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Announcements
Fellowships Congressional Executive Committee on China Pickering
Guest speakers Read Zhu Keliang, et al., “The Rural Land Question in
China,” NYU Journal of International Law & Policy Vol. 38 (2005), pp. 768-800 (Sections II-III required; Sections I and IV-VII optional.)
Prepare one question (typed, with name) for the guests to be submitted at the beginning of class.
Announcements
“Pre-test” / “Post-test” Make sure first 4 questions are complete. Turn to the final 3 questions
Danwei (work unit)
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution and the study of non-democratic regimes
Lack of institutional checks on political authority readily allows extreme policies
Lack of institutionalized mechanisms to address policy debates, leadership transitions, and mass participation in politics can lead to violence,
instability
Video clip
Video clip (10, 01:05:53-01:18:50) Cultural Revolution
China: A Century of Revolution Part II: The Mao Years, 1949-1976
produced in 1994
Points to pay attention to: Policy conflict Tensions among the top leadership How ordinary people used the Cultural
Revolution for their own purposes.
Cultural Revolution: Mass participation(Reading by Perry)
What motivates ordinary people? Economism
Explained by group characteristics and interests
Especially excluded groups Example: temporary vs. permanent SOE workers
Review on your own the other Conservatism
Explained by party networks Rebellion
Explained by psychological factors Gap between ambition and achievement
Cultural Revolution: Policy Conflict
struggle over correct vision/policies “Capitalist tendencies”
Free markets, private agricultural plots Maoist policies
Eliminate market signals, communal ownership, egalitarianism
Cultural Revolution: Policy conflict
Series of campaigns to reassert Maoist values and developmental priorities Socialist Education Movement, 1963-66
revive commune system in agriculture
Mao perceived that campaigns failed because of obstructionism by Communist party apparatus
Contrast moderate rural policy post-GLF
Learn from Dazhai Radically egalitarian agricultural policies (Chen Village)
Other campaigns in health, education, and culture Health: ex—doctors to the countryside Education: ex—integrating manual labor into curriculum Culture: Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan
Cultural Revolution: Policy conflict
Series of campaigns to reassert Maoist values and developmental priorities Learn from the PLA under Minister of Defense Lin Biao,
1963 “red” (Cult of Mao—”Little Red Book”) and expert
(nukes)
Cultural Revolution: Policy conflict
Radical Maoist Vision for China “Socialist new born things”
education healthindustry cultureagriculture party affairs
Learn from Daqing (industry) Learn from Dazhai (agriculture) May 7th Cadre Schools (party affairs)
Cultural Revolution: Leadership succesion
Organization of CCP undermined Absence of institutionalized succession processes
dramatized Liu Shaoqi Lin Biao (Mao’s “close comrade-in-arms” and successor) Gang of Four Deng Xiaoping
Legitimacy of CCP undermined
Battle Lines Drawn:Overview of the Political Spectrum as of 1969
Mao
Radicals in Cult Rev Group
PLA
Surviving Moderates
Ousted Moderates
Mao’s secretary
Chen Boda Lin Biao
∕Zhou Enlai
Liu Shaoqi*
(d. 1969)
∕Jiang Qing
Deng Xiaoping*
Kang ShengTrained by NKVD
Chen Yun
Zhang ChunqiaoShanghai cult apparat
Others
Yao WenyuanShanghai lit crit
*1967 house arrest
Overview of the Political Spectrum as of 1969(*Gang of Four, arrested 1976)
Mao (d. 1976)
Radicals in Cult Rev Group
PLA
Surviving Moderates
Ousted Moderates
Chen BodaLin Biao (d.1971)
Zhou Enlai (d. 1976)
Liu Shaoqi (d. 1969)
Jiang Qing* Deng Xiaoping(V.Ch MAC’75)Mao brought back to
reorganize PLA
Kang Sheng Chen Yun
Zhang Chunqiao* Others
Yao Wenyuan* Mao Loyalists
Wang HongwenFactory sec guard
(Politburo 1973)*
Hua Guofeng (“Whatever Faction”)
Cultural Revolution and the study of non-democratic regimes
Risks of violating separation of civilian and military leadership Undermines military professionalism Increases threat of military coup
Demonstration of interplay between domestic politics and foreign policy
Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations
Address collapse of party authority Restore order, restore production,
govern 3-in-1 committees
1: PLA (army) 2: CCP (“uncorrupted” party cadres) 3: Representatives of “the masses”
Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations
PLA itself being drawn into conflictLocal commanders closer to CCP
Risk of splitting military—civil war?
Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations
1969-71: Civil-Military Conflict Struggle between PLA and CCP
CCP Seeks to rebuild itself Seeks to reassert primary of party over army
Soviet threat: “Brezhnev Doctrine” PLA, Lin Biao
Dual threats from US, USSR Aggrandizes PLA
CCP Talks with Kissinger (1971) PRC UN seat (1971)
Cultural Revolution: civil-military relations
1971-76: Party Conflict Phase US-China rapproachment
Shanghai Communique (1972) Struggle for dominance within CCP
Cultural Revolution:civil-military relations
Challenge norm of civilian control over military “party controls the gun”
9th CCP Central Committee (1969) 45% military 8th CCP Central Committee (1956) 29% military
1975 Mao brought Deng Xiaoping back to reorganize PLA PLA Chief of Staff Military Affairs Commission, V.Chairman Politburo Standing Committee, V. Chairman
Interplay of domestic and foreign policy Sino-US-Soviet relations
Doctrinal disputes Soviet threat (Brezhnev Doctrine, border clashes) bigger
PLA or turn to USA
The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) is considered a period of totalitarian rule
Totalitarianism defined Single charismatic leader Single dominant party Utopian, forward-looking ideology State control over all organized activity
Note absence of private sphere Example from
Chen Village? Video clip? danwei (work unit)?
Mobilized participation Popular fear instilled by arbitrary terror
The Cultural Revolution (1966-76) is considered a period of totalitarian rule
Totalitarianism defined Single charismatic leader Single dominant party Utopian, forward-looking ideology State control over all organized activity
Note absence of private sphere Example from Chen Village?
Private time (p. 80) Broadcasts about individual behavior
Example from video clip? Father and son “drawing a line”
Example from danwei (work unit)? Potential for monitoring
Mobilized participation Study sessions: had to speak up 1980s lax until Tiananmen Sq; used to estab “line”
Popular fear instilled by arbitrary terror Already Anti-Rightist Campaign
Quota of rightists for each unit