymnosperms)- More protection of embryo- Embryo w/ food

- Development of flowers (Angiosperms)- Complex reproductive structure

Figure 29.7 Highlights of plant evolution

Bryophytes(nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants

Vascular plants

Land plants

Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)

Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)

Origin of land plants(about 475 mya)

Ancestralgreen alga

Cha

rop

hyce

an

s

Liv

erw

ort

s

Hor

nw

orts

Mo

sse

s

Lyc

oph

yte

s(c

lub

mos

ses,

spi

ke m

oss

es,

qu

illw

ort

s)

Pte

rop

hyt

es

(fe

rns,

hor

seta

ils,

wh

isk

fern

s)

Gym

nos

pe

rms

Ang

iosp

erm

s

Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns

1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?

- Movement to land led to Bryophytes (mosses & worts)- Tougher spores (sporopollenin)- Jacketed gametangia

- Vascular tissue (ferns)- Cells joined to transport water & nutrients- Lacked seeds

- Development of seeds (Gymnosperms)- More protection of embryo- Embryo w/ food

- Development of flowers (Angiosperms)- Complex reproductive structure

3. What are bryophytes?- Non-vascular plants- Mosses & worts- Dominant life stage is haploid gametophyte- Reproductive structures

- Male – antheridia – produce flagellated sperm- Female – archegonia – produce 1 egg (ovum)

Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss

Malegametophyte

Raindrop

Sperm

Key

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Antheridia

Femalegametophyte

Egg

Arclegonia

FERTILIZATION

(within archegonium)Zygote

Archegonium

Gametophore

Rhizoid

Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss

Maturesporophytes

Youngsporophytes

Malegametophyte

Raindrop

Sperm

Key

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Antheridia

Femalegametophyte

Egg

Arclegonia

FERTILIZATION

(within archegonium)Zygote

Archegonium

Embryo

Femalegametophyte

Gametophore

Foot

Capsule(sporangium)

Seta

Calyptra

Rhizoid

Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss

Maturesporophytes

Youngsporophytes

Malegametophyte

Raindrop

Sperm

Key

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Antheridia

Femalegametophyte

Egg

Arclegonia

FERTILIZATION

(within archegonium)Zygote

Archegonium

Embryo

Femalegametophytes

Gametophore

Foot

Capsule(sporangium)

Seta

Peristome

Spores

Protonemata

“Bud”

“Bud”

MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Calyptra

Capsule with peristome (LM)

Rhizoid

Maturesporophytes

Figure 29.9 Bryophyte Diversity

LIVERWORTS (PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA)

HORNWORTS (PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA) MOSSES (PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA)

Gametophore offemale gametophyte

Marchantia polymorpha,a “thalloid” liverwort

Foot

Sporangium

Seta

500

µmMarchantia sporophyte (LM)

Plagiochiladeltoidea,a “leafy”liverwort

An Anthoceroshornwort species

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Polytrichum commune,hairy-cap moss

Sporophyte

Gametophyte

Figure 29.10 Sphagnum, or peat moss: a bryophyte with economic, ecological, and archaeological significance

GametophyteSporangium attip of sporophyte

Livingphoto-syntheticcells

Dead water-storing cells

100 µm

“Tolland Man,” a bog mummy dating from 405–100 B.C. The acidic, oxygen-poor conditions produced by Sphagnum can preserve human or other animal bodies for thousands of years.

(d)

Closeup of Sphagnum. Note the “leafy” gametophytes and their offspring, the sporophytes.

(b)

Sphagnum “leaf” (LM). The combination of living photosynthetic cells and dead water-storing cells gives the moss its spongy quality.

(c)

Peat being harvested from a peat bog(a)

Covers 3% of landStabilizes greenhouse effect

Pick up syllabus

Test corrections w/ scantron in the box

Food transport – TODAY – all day & at 4:30

“extra credit” test – TOMORROW

Are there any errors in grade record keeping??

Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns

1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?3. What are bryophytes?4. What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)?

- Dominant life stage is sporophyte (2n)- Gametophyte is reduced- Sporophyte is branched- Vasculature

- Xylem – transports water & minerals up from the ground- Has tracheids – tube-shaped cells for transport- Dead at maturity- Strengthened by lignin

- Phloem- Transport sugars & other organic products from leaves downward - Living cells at maturity

- Roots - anchorage, water & mineral transport- Let’s consider the life cycle…..

Figure 29.12 The life cycle of a fern

Fern sperm use flagellato swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia.

4

Sporangia release spores.Most fern species produce a singletype of spore that gives rise to abisexual gametophyte.

1 The fern sporedevelops into a small,photosynthetic gametophyte.

2 Although this illustration shows an egg and sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanismspromote cross-fertilizationbetween gametophytes.

3

On the undersideof the sporophyte‘sreproductive leavesare spots called sori.Each sorus is acluster of sporangia.

6

A zygote develops into a newsporophyte, and the young plantgrows out from an archegoniumof its parent, the gametophyte.

5

MEIOSIS

Sporangium

Sporangium

Maturesporophyte

Newsporophyte

Zygote

FERTILIZATION

Archegonium

Egg

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Spore Younggametophyte

Fiddlehead

Antheridium

Sperm

Gametophyte

Key

Sorus

Chapter 29: Bryophytes & Ferns1. What adaptations do plants have for survival on land?2. What were the adaptations/highlights of plant evolution?3. What are bryophytes?4. What are the characteristics of ferns (seedless vascular plants)?5. What is the difference between homosporous & heterosporous plants?

Homosporous spore production

Sporangiumin sporophyll

Singletype of spore

Typically abisexual

gametophyte

Eggs

Heterosporous spore production

Megasporangiumin megasporophyll Megaspore Female

gametophyte

Microsporangiumin microsporophyll

Microspore Malegametophyte

Sperm

Eggs

SpermMost ferns

All seed plants & few seedless plants

Figure 29.14 Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity

LYCOPHYTES (PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA)

PTEROPHYTES (PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA)

WHISK FERNS AND RELATIVES HORSETAILS FERNS

Isoetesgunnii,a quillwort

Selaginella apoda,a spike moss

Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a club moss

Strobili(clusters ofsporophylls)

Psilotumnudum,a whiskfern

Equisetumarvense,fieldhorsetail

Vegetative stem

Strobilus onfertile stem

Athyrium filix-femina, lady fern