ANNOTATED INDEX OF NAMES - cambridge.org · ANNOTATED INDEX OF NAMES Page numbers in italic type refer to sender/addressee of dispatch. Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), Sultan of the

ANNOTATED INDEX OF NAMES

Page numbers in italic type refer to sender/addresseeof dispatch.

Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876–1909). 151, 163, 168,175, 176

Abdulaziz (1842–1918), Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876). 112

Abeken, Christian von (1826–1890), Saxon jurist and statesman. Minister of justice(1871–1890). 318, 319–320, 322–323, 330, 338, 407

Abeken, Heinrich (1809–1872), Prussian theologian and diplomat. Vortragender Rat in thePrussian foreign ministry. 45

Abel, Carl (1837–1906), philologist, translator, and journalist. Berlin correspondent of theDaily Telegraph, Evening Standard, and The Times (1865–1878). 56, 85, 130, 131n

Abel, Charles (1824–1895), lawyer and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of theReichstag (1874–1878). 123

Abel, Karl August von (1788–1859), Bavarian statesman. Minister of the interior (1837–1847); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Turin (1847–1850). 489

Adam, Juliette (1836–1936), nee Lambert; French author and feminist. 190

Adams, Sir Francis Ottiwell (1825–1889), British diplomat. Secretary of legation atTokyo (1868); secretary of embassy at Berlin (1872) and Paris (1874; with rank of ministerfrom 1879); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1881–1888). 23, 69,82, 83, 84–85, 172

Aguesseau, Henri Francois d’ (1668–1751), three times chancellor of France, from 1717.319

Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (1839–1919), Ottoman general and statesman. Governor of Crete(1875–1876; 1878); grand vizier (1912). 128

Ahmed Urabi (1841–1911), Egyptian army officer and nationalist leader. Undersecretaryof war and a leading cabinet member during the Egyptian revolt (1879–1882). 175, 178n

Albert (1828–1902), Crown Prince of Saxony. King of Saxony from 1873. 269, 272, 289,295, 309, 311–313, 323–324, 350, 356, 376–377, 384, 387, 464, 501

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530 A N N O TAT E D IN D E X O F N A M E S

Alexander (1857–1893), born Prince Alexander von Battenberg. Elected prince (knyaz) ofBulgaria (1879–1886). 21, 251

Alexander (1823–1888), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. German general. 21, 193–195, 229,230, 239–240

Alexander I (1777–1825), Tsar of Russia from 1801. 349

Alexander II (1818–1881), Tsar of Russia from 1855. 21, 32, 51–53, 58n, 67, 70, 83–84,102, 106n, 117n, 119, 125, 132, 137, 148, 150, 151n, 153n, 164, 165n, 193, 194–195, 196, 222,239–240, 241, 244n, 251, 317, 368n

Alexander III (1845–1894), Tsar of Russia from 1881. 150, 164, 171, 349, 517n

Alexandra (1826–1875), Princess of Bavaria. 465

Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), Princess of Denmark. Married Edward, Prince ofWales (1863); Queen consort of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1901–1910). 522

Alfred (1844–1900), Duke of Edinburgh. Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1893). 83n, 522

Alice (1843–1878), Princess of the United Kingdom. Married Ludwig of Hesse and byRhine in 1862; Grand Duchess of Hesse from 1877. 5, 226

Ampthill, see Russell, Odo

Anderson, Henry Percy (1831–1896), Foreign Office official. Junior clerk (1854); assistantclerk (1865); senior clerk (1873); assistant under-secretary of state (1894). 124, 152, 153, 155,157, 160, 162, 164–165, 168, 174n, 175–176, 357, 360–361, 365–366, 368, 371, 374–375, 378,381, 420–423, 507, 509

Andrassy, Gyula grof (1823–1890), Hungarian statesman. Minister president of Hungary(1867–1871); foreign minister of Austria-Hungary (1871–1879). 19, 70–71, 93–94, 108, 111–113, 123, 132, 136–137, 146

Antoine, Dominique (1845–1916), veterinary surgeon and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member of the Reichstag (1882–1889). 188

Antonelli, Giacomo (1806–1876), Italian cardinal deacon. Cardinal Secretary of State(1848). 38, 443

Arndt (n.a.), Catholic priest from Filehne. 69

Arnim, Henning Graf von (1851–1910), Prussian landowner, son of Harry Graf vonArnim-Suckow. 92

Arnim, Sophie Grafin von (1836–1918), nee von Arnim-Boitzenburg, Harry Graf vonArnim-Suckow’s second wife from 1857. 92



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A N N O TAT E D IN D E X O F N A M E S 531

Arnim-Boitzenburg, Adolf Graf von (1832–1887), Prussian landowner, civil servant,and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1884; its president in 1880) and of the Prussianupper house (from 1868); Oberprasident of the Province of Silesia (1874–1877). 96

Arnim-Suckow, Harry Graf von (1824–1881), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinaryand minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1862), Kassel (1863), Munich (1863), to the HolySee (1864), and Paris (1871; 1872–1874 as imperial ambassador); fled to Switzerland to avoidprison sentence (1875). 14, 39, 67, 86, 91–92, 96–97, 100n, 292–294, 305n, 318, 330, 409,440, 441–447

Arnulf (1852–1907), Prince of Bavaria; general. 511

Arthur (1850–1942), British prince. Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; Governor Generalof Canada (1911–1916). 383, 522

Augusta (1811–1890), Princess of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Married Wilhelm I in 1829;Queen of Prussia from 1861; German Empress from 1871. 30–31, 44–46, 58–59, 65, 67–68,70, 83, 87–88, 106, 122–123, 152, 181, 323

Augusta Caroline (1822–1916), Princess Augusta of Cambridge. Grand Duchess ofMecklenburg-Strelitz from 1860. 45

Bach, Joseph (1833–1901), Catholic theologian. Professor at the University of Munich(1867; 1872–1901). 456

Baillie, Evan Montague (1824–1874), British diplomat. Attache at Vienna (1846), Paris(1852; 1858), and Frankfurt (1852); secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1859) and Stuttgart(1861); charge d’affaires at Karlsruhe and Darmstadt (1871–1873). 6, 199–202, 204–206, 395

Bakunin, Mikhail (1814–1876), Russian anarchist. 302, 326, 337

Balan, Hermann von (1812–1874), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1858), Copenhagen (1859), and Brussels (1864–1874); actingsecretary of state at the imperial Foreign Office (1872–1873). 39, 52, 68, 80, 99

Bamberger, Ludwig (1823–1899), banker, politician, and writer. Member of the Reichstag(1867–1893). 337, 338n, 351

Bancroft, George (1800–1891), American diplomat and historian. United States secretaryof the navy (1845–1847); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to London (1846–1849) and Berlin (1867–1874). 61

Barbolani, Raffaele di Ulisse (1818–1900), Italian diplomat. Secretary general ofthe foreign ministry (1867–1869); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary toConstantinople (1869), St Petersburg (1870), Tokyo (1877), and Munich (1881–1888). 511

Bardi, Enrico Carlo Luigi Giorgio, conte di (1851–1905), Italian prince; youngest sonof Carlo III, Duke of Parma. 528



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Bassewitz, Henning Graf von (1814–1885), German statesman. Member of the NorthGerman Reichstag (1867–1871); minister of state and for foreign affairs of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1869–1885). 45

Bazaine, Francois Achille (1811–1888), French general. Marshal of France (1864). 73

Beaconsfield, see Disraeli

Bebel, August (1840–1913), socialist politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1913) andthe Saxon second chamber (1881–1890); co-founder of the Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei(1869); chairman of the Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands from 1892. 14, 41, 48n, 249,270–271, 273, 284, 287, 300, 304, 320, 326–328, 367, 368, 371–374

Beckmann, Albert (n.a.), journalist, newspaper correspondent and press agent at theGerman embassy in Paris. 293

Benedetti, Vincent (1817–1900), French diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary to Turin (1860–1861); ambassador to Berlin (1864–1870). 36–37

Bennett, James Gordon (1841–1918), American publisher and editor of the New YorkHerald. 91

Bennigsen, Rudolf von (1824–1902), Hanoverian and Prussian politician. Memberof the Hanoverian Landtag (1855–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1883; itspresident 1873–1879), and the Reichstag (1867–1883; 1887–1898); Landesdirektor (1868–1888)and Oberprasident of the Prussian Province of Hanover (1888–1897). 81, 133–134, 143, 186,249, 257, 343

Bentinck und Waldeck-Limpurg, Wilhelm von (1848–1912), British diplomat andGerman nobleman. Attache at the Berlin embassy (1871), The Hague and Paris (1872); thirdsecretary at Paris (1872) and Berlin (1875–1876). Succeeded as Standesherr of Waldeck-Limpurg(1888). 46

Berchem, Maximilian Graf von (1841–1910), German diplomat. Secretary of embassyat St Petersburg (1875) and Vienna (1878); consul general at Budapest (1883); director of thetrade division (1885) and undersecretary of state at the Berlin Foreign Office (1886–1890).118

Bernard, Simon (1817–1862), French revolutionary and physician. 368

Bernstorff, Albrecht Graf von (1809–1873), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinaryand minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1845), Vienna (1848), Naples (1852), and (with aninterruption) London (1854–1873; Prussian ambassador from 1862, imperial ambassadorfrom 1871); Prussian foreign minister 1861–1862. 31, 39–40

Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand Freiherr von (1809–1886), Saxon and Austrian diplomatand statesman. Saxon foreign minister (1849–1866; from 1852 also minister of theinterior; from 1858 also minister president); Austrian foreign minister (1866); also Austrianminister president (1867); Reichskanzler (imperial chancellor) from 1868; Austrian ambassador



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to London (1871–1878) and Paris (1878–1882). 55, 93, 112, 195–196, 256, 289, 314,435

Bezanson, Paul (1804–1882), merchant and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Mayor ofMetz (1872–1877); member of the Reichstag (1878–1882). 123

Biedermann, Friedrich Karl (1812–1901), Saxon philosopher and politician. Professorat Leipzig (1835–1853; again from 1865); member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849), the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1849–1850; 1869–1876), and the Reichstag(1871–1874). 289–290

Bismarck, Herbert von (1849–1904), German diplomat and politician; son of Ottovon Bismarck. Worked at the Berlin Foreign Office from 1873; Botschaftsrat in London(1882); envoy to The Hague (1884); undersecretary (1885) and secretary of state (1886–1890).Member of the Reichstag (1884–1886; 1893–1904). 130n, 152

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–1898), Prussian statesman. Envoy to the Federal Diet atFrankfurt (1851–1859), ambassador to St Petersburg (1859) and Paris (1862); Prussian ministerpresident and foreign minister (1862–1872; 1873–1890); Reichstag member (1867; 1891–1893);from 1880 also Prussian minister of trade (1880–1890); German Reichskanzler (1871–1890);Graf 1865; Furst 1871. 7, 10–14, 16–17, 20–21, 23, 36–40, 43, 45–48, 50–52, 54–60, 62–64, 66–68, 70–82, 84, 86–102, 105–116, 118–125, 127, 129–130, 132–139, 141–152, 154–159,162–173, 175–179, 182n, 183, 184n, 185–190, 194–195, 197, 199, 207–208, 218–225, 228–229,231–233, 236, 238, 242, 243n, 245, 250, 257–258, 261, 281n, 284–286, 290, 292, 294, 300, 303–306, 309, 311, 314–316, 318–324, 327–328, 331–334, 336, 341–348, 355–357, 360–362, 364,369–370, 372, 376, 378–379, 381–382, 384, 387–388, 402, 404, 406–407, 409–410, 412–413,418–420, 431, 438–442n, 444–447, 451, 460, 467, 468–469, 471–472, 476, 480–481, 496–498,514, 516n–518, 520–521, 525, 527

Blanc, Louis (1811–1882), French socialist, historian, and politician. 302

Bleichroder, Gerson von (1822–1893), German banker. 354

Blowitz, Henri Opper de (1825–1903), Bohemian journalist. Paris correspondent of TheTimes from 1873. 107n, 216, 218, 264, 388

Blucher, Gebhard Leberecht von (1742–1819), Prussian field marshal. 76

Bluntschli, Johann Caspar (1808–1881), Swiss jurist and politician. Professor at theuniversities of Zurich (1833), Munich (1848), and Heidelberg (1861). 198

Bondi, Joseph (1818–1897), Saxon jurist and banker. 486

Bonn, Franz (1830–1994), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavarian secondchamber (1881–1886). 506

Borne, Ludwig (1786–1837), writer and representative of the political-literary movementJunges Deutschland. 351



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Bourke, Robert (1827–1902), British politician and statesman. MP (1868–1886);parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1874–1880; 1885–1886); governorof Madras (1886–1890); created Baron Connemara (1887). 488

Braun, Karl (1822–1893), politician, jurist, and publicist. Member of the Nassau Landtag(1849–1866), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1879), and the Reichstag (1867–1887). 381

Braunschweig, Ernst von (1845–1907), German diplomat. Member of the Europeancommission for Eastern Rumelia (1878–1880); consul general at Sofia (1881); envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Tehran (1885–1886). 156

Bray-Steinburg, Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von (1807–1899), Bavarian diplomat andstatesman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1843–1859),Berlin (1859) and Vienna (1860–1870 and 1871–1896, with interruptions); foreign minister(1846–1847; 1848–1849; 1870–1871) and minister president (1870–1871). 39, 430

Brentano, Franz (1838–1917), German philosopher and psychologist. 456

Bruck, Karl Freiherr von (1830–1902), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary to Darmstadt (1868–1870) and Munich (1870–1886); ambassadorto Rome (1886–1895). 511

Buchanan, Sir Andrew (1807–1882), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary to Berne (1852), Copenhagen (1853), Madrid (1858), and The Hague (1860);ambassador to Berlin (1862), St Petersburg (1864), and Vienna (1871–1877). 70, 123

Bucher, Lothar (1817–1889), Prussian civil servant and publicist. Employed at the Prussianforeign ministry and as personal aide to Bismarck (1864–1886). 81

Buchner, Wilhelm (1816–1892), chemist and politician. Member of the second chamberof the Hessian Landtag (1849–1850; 1862–1866; 1872–1881) and the Reichstag (1877–1884).237

Bulow, Bernhard Ernst von (1815–1879), German diplomat. Secretary of state forforeign affairs (1873–1879); Prussian minister without portfolio (1876–1879). 78, 82–84, 91,99n, 105, 106n, 108–109, 116, 132, 135n, 141, 148–149, 487

Burgers, Thomas Francois (1834–1884), South African Reformist minister andpolitician. President of the South African Republic (1872–1877). 105

Burnley, Joseph Hume (1821–1904), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Berne(1858), Copenhagen (1864), Washington (1864), and The Hague (1867); charge d’affaires atDresden (1867–1873). 3–5, 269–278, 297

Busch, Clemens August (1834–1895), German diplomat. Consul general at Budapest(1878); acting secretary of state at the Berlin Foreign Office (1881); undersecretary of state(1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Bucharest (1885), Stockholm(1888), and Berne (1892–1895). 171



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Camphausen, Otto (1812–1896), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussian house ofdeputies (1849–1852), the upper house (from 1860), and the Reichstag (1867–1869); presidentof the Seehandlung (Prussian state bank) (1854); minister of finance (1869–1878). 114, 323

Cardwell, Edward (1813–1886), British statesman and politician. MP (1842–1874);secretary of state for the colonies (1864–1866) and for war (1868–1874); created 1st ViscountCardwell (1874). 60

Carl (1801–1883), Prussian prince and general. Governor of the federal fortress at Mainz(1864–1866). 7, 179–181

Carlowitz, Oswald von (1825–1903), Saxon army officer. Adjutant-general to KingAlbert. 390

Carnarvon, see Herbert, Henry Howard Molyneux

Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), French general, politician, and statesman. 385

Carol I (1839–1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. Ruling Prince ofRomania (1866); King from 1881. 239

Carola (1833–1907), Princess of Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp. Queen of Saxony from 1873. 377,384

Carrington, see Wynn-Carington, Charles Robert

Catherine II (1729–1796), Empress of Russia from 1796. 349

Cave, Stephen (1820–1880), British lawyer and Conservative politician. MP (1859–1880);paymaster general (1866–1868; 1874–1880). 306–307

Cavendish, Spencer Compton (1833–1908), British statesman and politician. MP (1857–1891); Marquess of Hartington (1858); secretary of state for war (1866; 1882–1885); chiefsecretary for Ireland (1871–1874); secretary of state for India (1880–1882); 8th Duke ofDevonshire (1891); lord president of the council (1895–1903). 182

Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810–1861), Italian statesman. Minister president ofSardinia (1852–1859; 1860–1861); first prime minister of Italy (1861). 314, 343, 362n

Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914), British politician and statesman. MP (1876–1914);president of the Board of Trade (1880–1885); secretary of state for the colonies (1895–1903).365

Chanzy, Antoine (1823–1882), French general and diplomat. Commander of the 16thcorps of the Army of the Loire (1870); Governor of Algeria (1873–1879); ambassador toRussia (1879–1882). 457, 518



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Childers, Hugh (1827–1896), British statesman. MP (1860–1892); secretary of state forwar (1880–1882); chancellor of the exchequer (1882–1885); home secretary (1886). 176, 383,511

Colley, Sir George Pomeroy (1834–1881), British army officer. From 1880 governor andcommander-in-chief of Natal, and high commissioner for South-Eastern Africa. 366

Congreve, Richard (1818–1899), English philosopher. Founder of the London PositivistSociety (1867) and the Comtist Church of Humanity (1878). 375

Cope, Edmund W. (1838–1886), British diplomat. Third secretary at Stuttgart (1867) andDarmstadt (1871); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1872) and Munich (1875); and secretaryof legation at Stockholm (1883–1886). 198–199, 202–204, 395, 496–504, 506–511

Courcel, Alphonse Chodron de (1835–1919), French diplomat. Ambassador to Berlin(1881–1866) and London (1894–1898). 188

Cowper-Temple, William Francis (1811–1888), British politician and statesman. MP(1835–1880); president of the Board of Health (1855–1858); paymaster general (1859–1860);first commissioner of works (1860–1866); created Baron Mount Temple (1880). 335

Crailsheim, Friedrich Krafft von (1841–1926), Bavarian statesman. Minister of foreignaffairs (1880–1903), minister president (1890–1903); member of the first chamber of theBavarian Landtag (1895–1918). 505, 509–510, 518

Criegern, Friedrich Robert von (1808–1890), Saxon jurist. President of the court ofappeal at Leipzig (1863); member of the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1873–1884).330

Cross, Richard Assheton(1823–1914), British statesman and politician. MP (1857–1862;1868–1886); home secretary (1874–1880; 1885–1886); secretary of state for India (1886–1892);Lord Privy Seal (1895–1900); created Viscount Cross (1886). 140

Crowe, Sir Joseph Archer (1825–1896), British diplomat, art historian, and journalist.Consul general at Leipzig (1860) and Dusseldorf (1872); commercial attache at Berlin (1880);commercial attache for Europe at Paris (1882–1896). 48, 133

Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels, Reinhard Freiherr von (1802–1880), Hessian statesman.Foreign minister and minister of the interior of the Grand Duchy of Hesse (1850–1871); from1852 also minister president. 193, 196–198, 223, 255–256

Decazes, Louis, duc de (1819–1886), French diplomat and statesman. Ambassador toLondon (1873); minister of foreign affairs (1873–1877). 93, 98–99

Deinlein, Michael von (1800–1875), Catholic priest. Archbishop of Bamberg (1858). 435

Delbruck, Rudolf (1817–1903), Prussian civil servant and statesman. Member of theReichstag (1878–1881); president of the chancery of the North German Confederation (1867)



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and the imperial chancery (1871–1876); Prussian minister without portfolio (1867). 46, 197,232–333, 419

Denys-Burton, Sir Francis Charles Edward (1849–1922), British diplomat. Thirdsecretary at Brussels (1873), Washington (1875), and Berlin (1877); second secretary atCopenhagen (1878); employed at the Foreign Office (1879–1885); secretary of legationat Mexico (1887) and Copenhagen (1890–1894). 139

Derby, see Stanley, Edward Henry

Dering, Sir Henry Neville (1839–1906), British diplomat. Third secretary atBerne (1863), Florence (1866), Berlin (1870); secretary of legation at Madrid (1873),Stockholm (1873), Berlin (1876); second secretary at Buenos Aires (1882), andCoburg (1883); secretary of embassy at St Petersburg (1886) and Rome (1888);agent and consul general to Bulgaria (1892); envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary to Mexico (1894) and Rio de Janeiro (1900–1906). 34, 35–36, 139–140

Dernburg, Friedrich (1833–1911), politician and journalist. Member of the Hessiansecond chamber (1866–1875) and the Reichstag (1871–1881); editor of the Nationalzeitung (1874–1890). 237

Deroulede, Paul (1846–1914), French writer and politician. Co-founder of the nationalistLigue des Patriotes (1882). 38

Desmoulins, Camille (1760–1794), French lawyer, journalist, and revolutionary. 346

Dilke, Charles Wentworth (1843–1911), English politician. MP (1868–1885; 1892–1911);2nd Baronet (1869); under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1880–1882); member of theprivy council (1882); president of the Local Government Board (1882–1885). 182, 185–186,188–189, 276, 365, 390, 518, 519, 521, 523–524, 527

Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–1881), British statesman. MP (1837–1876); chancellor of theexchequer (1852; 1858–1859; 1866–1868); prime minister (1868, 1874–1880); created Earl ofBeaconsfield (1876). 1, 6, 16, 78, 110, 117n, 131, 324n, 331n, 334, 358n, 360

Dodson, John George (1825–1897), British politician. MP (1857–1884); president of theLocal Government Board (1880–1882); chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1882–1884);1st Baron Monk Bretton (1884). 365

Dollfus, Jean (1800–1887), industrialist and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Mayor ofMulhouse (1863–1869); member of the Reichstag (1877–1887). 123

Dollinger, Ignaz von (1799–1890), theologian and church historian. Professor at theUniversity of Munich from 1826. 12, 432–434, 438, 456, 473n, 486

Donhoff, Carl Graf von (1833–1906), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary at Dresden (1879–1906). 389



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Dubsky, Viktor Graf (1834–1915), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary at Tehran (1872), Athens (1877), Constantinople (head of embassy 1878–1880)and Madrid (1882–1903; ambassador from 1888). 156

Duchesne-Poncelett, Alexandre (b. 1839), Belgian boilersmith. 98n, 305–306

Duff, Alexander (1849–1912), British peer. MP (1874–1879); 6th Earl Fife (Irish peerage,1879); created 1st Earl of Fife (UK peerage) following his marriage to Princess Louise in1885. 376–378

Dufferin, see Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick

Durrschmidt, Heinrich (1819–1899), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of theBavarian second chamber (1869–1881); judge at the Imperial Court of Justice in Leipzig(1879–1889). 488–489

Eberhardt, Matthias (1815–1876), Bishop of Trier 1867. 79

Eden, Charles Calvert (1837–1878), British diplomat. Third secretary at Lisbon (1863),Dresden (1865), and Berne (1867); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1869) and Stuttgart(1872–1874). 416

Edward (1841–1910), Prince of Wales. Crowned Edward VII, King of the United Kingdomof Great Britain and Ireland, and Emperor of India in 1901. 53, 57, 71, 102, 132, 141–142,146, 149, 157, 179, 217, 237, 264, 355, 384, 386, 464, 500, 503, 513, 518, 522, 527

Elben, Otto (1823–1899), politician, journalist, and editor of the Schwabische Merkur.Member of the second chamber of the Wurttemberg Landtag (1868–1882) and the Reichstag(1871–1877). 404–405

Elisabeth (1815–1885), Princess of Prussia. Married Prince Karl of Hesse and by Rhine in1836. 227

Elliot, Sir Henry George (1817–1907), British diplomat. Ambassador at Constantinople(1867–1877) and Vienna (1877–1884). 162

Ernst August (1845–1923), 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. Last Crown Princeof Hanover. 141–142

Eulenburg, Friedrich Graf zu (1815–1881), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussianchamber of deputies (1866–1877); minister of the interior (1862–1878). 58, 60, 231, 328

Fabrice, Alfred Graf von (1818–1891), Saxon general and statesman. Minister of war(1866–1891); minister president (1876); and from 1882 also foreign minister. 85, 315, 355

Fabrice, Oswald Freiherr von (1820–1898), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary at Madrid (1852–1853), Brussels (1864–1874; from 1869 also atLondon), and Munich (1874–1897). 478, 480, 497



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Falk, Adalbert (1827–1900), Prussian statesman and jurist. Member of the Prussian houseof deputies (1858–1861; 1873–1882) and the Reichstag (1867; 1873–1882); Prussian minister ofcultural affairs (1872–1879); president of the higher regional court in Hamm (1882–1890).69, 144, 186, 409

Faustle, Johann Nepomuk von (1828–1887), Bavarian jurist and statesman. Memberof the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1875–1881); minister of justice (1871–1887);plenipotentiary to the Federal Council (1872). 407, 436–437, 461

Ferry, Jules (1832–1893), French politician and statesman. Mayor of Paris (1870–1871);prime minister (1880–1881; 1883–1885). 189

Fischer, Johann Joseph (n.a.), lawyer and Justitzrat from Cologne. 30

Fischer, Paul (1836–1920), jurist and civil servant. Undersecretary of state in the imperialpost office (1895–1897). 418

Fish, Hamilton (1808–1893), American statesman and politician. Governor of New York(1849–1850) and United States Secretary of State (1869–1877). 62

Fleischer, Richard (1849–1937), publicist and founding editor of the Deutsche Revue (1877–1922). 374–375

Fleury, Emile Felix (1815–1884), French general and diplomat; ambassador to StPetersburg (1869–1870). 195, 196n

Forckenbeck, Max von (1821–1892), jurist and politician. Member of the Prussian houseof deputies (1859–1873; its president 1866–1869), the upper house (1873–1892), and theReichstag (1867–1892; its president 1874–1879); mayor of Breslau (1872–1878) and Berlin(1878–1892). 81, 142–143, 231, 257, 288

Ford, Sir Francis Clare (1828–1899), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at StPetersburg (1871) and Vienna (1872); charge d’affaires at Karlsruhe and Darmstadt (1873);envoy extraordinary at Buenos Aires (1878), Montevideo (1879), Rio de Janeiro (1879), Athens(1881), and Madrid (1884); ambassador at Madrid (1887), Constantinople (1892), and Rome(1893–1898). 4, 18, 211–212, 214–217, 225, 296

Forster, Heinrich (1799–1881), Catholic priest. Member of the Frankfurt NationalAssembly (1848); Prince-Bishop of Breslau (1853); deposed de facto (but with no ecclesiasticaleffect) in the Prussian part of his diocese by the Prussian royal court for church affairs in1875.

Forwerk, Ludwig (1816–1875), Catholic bishop and deacon of the cathedral chapterBautzen. Member of the first chamber of the Saxon Landtag from 1854. 282–284, 294–295

Francesco II (1836–1894), King of the Two Sicilies (1859–1861). 516

Franchi, Alessandro (1819–1878), Italian cardinal. Prefect of the Congregation forPropagation of the Faith (1874); Cardinal Secretary of State (1878). 496–497



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Franckenstein, Georg Freiherr von und zu (1825–1890), landowner and politician.Member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1847–1890) and the Reichstag (1872–1890). 143

Frankenberg-Ludwigsdorf, Graf Friedrich (1835–1897), landowner and politician.Member of the Reichstag (1867–1881), the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1869), and theupper house (from 1885). 38, 39n

Frankenberg und Ludwigsdorf, Robert von (1807–1873), Prussian general.Commandant of Cologne from 1864. 30

Franz Joseph I (1830–1916), Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1848).32, 51–53, 58n, 67–68, 70, 102, 112, 136, 146n, 147, 150, 169–171, 435n

Frere, Henry Bartle (1815–1884), British colonial administrator. Commissioner for Sind(1851–1859); governor of Bombay (1862–1867); high commissioner for Southern Africa(1877–1880). 160

Freusberg, Joseph (1842–1917), Prussian civil servant. Landrat of the Olpe (1870) and theArnsberg districts (1883); employed in the Prussian ministry for cultural affairs from 1899.69

Freycinet, Charles de (1828–1923), French statesman. Prime minister (1879–1880; 1882;1886; 1890–1892), minister of foreign affairs (1879–1880; 1882; 1885–1886; 1890–1892) andminister of war (1888–1893; 1898–1899). 152

Freydorf, Rudolf von (1819–1882), Baden statesman. Minister of foreign affairs (1866–1871) and of justice (1871–1876); member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag(1867–1881). 10, 210, 228

Freytag, Andreas (1818–1905), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Bavariansecond chamber (1869–1881) and the Reichstag (1871–1874; 1878–1884). 486–487, 492,494

Friderich, Carl (1816–1894), Baden politician. Member of the Baden second chamber(1850–1892; its president from 1877) and of the Reichstag (1874–1877); mayor of Durlach(1872–1884). 258

Friedrich I (1826–1907), son of Leopold I of Baden. Deputized for his brother Ludwig IIas regent from 1852; Grand Duke of Baden from 1856. 265

Friedrich Franz II (1823–1883), Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1842.45

Friedrich Wilhelm II (1819–1904), Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz from 1860.45

Friedrich I (1657–1713), Prince Elector of Brandenburg (1688). Crowned himself ‘King inPrussia’ in 1701. 430



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Friedrich II (Frederick the Great) (1712–1786), King in Prussia from 1740. King ofPrussia from 1772. 16, 52n, 180, 330n, 332, 383, 385

Friedrich III, German Emperor and King of Prussia, see Friedrich Wilhelm III

Friedrich Karl (1828–1885), Prince of Prussia. Prussian general. 264

Friedrich Wilhelm (1833–1888), Prince of Prussia. Reigned for ninety-nine days in 1888as Friedrich III, German Emperor and King of Prussia. 30, 34n, 44, 46, 48, 64, 81–82, 88,97, 102, 107, 115, 117n, 138, 140–141, 153, 169, 178, 313, 384, 402, 462n, 495, 497n, 528

Friedrich Wilhelm III (1770–1840), King of Prussia from 1797. 44

Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1795–1861), King of Prussia from 1840. 138

Friedrich III (1463–1525), also known as Frederick the Wise. Elector of Saxony from 1486.295

Friedrich, Johannes (1836–1917), theologian. Professor at the University of Munich(1865); from 1871 a leading member of the Old Catholic Church. 434

Friesen, Richard Freiherr von (1808–1884), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior(1849–1852), minister of finance (1858–1876), foreign minister (1866–1876), and ministerpresident (1871–1876). 276–278, 280, 284–285, 288, 290, 298, 307, 314, 332–333, 350, 372

Fritzen, Adolf (1838–1919), Catholic priest and teacher. Court chaplain and tutor of theprinces Friedrich August and Max of Saxony (1874–1887); Bishop of Strasbourg (1891–1919).295

Fritzsche, Reinhold (1851–1929), piano maker and socialist politician. Active in workers’educational associations in Berlin in 1877 and 1878; settled in Offenburg in 1879. 141

Frohschammer, Jakob (1821–1893), Catholic theologian and philosopher. 456

Gambetta, Leon (1838–1882), French statesman. Minister of the interior in theGovernment of National Defence (1870–1871); prime minister and minister of foreign affairs(1881–1882). 130, 152, 159, 172n, 173, 179, 326, 346–347, 384–385, 518, 524

Gascoigne, Sir William (c .1350–1419), chief justice of the King’s Bench (1400–1413). 319

Gasser, Rudolf Freiherr von (1829–1904), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinaryand minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart and Darmstadt (1868), Dresden (1873), and StPetersburg (1883–1903). 298

Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne (1814–1906), British statesman. MP (1856–1878); homesecretary (1867–1868); secretary of state for war (1874–1878; 1886) and for India (1878–1880); lord president of the council (1885–1886; 1886–1892); created Viscount Cranbrookof Hemsted (1878); 1st Earl of Cranbrook (1892). 124



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Geib, August (1842–1879), bookseller and socialist politician. Reichstag member (1874–1877).300

Georg V (1819–1878), Crown Prince of Hanover (1837); King of Hanover (1851–1866). 51n,89, 141n, 281n, 300, 516

Georg (1832–1904), Saxon prince and second son of King Johann. King of Saxony from1902. 272, 295, 350

George (1819–1904), British prince. Second Duke of Cambridge (1850); British army officer.141, 424

Georgi, Otto Robert (1831–1918), Saxon jurist and politician. Member of the Reichstag(1871–1877) and Saxony’s first chamber (1877–1899; 1901–1907); mayor of Leipzig (1876–1899). 313, 330

Gerber, Karl von (1823–1891), jurist and Saxon statesman. Professor of law at theuniversities of Erlangen, Tubingen, Jena, and Leipzig (from 1863); Saxon minister of culturalaffairs (1871–1891) and minister president (1891). 85, 283

Germain, Charles (1831–1909), jurist and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member ofthe Reichstag (1874–1890). 123

Giers, Nikolai de (1820–1895), Russian diplomat and statesman. Minister of foreignaffairs (1882–1885). 156, 421, 513n, 517n, 518

Gilderdale, John Smith (1828–1891), English chaplain at Dresden (1871–1891). 297

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898), British statesman and liberal politician. MP(1832–1845; 1847–1890); chancellor of the exchequer (1852–1855; 1859–1866; 1873–1874;1880–1882); prime minister (1868–1874; 1880–1885; 1886; 1892–1894). 6, 16, 163n, 324,358n, 363–364, 367, 375, 379

Gneist, Rudolf (1816–1895), Prussian politician, jurist, and historian of law. Professor atthe University of Berlin from 1845; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1859–1893)and the Reichstag (1867–1884). 286, 320, 361

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), German writer. 216, 217n

Goodenough, James Graham (1830–1875), Royal Navy officer. Travelling attache tothe maritime courts of Europe (1871); commander-in-chief of the Australia station (1873).46

Gorchakov, Alexander (1798–1883), Russian statesman and diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Stuttgart (1841), also to the Federal Diet atFrankfurt (from 1850), and Vienna (1854); foreign minister (1856–1882); vice chancellor(1862–1867); chancellor (1867–1882). 70–71, 106, 108, 111–113, 119, 136, 150, 194–196,281



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Gortz, Carl Graf von Schlitz genannt von (1822–1885), Hessian politician anddiplomat. Member of the first chamber (1847–1849; 1856–1885; its president 1875–1885);envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1850–1861; 1864–1866). 196

Gorz, Joseph (1810–1900), Hessian jurist and politician. Member of the Hessian secondchamber (1848–1849; 1874–1880; its president 1874–1879) and the first chamber (1883–1899);Reichstag member (1878–1879); president of the Oberlandesgericht in Mainz (1883–1892). 224

Gosling, Sir Audley Charles (1836–1913), British diplomat. Second secretary at Stuttgart(1878–1879); consul general at Budapest (1879); secretary of legation at Copenhagen (1881)and Madrid (1885); secretary of embassy at Madrid (1887) and St Petersburg (1888);minister resident and consul general to the Republics of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras,Nicaragua, and Salvador (1890); minister resident (1897) and minister plenipotentiary atSantiago (1899–1901). 416– 418

Gould, Gerard Francis (c .1835–1883), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at BuenosAires (1866), Athens (1869), Berne (1870), Copenhagen (1873), Stockholm (1873), and Lisbon(1876); minister resident at Belgrade (1878) and Stuttgart (1881–1883). 420, 422–425

Gramont, Antoine Alfred Agenor, duc de (1819–1880), French diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Kassel (1851), Stuttgart (1852), and Turin(1853); ambassador to the Holy See (1857) and Vienna (1861); minister of foreign affairs(1870). 194

Granville, see Leveson-Gower, Granville George

Grevy, Jules (1807–1891), French politician and statesman. President of France (1879–1887).189, 346

Grillenberger, Karl (1848–1897), journalist and socialist politician from Nuremberg.Member of the Reichstag (1881–1897) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag(1892–1897). 499–500

Gruner, Ludwig (1801–1882), artist. Copper engraver and director of the KoniglicheKupferstich-Kabinett at Dresden. 272

Guenther, William Barstow (1815–1892), Prussian civil servant. President of theSeehandlung (Prussian state bank) (1870); member of the Prussian upper house (from 1872);Oberprasident of the Province of Posen (1873–1886). 69

Gustav II Adolf (1594–1632), King of Sweden from 1611. 295

Hacker (n.a.), physician from Munich. Socialist candidate in the 1878 Reichstag election.499

Haggard, Sir William Henry Doveton (1846–1926), British diplomat. Second secretaryat Vienna (1880) and Stuttgart (1881); secretary of legation at Rio de Janeiro (1885) andAthens (1887); consul general at Tunis (1894); minister resident at Caracas (1897); envoy



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extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1902) and Rio de Janeiro(1906–1814). 421

Hamilton, Mary, Duchess of (1817–1888), nee Princess Marie Amelie of Baden.Married William, 11th Duke of Hamilton, in 1852. 221

Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Frederick (1826–1902), British diplomat andstatesman; Irish peer. Created Earl of Dufferin in British peerage (1871) and Marquess ofDufferin and Ava (1888). Governor General of Canada (1872); ambassador to St Petersburg(1879) and Constantinople (1881); Viceroy of India (1884); ambassador at Rome (1888) andParis (1891–1896). 176

Hammerstein, Wilhelm Freiherr von (1808–1872), German statesman. Minister offinance (1851), interior minister (1852–1853), and minister president (1862–1865) of theKingdom of Hanover; minister president and foreign minister of Mecklenburg-Strelitzfrom 1868; member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1868). 45

Hanel, Albert (1833–1918), jurist and liberal politician. Professor of law at the universitiesof Konigsberg (1860) and Kiel (1863). Member of the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1888)and the Reichstag (1867–1903). 319

Harcourt, Sir William Vernon (1827–1904), British statesman. MP (1868–1904); homesecretary (1880–1885); chancellor of the exchequer (1886; 1892–1895). 368

Hardy, see Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne

Harriss-Gastrell, James Plaister (b. 1830), British diplomat. Second secretary atLisbon (1865), Berlin (1868), Washington (1871), and Vienna (1874); secretary of legationat Buenos Aires (1866) and Rio de Janeiro (1879); minister resident and consul general atBogota (1882), from 1884 to the Republics of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua,and Salvador; acting consul at Chicago (1889–1890). 29

Hartington, see Cavendish, Spencer Compton

Hartmann, Jakob von (1795–1873), Bavarian General der Infanterie (infantry general). 430

Hartmann, Lev (1850–1913), Russian would-be assassin of Alexander II (1879). Emigratedto France, England, and finally the USA, in 1881. 153

Hasenclever, Wilhelm (1837–1889), socialist journalist and politician. Reichstag member(1869–1871; 1874–1888); president of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1871–1875). 299,304

Hasselmann, Wilhelm (1844–1916), journalist and socialist politician. Member of theReichstag (1874–1881); emigrated to New York 1881. 141, 299, 326, 345

Hatzfeldt, Paul Graf von (1831–1901), German diplomat. Envoy extraordinary atMadrid (1874), ambassador at Constantinople (1878); secretary of state in the Berlin Foreign



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Office (1881); minister of state without portfolio (1882–1885); ambassador to London (1885–1901). 156

Haymerle, Heinrich Karl von (1828–1881), Austrian diplomat and statesman. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Athens (1869–1872) and to The Hague (1872);ambassador to Rome (1877); minister of foreign affairs (1879–1881). 146n, 159, 162

Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1809–1893), Catholic theologian. Bishop of Rottenburgfrom1869). 410–411, 415

Hegnenberg-Dux, Friedrich Graf von (1810–1872), Bavarian politician and statesman.Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848) and the Bavarian second chamber (1845–1867; its president 1849–1865); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1871–1872).433, 435, 439–441, 444

Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), German poet. 351, 485n

Heinrich (1838–1900), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine; General der Kavallerie (cavalry general).227, 264

Heinrich (1726–1802), Prussian prince, brother of Frederick the Great. General, anddiplomat. 180

Heinrich (1862–1929), Prussian prince. German admiral. 384

Helldorf, Oskar von (1829–1899), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary at Vienna (1876–1897). 329

Henri d’Artois, comte de Chambord (1820–1883), legitimist pretender to the throneof France from 1844. 73, 523

Herbert, Henry Howard Molyneux (1831–1890), British statesman, 4th Earl ofCarnarvon (1849). Secretary of state for the colonies (1866–1867; 1874–1878); LordLieutenant of Ireland (1885–1886). 331

Herz, Carl (1831–1897), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1871–1878;1881–1883) and the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1870–1886); Landgerichtsprasidentin Aschaffenburg (1883–1897). 461, 502

Hill, Sir Clement Lloyd (1845–1913), British diplomat. Junior clerk (1867); acting secondsecretary at Munich (1875–1876); private secretary to the under-secretary of state for foreignaffairs (1885–1886); assistant clerk (1886); senior clerk (1894–1905); MP (1906–1913). 114,485–495

Hirsch, Max (1832–1905), politician and economist. Member of the Reichstag (1869–1871; 1877–1878; 1881–1884; 1890–1893) and the Prussian house of deputies (1899–1905).340



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Hirschfeld, Louis von (1842–1895), German diplomat. First secretary at Constantinople(1881) and Paris (1882–1883). 176

Hirschhorn, Rudolf (1834–1921), lawyer. Member of the second chamber of the HessianLandtag (1875–1878). 235–236

Hodel, Max (1857–1878), plumber and would-be assassin of Wilhelm I in 1878. 336n, 337

Hofmann, Karl von (1827–1910), Hessian statesman. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary to Berlin (1866–1872), minister president and foreign minister (1872–1876); president of the Reichskanzleramt (1876); Prussian minister of commerce (1879–1880); imperial secretary of state in the ministry of the interior (1879–1880) and forAlsace-Lorraine (1880–1887). 10–11, 196, 197n, 210, 215, 217–218, 221, 223–225, 229–233,333

Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, Chlodwig Furst zu (1819–1901), German statesman.Member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1846–1876) and the Reichstag(1868–1881); Bavarian minister president (1866–1870); imperial ambassador to Paris (1874);Statthalter of Alsace-Lorraine (1885); Prussian minister president and German chancellor(1894–1900). 110, 135n, 152–153, 186n

Hohenwart, Karl Graf von (1824–1899), Austrian statesman and civil servant.Landeshauptmann of Krain (1862); Landesprasident of Steiermark (1867); governor of UpperAustria (1868); minister president and minister of the interior (1871); member of the Reichsrat(1879–1891). 34n, 435

Holstein, Friedrich von (1837–1909), German diplomat and civil servant. Secondsecretary of embassy (1871) and secretary of legation (1872) at Paris; employed inthe political department of the German Foreign Office between 1876 and 1906.293

Holthof, Karl (1835–1884), jurist, journalist, and politician. Reichstag member (1877–1888).237

Hompesch-Bollheim, Ferdinand Graf von (1824–1913), Bavarian diplomat. Ministerresident at Athens (1859–1863) and Berne (1865); envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary to Florence (1868) and London (1868–1871). 40

Hormann, Winfried Hormann von (1821–1896), Bavarian statesman. Member of thesecond chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1869–1883) and the Reichstag (1871–1874); ministerof the interior (1868–1869); president of the district of Swabia and Neuburg (1870–1877).463

Hornig, Richard (1841–1911), equerry, private secretary, and companion to Ludwig II ofBavaria. 464, 525

Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh, Mirza (1828–1881), Persian diplomat andstatesman. Prime minister (1871–1873). 65



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Howard, Sir Henry Francis (1809–1898), British diplomat. Attache at Munich (1832);secretary of legation at Berlin (1846–1852); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiaryto Lisbon (1855), Hanover (1859), and Munich (1866–1872). 1, 3, 8, 15, 429– 437

Hubel, Gustav Ludwig (1800–1881), Saxon civil servant. President of the Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskonsistorium (1874–1875). 295

Hubner, Alexander von (1811–1892), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary (1849), then ambassador to Paris (1856–1859); minister of police(1859); ambassador to the Holy See (1865–1867). 112

Hugel, Karl Eugen Freiherr von (1805–1870), Wurttemberg diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at London (1841–1848), Berlin (1850), The Hague(1851), and Vienna (1852); minister of foreign affairs (1855–1864). 395

Ignatyev, Nikolay Pavlovich (1832–1908), Russian general and diplomat. Ambassadorat Constantinople (1864–1877); minister of the interior (1881–1882). 137

Isenburg-Birstein, Furst Karl zu (1838–1899), head of the house of Isenburg-Birsteinfrom 1866. Member of the first Hessian chamber (1864–1899) and the Prussian upper house(1872–1899). 203

Isma’il Pasha (1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (1863–1879). 110n, 111, 167n, 307

Itzenplitz, Heinrich Graf von (1799–1883), Prussian statesman. Member of the Prussianupper house (1854–1883) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); minister of agriculture(1862) and of commerce (1862–1873). 60

Jacobini, Ludovico (1832–1887), Italian cardinal from 1879. Apostolic nuncio to Austria(1874–1880) and Cardinal Secretary of State (1880–1887). 521

Jaunez, Edouard (1834–1916), engineer and politician from Alsace-Lorraine. Member ofthe Reichstag (1877–1890). 123

Jerningham, Sir Hubert Edward Henry (1842–1914), British diplomat and statesman.Third secretary at Constantinople (1870) and Darmstadt (1872); second secretary atDarmstadt (1873; repeatedly also acting charge d’affaires) and Vienna (1878–1879); MP(1881–1885); colonial secretary of British Honduras (1887) and Mauritius (1889); Lieutenant-Governor (1892) and Governor (1893) of Mauritius; Governor of Trinidad and Tobago(1897–1900). 11, 21, 207–210, 212–214, 217–240

Jervoise, H.S. Clarke (1832–1911), Foreign Office official. Junior clerk (1854); actingsecond secretary at Florence (1868), Rome (1870), remained there on special service until1874; acting second secretary at Lisbon (1875; acting charge d’affaires 1876); senior clerk atForeign Office (1878–1880); senior clerk (1880–1894). 37

Jocelyn, William Nassau (1832–1892), British diplomat. Secretary of legation atStockholm (1868) and Berne (1873); secretary of embassy at Constantinople (1874–1878);



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charge d’affaires to Hesse and Baden at Darmstadt (1878–1892). 250–259, 262–263, 265–266

Johann (1468–1532), Elector of Saxony from 1525, known as John the Steadfast. 295

Johann I (1801–1873), King of Saxony from 1854. 269, 287

Johann Salvator (1852–c .1890), Austrian archduke and army officer. Renounced his titleand privileges in 1889 and went missing the following year. 112

Jolly, Julius (1823–1891), Baden politician and statesman. Minister president (1868–1876);member of the second chamber of the Baden Landtag (1868–1876). 238

Jorg, Josef Edmund (1819–1901), Bavarian politician, archivist, and Catholic publicist.Member of the second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1865–1881) and the Reichstag(1874–1878). 94, 482, 484, 491n, 493, 502

Jourdan, Mathieu Jouve (1746–1794), French revolutionary. 346

Kameke, Georg von (1817–1893), Prussian general and minister of war (1873–1883). 81,124, 152, 182

Karl (1809–1877), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. Hessian general. 227

Karl I (1823–1891), King of Wurttemberg from 1864. 9, 395, 401–402, 415

Karolyi von Nagykaroly, Graf Alajos (1825–1889), Austrian diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Copenhagen (1858) and Berlin (1859–1866);ambassador to Berlin (1871) and London (1878–1888). 151

Katharina Friederike Charlotte (1821–1898), Princess of Wurttemberg. 422

Katz, Casimir Rudolf (1824–1880), industrialist and politician. Reichstag member (1877–1880). 238

Kenealy, Edward (1819–1880), Irish barrister and writer. MP (1875–1880). 302–303

Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von (1811–1877), Bishop of Mainz (1872) andCatholic politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849), the firstHessian chamber (1851–1857), and the Reichstag (1871–1872). 12, 38, 84, 204, 207–209, 214,224–225, 452

Khan, Mohammad Qassem (c .1805–1872), Persian army officer and diplomat. Charged’affaires (1855), minister resident (1856) and envoy extraordinary (1859–1860) at StPetersburg; Governor General of the province of Gilan (1862–1868) and the province ofFars (1872). 63

Kiefer, Alois (1836–1902), Bavarian printer, journalist, and labour union official. 499



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Kimberley, see Wodehouse, John

Koch, Otto (1810–1876), Saxon politician. Member of the Frankfurt National Assembly(1848–1849), the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1849–1850) and the first chamber(from 1850); mayor of Leipzig (1849–1876). 289

Konneritz, Hans Freiherr von (1820–1911), Saxon diplomat and court official. Charged’affaires at St Petersburg (1853; minister resident from 1860); envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary at Munich (1864) and Berlin (1866–1873). 389

Konneritz, Leonce Robert Freiherr von (1835–1890), Saxon landowner andstatesman. Member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1866–1876) and theReichstag (1874–1877); Oberhofmarschall (1873–1891); Kreishauptmann of Zwickau (1874) andLeipzig (1876); minister of finance (1876–1890). 315, 344

Krause, Hugo von (1835–1874), Prussian diplomat. Secretary of legation at St Petersburg(1862), Munich (1864), and Washington (1868); secretary of embassy at London (1870). 61

Krause, Karl Gotthold (1837–1899), Saxon lawyer and politician. Member of the secondchamber of the Saxon Landtag (1869–1881) and the Reichstag (1875–1877; 1890–1893). 329

Kreutz, Alexander, Graf von (1850–1911), Russian diplomat; attache in Washington andBerlin. 126

Kuhlwetter, Friedrich von (1809–1882), Prussian civil servant and statesman. Presidentof the administrative district of Aachen (1848–1866), of Dusseldorf (1866); minister of theinterior (1848); head of the civil administration in Alsace (1870); president of the Provinceof Westphalia (1871–8). 69

Kullmann, Eduard (1853–1892), journeyman cooper. Tried to assassinate Bismarck in1874. 94–95, 476

Kunitz, Rudolf (n.a.), Prussian crown prosecutor at Frankfurt. 250

Landau, Isidor (1850–1944), journalist and theatre critic. Editor of the Dresdner Presse(1875–1877). 328

Lanfrey, Pierre (1828–1877), French historian, diplomat, and politician. 383

Lasker, Eduard (1829–1884), German jurist and politician. Member of the Prussian houseof deputies (1863–1879) and the Reichstag (1867–1884). 81, 231, 249, 306, 351–352, 354, 379,460, 462, 466

Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–1864), socialist politician and writer. Founding president ofthe Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein (1863). 299–302, 304, 325–326

Lauer, Gustav Adolph von (1808–1889), Prussian army officer and personal physicianto Wilhelm I. 181



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Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817–1894), British archaeologist, politician, and diplomat.MP (1852–1870); under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852; 1861–1866); envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Madrid (1869); ambassador to Constantinople(1877–1880). 151n, 156

Ledochowski, Mieczyslaw Halka (1822–1902), Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznan(1866). Cardinal (1875) and prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples(1892). 69, 79, 441, 444, 498, 519

Lefebvre de Behaine, Edouard Alphonse, comte de (1829–1897), French diplomat.Charge d’affaires at Munich (1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary atThe Hague (1880); ambassador to the Holy See (1882). 469–471, 497, 505

Leitrim, William Sydney Clements (1806–1878), Anglo-Irish landlord. MP (1839–1847); 3rd Earl of Leitrim (1855); assassinated in Donegal in 1878. 346

Leo XIII (1810–1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci. Pope from 1878.153–155, 168–169, 171–172, 190, 362, 497n, 501, 519–520

Leonhardt, Adolf (1815–1880), jurist and statesman. Minister of justice of Hanover (1865–1866) and Prussia (1867–1879). 318, 330, 406, 409

Leopold I (1676–1747), Prince of Anhalt-Dessau. Prussian general. 118

Leopold (1846–1930), Prince of Bavaria. German army officer. 528

Leveson-Gower, Granville George (1815–1891), British statesman. MP (1837–1846); 2ndEarl Granville (1846); foreign secretary (1851–1852; 1870–1874; 1880–1885); lord president ofthe council (1852–1866 with interruptions in 1854–1855 and 1858–1859); colonial secretary(1868–1870). 6, 29–78, 155–190, 193–212, 255–266, 269–280, 357–391, 395–406, 418–425, 429–475, 505–528

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900), socialist politician. After the failed Baden revolutionof 1848–1849 went into exile in Switzerland and then England (1850–1862); returned toGermany 1862; member of the Reichstag (1867–1871; 1874–1900) and the Saxon secondchamber (1879–1886; 1889–1892). 48n, 237, 249, 270–271, 273n, 284, 287, 300, 326–328, 391

Lindau, Rudolf (1829–1910), German journalist and diplomat. Attache for press andcommercial affairs at the Paris embassy (1872); head of the press office at the Berlin ForeignOffice from 1879. 378

Lister, Thomas Villiers (1832–1902), Foreign Office official. Assistant under-secretaryof state for foreign affairs (1873–1893). 183, 389

Littlewood, Henry Bucknall (1838–1912), commission agent from London. 29

Loe in Terporten bei Goch, Felix Freiherr von (1925–1896), jurist and Catholicpolitician. Member of the provincial Landtag of the Rhineland (1868–1888), the Prussianhouse of deputies (1870–1876; 1890–1896), and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871). 202



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Loftus, Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer (1817–1904), British diplomat.Attache at Berlin (1837) and Stuttgart (1844); secretary of legation at Stuttgart (1852) andBerlin (1853); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Vienna (1858), Berlin(1860), and Munich (1862); ambassador to Berlin (1866) and St Petersburg (1871); governorof New South Wales (1879–1885). 7, 18, 19, 29–36, 44–45, 119, 317, 416

Louis XIV (1638–1715), King of France from 1643. 316

Louis Philippe (1773–1850), duc d’Orleans. Elected King of the French after the revolutionof July 1830; deposed in February 1848. 75

Louise Margaret (1860–1917), Prussian princess. Duchess of Connaught and Strathearnupon her marriage to Prince Arthur in 1879. 522

Lowe, Charles (1848–1931), British journalist and author. Berlin correspondent for TheTimes (1878–1891). 382–383

Lowe, Wilhelm (1814–1886), physician and republican politician. Member of the FrankfurtNational Assembly and president of the Stuttgart Rump Parliament (1849); exiled inSwitzerland, Paris, London, and New York; returned to Germany after Prussian amnesty of1861; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1863–1886) and the Reichstag (1867–1881).317

Lucius-Ballhausen, Robert Freiherr (1835–1914), landowner, physician and politician.Member of the Reichstag (1867–1881), the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1879; 1882–1893),and the upper house (from 1895). 81, 143

Ludwig (1845–1921), Bavarian prince. Prince regent (1912–1913), see Ludwig III.

Ludwig I (1786–1868), King of Bavaria (1825–1848). 485n, 489

Ludwig II (1845–1886), King of Bavaria from 1864. 11, 19, 44, 109–110, 429–430, 431n, 434,436–438, 453, 457, 462–465, 476, 482, 484–487, 488n, 491–492, 494–496, 500–502, 505–506,509–511, 514–517, 522–528

Ludwig III (1845–1921), Bavarian prince. Prince regent (1912–1913); reigned as last Kingof Bavaria (1913–1918). 528

Ludwig III (1806–1877), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1848. 198–199, 222–224,229, 232, 236

Ludwig IV (1837–1892), Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1877. 5, 197n, 226–227,245, 251, 262, 265–266

Luise (1776–1810), Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; Queen consort of Prussia from 1797.180

Luise (1838–1923), Prussian princess. Grand Duchess of Baden from 1856. 106



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Luitpold (1821–1912), Prince of Bavaria. Prince regent from 1886. 44, 482, 491, 527–528

Lumley, see Savile (formerly Savile Lumley), John

Luthardt, August (1824–1906), Bavarian jurist and politician. Member of the secondchamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1881–1886). 506–507

Luther, Martin (1483–1546), reforming theologian. 389–390

Lutz, Johann (1826–1890), Bavarian statesman. Minister of justice (1867–1871) and ofcultural affairs (1869–1880); head of the council of ministers (1880–1890); ennobled in 1880and given the title Freiherr in 1883. 429, 435–437, 456, 486, 494, 506–507, 518

Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell (1817–1887), British diplomat. Baron Lyons (1858),created Viscount Lyons (1881); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary toWashington (1858–1865), ambassador to France (1867–1887); died before patent was sealedon earldom (1887). 62, 65, 98, 130, 134, 137, 146, 165–166

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–1859), British historian and politician. MP(1830–1847; 1852–1856); secretary at war (1839–1841); created 1st Baron Macaulay (1857).391

MacDonell, Sir Hugh Guion (1832–1904), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy atBerlin (1875) and Rome (1878); charge d’affaires at Munich (1882); envoy extraordinary atRio de Janeiro (1885), Copenhagen (1888), and Lisbon (1893–1902). 16, 117–118, 126–128,189, 509, 510, 511– 528

MacMahon, Patrice de (1808–1893), French general and statesman. Governor Generalof Algeria (1864–1870); President of France (1873–1879). 73, 105n, 346–347, 469–470

Magnus, Anton Freiherr von (1821–1882), Prussian diplomat. Minister resident atMexico (1865); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg (1867),Stuttgart (1872), and Copenhagen (1878–1881). 402

Majunke, Paul (1842–1899), Catholic priest, politician, and publicist. Member of theReichstag (1874–1884) and the Prussian house of deputies (1878–1884). 96, 320, 409n

Malet, Sir Edward Baldwin (1837–1908), British diplomat. Secretary of legation atPeking (1871), Athens (1873), and Rome (1875); secretary of embassy at Rome (1876)and Constantinople; consul general in Egypt (1879); envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary at Brussels (1883); ambassador to Berlin (1884–1895). 165

Malkam Khan, Mirza (1833–1908), Persian diplomat and reformer. Envoy extraordinaryand minister plenipotentiary to London (1873–1888) and Rome (1898–1908). 65

Malsen, Ludwig Freiherr von (1828–1895), Bavarian diplomat and court official.Oberhofmarschall from 1868. 522



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Mansfield, William Murray (1705–1793), English judge and statesman. Solicitor general(1742) and attorney general for England and Wales (1754); chief justice of the King’sBench (1756–1788); chancellor of the exchequer (1757); created 1st Earl of Mansfield (1792).319

Manteuffel, Edwin Freiherr von (1809–1885), Prussian general. Military governor ofSchleswig (1864); commander during the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-PrussianWar; governor general of Alsace-Lorraine (1879–1885). 75, 119, 188

March, George Edward (1834–1881), Foreign Office official. Superintendent of the treatydepartment (1873–1881). 406

Maria Alexandrovna (1824–1880), nee Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. Married AlexanderII and became Empress of Russia upon his accession to the throne in 1855. 21, 193, 195, 222

Maria Alexandrovna (1853–1920), Grand Duchess of Russia. Became Duchess ofEdinburgh upon her marriage to Prince Alfred in 1874, and, from 1893, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. 83, 522

Maria Feodorovna (1847–1928), Princess Dagmar of Denmark. Married AlexanderAlexandrovich (later Alexander III) in 1866; Empress of Russia 1881–1894. 150

Maria Therese (1849–1919), Archduchess of Austria-Este. Married Prince Ludwig ofBavaria in 1868; last Queen of Bavaria (1913–1918). 528

Mariani, Jean Baptiste (1834–1890), French diplomat. Charge d’affaires at Munich(1882–8); ambassador to Rome (1888–1890). 189–190, 509–511, 527

Marie (1825–1889), Princess of Prussia. Queen of Bavaria from 1848. 510, 526

Marie (1850–1922), Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Grand Duchess consort ofMecklenburg-Schwerin from 1868. 45

Marie (1857–1882), Princess of Waldeck and Pyrmont. Princess of Wurttemberg upon hermarriage to Crown Prince Wilhelm in 1877. 422

Marr, Wilhelm (1819–1904), journalist and anti-Semitic publicist. Member of theHamburg state parliament (1861–1862). 351n–354

Martin, Konrad (1812–1879), theologian and Catholic priest. Professor at the Universityof Bonn (1844); Bishop of Paderborn (1856; deposed de facto, but with no ecclesiasticaleffect, in 1875). 69, 498

Martinucci, Vincenzo (n.a.), Italian architect. Architect of the Apostolic Palace until1879. 512

Marx, Karl (1818–1883), German philosopher and socialist thinker. 300, 304



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Masella, Gaetano Aloisi (1826–1902), Italian cardinal. Apostolic nuncio at Munich(1877) and Lisbon (1879–1883); prefect of the Congregation of Rites (1899). 145n, 496–498

Maucler, Karl Rene Freiherr von (1841–1907), Wurttemberg diplomat. Charged’affaires (1873) and then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at St Petersburg(1879–1881). 416–417

Maximilian II (1811–1864), King of Bavaria from 1848. 484–485n

May, Thomas Erskine (1815–1886), British civil servant and constitutional theorist. Clerkof the House of Commons (1871–1886); created Baron Farnborough (1886). 345–346n

Maybach, Albert von (1822–1904), Prussian railway official and statesman. Presidentof the imperial railway office; imperial undersecretary of state (1877); Prussian ministerof commerce and public works (1878–1891); member of the Prussian house of deputies(1882–1888; 1890–1893). 254

Mayr, Georg von (1841–1925), Bavarian civil servant. Head of the Bavarian StatisticalBureau (1869); undersecretary of state in the imperial office for Alsace-Lorraine (1879–1887). 509

Mazarin, Jules (1602–1661), Italian cardinal and diplomat. Chief minister of France from1642. 371

Meglia, Francesco Pier (1810–1883), cardinal priest. Apostolic nuncio to Mexico (1864),Munich (1866), and Paris (1874–1879). 95

Melchers, Paulus (1813–1895), Archbishop of Cologne (1866). Exiled to the Netherlands(1875); cardinal priest in Rome (1885). 79, 153, 154, 519

Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Felix (1809–1847), composer, pianist, and conductor. 351

Menshikov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1816–1893), Russian general. 66

Mermillod, Gaspard (1824–1892), Swiss Catholic priest. Vicar apostolic of Geneva(1873); Bishop of Lausanne and Geneva (1883); cardinal (1890). 295

Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Furst von (1773–1859), Austrian statesman. Foreignminister (1809–1848); house, court, and state chancellor (1821–1848). 363

Meyer, Rudolf (1839–1899), social conservative publicist. Fled to Austria in 1877 to avoidprison sentence; emigrated to USA and Canada (1881); returned to Austria in 1889. 322

Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791–1864), born Jacob Liebmann Beer. Composer andconductor. 351

Michell, Thomas (1835–1899), British consul general for Eastern Rumelia (1879) andNorway (1880–1897). 155, 157



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Milan I (1854–1901), ruler of Serbia (1868–1889), first as prince and then, from 1882, asking. 511

Minckwitz, Heinrich Eduard (1819–1886), Saxon jurist and liberal politician. Memberof the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament (1848), the Reichstag (1867; 1871–1877), and the Saxon secondchamber (1869–1880). 281, 285, 286, 372

Mittnacht, Hermann Freiherr von (1825–1909), Wurttemberg jurist and statesman.Member of the second chamber of the Wurttemberg Landtag (1861–1900); minister of justice(1867–1878), foreign minister (1873–1900) and minister president (1876–1900). 397, 399–400,406–409, 411–412, 416n, 417–419

Mohl, Moritz (1802–1888), Wurttemberg economist and politician. Member of theFrankfurt Pre-Parliament and National Assembly (1848–1849), the Wurttemberg constituentassembly (1849–1850), the chamber of deputies (1851–1887), and the Reichstag (1871–1873).397

Mohl, Robert von (1799–1875), Baden politician and diplomat. Professor at Tubingen(1825) and Heidelberg (1847); plenipotentiary to the Federal Diet (1861–1866); envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1866–1871); president of the Badenaudit office (1871–1874); Reichstag member (1874–1875). 286

Moltke, Helmuth Graf von (1800–1891), Prussian general. Chief of staff of the Prussianarmy (1858–1888); member of the Reichstag (1867–1891) and the Prussian upper house (1872).55, 75–76, 102–104, 152, 182, 218, 312–313, 315, 374

Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903), historian, classical scholar, and politician. Member ofthe Prussian house of deputies (1863–1866; 1873–1879) and the Reichstag (1881–1884); Nobellaureate in literature (1902). 381

Montebello, Gustave Lannes de (1838–1907), French diplomat. Charge d’affairesat Munich (1880); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels(1882); ambassador to Constantinople (1886) and St Petersburg (1891–1902).509

Moreau, Jean Victor Marie (1863–1813), French general. Mortally wounded in theBattle of Dresden. 291

Morier, Sir Robert Burnett David (1826–1893), British diplomat. Attache at Vienna(1853) and Berlin (1858); second secretary at Berlin (1862); secretary of legation at Athens(1865), Frankfurt (1866), and Darmstadt (1866); charge d’affaires at Stuttgart (1871) and Mu-nich (1872); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Lisbon (1876) and Madrid(1881); ambassador to Russia (1884–1893). 3–4, 6, 9, 15, 22, 114, 193–198, 396–401, 438–485,488

Most, Johann Josef (1846–1906), politician, journalist. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1876); editor of the anarchist newspaper Freiheit in London (1879–1881); emigratedto the USA after serving a prison sentence (1882). 164n, 287–288, 293, 300, 368–369



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Motteler, Julius (1838–1908), bookkeeper, publisher, and socialist politician. Reichstagmember (1874–1878; 1903–1907); went into exile in Zurich (1879) and London (1888–1901).300

Moufang, Christoph (1817–1890), Catholic theologian, priest, and politician.Administrator of the diocese of Mainz; domestic prelate from 1886; member of the Reichstag(1871–1890) and the first Hessian chamber (from 1863). 237

Moy de Sons, Karl Graf von (1827–1894), Bavarian court official. Master of ceremoniesfrom 1859. 434

Muffling genannt Weiß, Wilhelm von (1839–1912), Prussian jurist and civil servant.Landrat of the circle of Czarnikau (1872) and Demmin (1877); police president at Stettin(1887) and Frankfurt am Main (1889–1904). 69

Muhsin Khan, Mirza (1819–1910), Persian diplomat. Minister plenipotentiary at London;ambassador at Constantinople (1872–1890); minister of foreign affairs (1896–1899). 66

Munster, Georg Herbert Graf zu (1820–1902), German diplomat. Hanoverianenvoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg (1856–1865); imperialambassador to London (1873) and Paris (1885–1900). Member of the first chamber of theHanoverian Landtag (1846–1866), the Reichstag (1867–1874), and the Prussian upper house(1867–1902). 68, 78, 103, 110, 164

Murray, Sir Charles Augustus (1806–1895), British diplomat and writer. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1853), Tehran (1854), Dresden (1859),Copenhagen (1866), and Lisbon (1867–1874). 274

Murray, Eustace Clare Grenville (1824–1881), British diplomat and journalist. From1851 posted as attache to Vienna, Hanover, Constantinople, and Tehran; consul general atOdessa (1858–1868); Paris correspondent for various newspapers and magazines from 1869.91

Napier, Robert Cornelis, (1810–1890), British army officer. Commander of theEthiopian campaign (1867–188); commander-in-chief, India (1871); Governor of Gibraltar(1874–1883); created Baron Napier of Magdala (1868). 313

Napoleon I (1769–1821), French general. Emperor of the French (1804–1814; 1815). 76n,180, 314, 316, 349, 383, 385, 473–474, 489

Napoleon III (1808–1873), Charles Louis, later Louis Napoleon Bonaparte. President ofthe French Second Republic (1848–1851); assumed dictatorial powers in December 1851;Emperor of the French (1852–1870). 95, 194n, 214n, 247n, 271n, 368n, 431

Naro, Costantino Patrizi (1798–1876), Italian cardinal. Cardinal vicar (1841); dean ofthe college of cardinals (1870). 443

Nasir al-Din (1831–1896), Qajar Shah of Iran from 1848. 63–66



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Neidhart, Karl von (1827–1909), Hessian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary at Berlin (1876–1908). 246

Neumann, Leopold (1831–1895), politician and lawyer in Freiburg. Member of the Badensecond chamber (1875–1879; 1892–1894). 238

Neve, Johann (1846–1896), German anarchist. Lived in Paris, London, and Zurich(1874–1885); extradited to Germany from Belgium in 1887 and sentenced to 15 years’imprisonment. 164

Nicholas I (1796-1855), Tsar of Russia from 1825. 318, 417n

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), Prussian civil servant, historian, and diplomat.Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Holy See (1816–1827). 349

Niethammer, Friedrich Freiherr von (1831–1911), Bavarian diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1869; from 1870 also at The Hague),Switzerland (1872; from 1873 also at Baden), and Saxony (1887–1903). 39

Noailles, Emmanuel-Henri-Victurnien, marquis de (1830–1909), French diplomat.Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Washington (1872); ambassador toRome (1873), Constantinople (1882–1886), and Berlin (1896–1902). 176

Nordenflycht, Ferdinand Otto Freiherr von (1816–1901), Prussian civil servant.Member of the chamber of deputies (1866–1867); Oberprasident of the Province of Silesia(1873–1874). 95–96

Nostitz-Wallwitz, Hermann von (1826–1906), Saxon statesman. Minister of the interior(1866–1891), the royal house (1869–1871; 1882–1895), and foreign affairs (1876–1882);member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1857–1866) and the Reichstag (1874–1877). 276, 289, 315–316, 323, 329, 331, 333, 338–339, 345, 347, 349–350, 354–355, 357,360–365, 367–369, 371, 391

Nostitz-Wallwitz, Oswald von (1830–1885), Saxon diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1873–1885). 329

Oechsner, Georg (1822–1895), Hessian politician and mayor of Mainz (1885–1894).Member of the Hessian second chamber (1866–1874) and the Reichstag (1877–1878). 237

Oehler, Anton von (1810–1879), Catholic priest. Vicar general of the diocese of Rottenburgfrom1852. 415

Olga Nikolaievna (1822–1892), Grand Duchess of Russia. Queen of Wurttemberg from1864. 411, 417n

Ormonde, James Butler, Duke of (1665–1745), army officer and politican. LordLieutenant of Ireland (1703–1707; 1710–1713). 118



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Orton, Arthur (1834–1898), Australian butcher and ‘Tichborne claimant’. 303

Oscar II (1829–1907), King of Sweden from 1872, and King of Norway (1872–1905). 102

Osten-Sacken, Nikolai von der (1831–1912), Russian diplomat. Minister resident atDarmstadt (1870); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Munich (1880);ambassador to Berlin (1895–1912). 518

Otto (1848–1916), King of Bavaria (1886–1913). 465, 494, 526, 528

Otto-Walster, August (1834–1898), journalist and socialist politician. Emigrated to NewYork between 1876 and 1890. 275

Ow-Felldorf, Karl Freiherr von (1818–1898), Bavarian jurist and politician. Memberof the Bavarian second chamber (1863–1892; its president 1871–1872 and 1875–1892), firstchamber (1893–1898), and the Reichstag (1871–1882). 482

Paget, Augustus Berkeley (1823–1896), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary to Saxony (1858), Denmark (1859), Portugal (1866), and Italy (1867);ambassador to Italy (1876) and Austria-Hungary (1884–1894). 168, 519, 521

Palgrave, William Gifford (1826–1888), British diplomat and consular agent. Consul atSukhumi (1866), Trebizond (1867), St Thomas and St Croix (1873), Manila (1876); consulgeneral at Sofia (1878), Bangkok (1879), and Montevideo, where he also was minister resident(1884). 128–129, 251

Palmerston, Henry John Temple (1784–1865), British statesman; 3rd ViscountPalmerston (1802). MP (1807–1865); secretary at war (1809–1828); foreign secretary (1830–1841; 1846–1851); home secretary (1851); prime minister (1855–1858; 1859–1865). 363

Pauline (1877–1965), Princess of Wurttemberg. 422

Paumgarten, Ludwig von (1821–1883), Bavarian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary to Florence (1868), Dresden (1870), and the Holy See (1873).513

Pauncefote, Julian (1828–1902), British diplomat. Assistant under-secretary of state forthe colonies (1874) and foreign affairs (1876); permanent under-secretary of state for foreignaffairs (1882); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary (1889), ambassador to theUnited States from (1893); created 1st Baron Pauncefote (1899). 262, 419

Peel, Sir Robert (1788–1850), British statesman. MP (1809–1850); home secretary (1821–1830); prime minister (1834–1835; 1841–1846). 290, 314, 343, 356n

Perponcher-Sedlnitzky, Wilhelm Graf von (1819–1893), Prussian diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Darmstadt (1857–1859), Naples (1860–1861),Munich (1862–1863), and The Hague (1863–1875). 98–99



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Petre, Sir George Glynn (1822–1905), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy atBerlin (1868); charge d’affaires at Stuttgart (1872–1881); envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary at Buenos Aires (1881–1883) and Lisbon (1884–1893). 6, 13, 18, 36–43, 44,46–47, 114, 402–416, 416, 418– 419

Petsch, Albert (n.a.), dentist from Berlin. 177

Pfeuffer, Sigmund von (1824–1894), Bavarian statesman. Minister of the interior (1871–1881); Regierungsprasident of the Circle of the Rhine (1867–1871), and Upper Bavaria (1881–1894). 494

Pfordten, Ludwig Freiherr von der (1811–1880), jurist, diplomat, and statesman. Saxonminister of the interior and temporary foreign minister (1848–1849); member of the secondchamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1849–1858); Bavarian minister president and foreignminister (1849–1859; 1864–1866); Bavarian envoy to the Federal Diet (1859–1864). 196n, 256

Pfretzschner, Adolph Freiherr von (1820–1901), Bavarian statesman. Minister of trade(1865–1866) and finances (1866–1872); minister president and minister of foreign affairs(1872–1880); member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1872–1897). 454n, 467,469–471, 476, 485–486, 492,

Pietro, Angelo Di (1828–1914), apostolic nuncio to Munich (1882) and Madrid (1887).Cardinal (1893) and prefect of the Congregation of the Council (1893–1895). 509–510,519–521

Piombazzi, Sigmund Ritter von (1851–1891), Austrian consul. Vice consul atConstantinople (1871); consul at Edirne (1879), Plovdiv (1879–1886), and Odessa (1886–1891). 157

Pius VII (1742–1823), born Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti. Cardinal 1785; pope from1800. 489

Pius IX (1792–1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti. Pope from 1846. 38, 55–56, 63,71–73, 77n, 79, 89, 95, 100–102, 121, 153n, 155, 211, 213, 283n, 295, 305, 409–411, 441–449,452–453n, 511

Planitz, Bernhard Edler von der (1828–1907), Saxon landowner and politician.Member of the Saxon first chamber (1869–1902). 330

Plunkett, Sir Francis Richard (1835–1907), British diplomat. Second secretary at StPetersburg (1862), Copenhagen (1863), Vienna (1865), Berlin (1868), Florence (1868), andBerlin (1871); secretary of legation at Tokyo (1873), Washington (1876); secretary of embassyat St Petersburg (1877), Constantinople (1881), and Paris (1881); envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary at Tokyo (1884–1887; also consul general in this period), Stockholm(1888), and Brussels (1893); ambassador to Vienna (1900–1905). 46, 49–52

Polit-Desancic, Mihailo (1833–1920), Serbian politician and journalist. Member of theHungarian diet (1873–1913). 472



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Pollexfen, Sir Henry (c .1632–1691), British judge and politician. 320

Protic, Kosta (1831–1892), Serbian general and statesman. Minister of war (1873–1875;1889); member of the regency council (1889–1892). 511

Puttkamer, Robert von (1828–1900), Prussian statesman. Member of the Reichstag (1874–1884; 1890–1891), the Prussian house of deputies (1879–1885), and the upper house (from1889); Oberprasident of Silesia (1877) and Pomerania (1891–1899); minister of cultural affairs(1879–1881) and of the interior (1881–1888). 144–145, 367

Rabenau, Adalbert Freiherr Nordeck zur (1817–1892), jurist and politician. Memberof the second chamber of the Hessian Landtag (1847–1849; 1851–1856; 1872–1892), theFrankfurt Pre-Parliament (1848), and the Reichstag (1867–1881). 196, 235–236

Radowitz, Joseph von (1839–1912), German diplomat. Consul general at Bucharest(1870); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Athens (1874–1882); acting headof embassy at St Petersburg (1876–1878) and Paris (1880); ambassador to Constantinople(1882) and Madrid (1892–1908). 245

Ramel Michelet, Georg Ove von (1830–1908), Swedish army officer; military attacheat Berlin (1873–1877). 124

Raspail, Francois-Vincent (1794–1878), French chemist, physician, and socialistpolitician. 288

Reich, Karl (c .1825), Prussian jurist. Judge at the Berlin Stadtgericht (1873) and the BerlinLandgericht (from 1879). 294

Reichardt, Julius (1826–1898), publisher and founding editor of the Dresdner Nachrichten.364

Reichensperger, Peter (1810–1892), Prussian politician and Catholic publicist. Memberof the Frankfurt Pre-Parliament and the Prussian National Assembly (1848), the ErfurtDiet (1850), and the Prussian second chamber (1849–1856; 1858–1892); Reichstag member(1867–1892). 38

Reinkens, Joseph Hubert (1821–1896), theologian. Professor at the University of Breslau(1853); first Old Catholic bishop in Germany (1873). 13, 42n, 71–73, 209–211, 224

Reuleaux, Franz (1829–1905), mechanical engineer. Professor at the universities of Zurich(1856) and Berlin (1864). 334

Reuter, Paul Julius Freiherr von (1816–1899), entrepreneur, journalist, and founder ofReuter’s Telegram Company. Naturalized British subject (1857). 63–64

Ricardo, David (1872–1823), English economist. 301–304

Richter, Eugen (1838–1906), publicist and politician. Member of the Reichstag (1867–1906)and the Prussian house of deputies (1869–1905). 341, 370, 379



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Rickert, Heinrich (1833–1902), journalist and liberal politician. Member of the Reichstag(1874–1903) and the Prussian house of deputies (1870–1902). 38

Riedel, Emil von (1832–1906), Bavarian jurist and statesman; minister of finance (1877–1904). 508

Rittler, Alois (1839–1890), Catholic priest, journalist, teacher, and politician. Member ofthe second chamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1875–1890). 506

Roder, Eugen von (1808–1888), Prussian civil servant. Master of ceremonies (1863); Vize-Oberzeremonienmeister (1873) and Oberkuchenmeister (1885). 46

Roncetti, Cesare (1834–1881), Italian archbishop. Apostolic nuncio at Munich (1879–1881). 500–502, 505

Ronge, Johannes (1813–1887), theologian and leader of the German Catholics(Deutschkatholiken). 43

Roon, Albrecht von (1803–1879), Prussian general and statesman. Member of the Prussianhouse of deputies (1860–1861; 1863–1870), the North German Reichstag (1867–1870), and thePrussian upper house (from 1872); minister of war (1859–1873) and the navy (1861–1872);minister president (1873); created Graf (1871). 58–60, 77, 89

Rosenberg, Adalbert Franz Anton Freiherr von (1818–1880), Prussian diplomat.Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Lisbon (1859), Stockholm (1862),Stuttgart (1867), and Hamburg (1872–1875). 402

Rudhart, Gideon von (1833–1898), Bavarian diplomat. Charge d’affaires at Paris (1871);envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin (1877), St Petersburg (1880), andDresden (1883–1887). 157–158

Rudolf (1858–1889), Archduke of Austria and Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary. 19, 159,495–496

Russell, John (1792–1878), British statesman, known as Lord John Russell before 1861.MP (1830–1861); home secretary (1834–1839); secretary of state for war and the colonies(1839–1841); prime minister (1846–1852; 1865–1866); foreign secretary (1852–1853; 1859–1865); secretary of state for the colonies (1855); created 1st Earl Russell (1861). 77n, 89, 106,122n

Russell, Odo (1829–1884), British diplomat. Attache at Paris, Vienna, Constantinople,Washington, and Naples; from 1860 on special service at Rome (as unaccredited envoyto the Holy See); undertook a special mission to the German headquarters at Versailles(November 1870–March 1871); ambassador to Berlin (1871–1884); styled Lord Odo Russellfrom 1872, created Baron Ampthill (1881). 7, 10–14, 16–21, 23, 34, 45–49, 52 –68, 70–84,86–116, 119–126, 128–143, 146–160, 162–165, 171–185, 188–190, 413, 481n, 492

Russell, William Howard (1820–1907), British journalist and (war) correspondent forThe Times. 270



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Saburov, Peter Alexandrovich (1835–1918), Russian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary atAthens (1870); ambassador to Berlin (1880–1884). 20–21, 178, 188–189

Sachße, Friedrich Raimund (1817–1898), jurist and politician. Member of the secondchamber of the Saxon Landtag (1857–1874) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1869). 283

Saint-Vallier, Charles Raymond de (1833–1886), French diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stuttgart (1868–1870); ambassador to Berlin(1877–1881). 135, 148–152, 172

Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil (1830–1903), British Statesman.MP (1853–1868); secretary of state for India (1866–1867; 1874–1878); 3rd Marquess ofSalisbury (1868); secretary of state for foreign affairs (1878–1880; 1885–1886; 1887–1892;1895–1900); prime minister (1885–1886; 1886–1892; 1895–1902). 6, 18, 137n, 138–155, 245–255, 317, 333–357, 358n, 414–418, 496–504

Savigny, Carl Friedrich von (1814–1875), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary at Karlsruhe (1850), Dresden (1859), and Brussels (1863); envoyto the Federal Diet (1864–1866); member of the Prussian house of deputies (1867–1868;1870–1875) and the Reichstag (1867–1875). 38

Savile (formerly Savile Lumley), John (1818–1896), British diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Saxony (1866), the Swiss Confederation (1867),and Belgium (1868); ambassador to Italy (1883–1888); created 1st Baron Savile (1888). 80,184, 478

Schachtmeyer, Hans Ferdinand Rudolf von (1816–1897), Prussian army officer;governor of Strasbourg (1875–1878); commanding general of the XIII army corps inWurttemberg (1878–1886). 421

Schefsky, Josephine (1843–1912), opera singer and actress. Employed at the MunichHoftheater (1871–1879). 464

Scherr, Gregor von (1804–1877), Archbishop of Munich and Freising from 1856. 432,434, 451

Schiller, Friedrich (1759–1805), German poet and dramatist. 367

Schlor, Gustav von (1820–1883), Bavarian jurist, politician, and statesman. Minister oftrade (1866–1871); member of the Frankfurt National Assembly (1848–1849) and the secondchamber of the Bavarian Landtag (1855–1883). 493

Schlozer, Kurd von (1822–1894), German diplomat. Consul general in Mexico (1869–1871); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Washington (1871–1882), andPrussian envoy to the Holy See (1882–1892). 62, 169n, 171n, 513n, 519, 521

Schmid, Anton (1842–1908), Baden politician and farmer. Member of the Baden secondchamber (1881–1888). 258



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Schroder, Johann Wilhelm (1833–1910), Catholic priest and cathedral vicar fromPaderborn. 69

Schulze-Delitzsch, Franz Hermann (1808–1883), social reformer and politician.Member of the Prussian National Assembly (1848), Prussian house of deputies (1848–1849;1861–1872) and the Reichstag (1867–1883). 40–42, 300, 340

Schwarz, Franz Joseph (1821–1885), Catholic priest in Ellwangen and art historian.Domestic prelate from 1875. 411

Schwauß, Karl August (1826–1906), Dresden police director (1863–1893). 272

Schweinitz, Hans Lothar von (1822–1901), Prussian general and diplomat. Envoyextraordinary at Vienna (1869; imperial ambassador from 1871); ambassador to StPetersburg (1876–1892). 34n, 110, 119

Schweitzer, Jean Baptiste von (1833–1875), lawyer, journalist, and socialist politician.Member of the North German Reichstag (1867–1871); president of the Allgemeiner DeutscherArbeiterverein (1867–1871). 300, 327

Scott, Sir Charles Stewart (1838–1924), British diplomat. Second secretary at Mexico(1866), Lisbon (1868), Stuttgart (1871), Munich (1872), Vienna (1873), St Petersburg (1874), andDarmstadt (1877); secretary of legation at Coburg (1879); repeatedly acting charge d’affairesat Darmstadt from 1877 to 1883, also at Stuttgart in 1881; secretary of embassy at Berlin(1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berne (1888) and Copenhagen(1893); ambassador to St Petersburg (1898–1904). 4, 20, 240–249, 251, 259, 264–265, 399, 455

Scroggs, Sir William (c .1623–1683), British judge. Lord Chief Justice of England (1678–1681). 320

Seguier, Antoine-Louis (1726–1792), French jurist and magistrate. 319

Seydewitz, Otto von (1818–1898), Prussian landowner and politician. Reichstag member(1867–1884; 1887–1890; its president 1879–1880); Oberprasident of the Province of Silesia(1879–1894). 143

Seymour, Francis George Hugh (1812–1884), British army officer, courtier, andpolitician. Fifth Marquess of Hertford (1870); Lord Chamberlain (1874–1879). 64–65

Seymour, Sir George Hamilton (1797–1880), British diplomat. Minister resident atFlorence (1830); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels (1835), Lisbon(1846), St Petersburg (1851–1854), and Vienna (1855–1858). 318

Shuvalov, Pyotr Andreyevich (1827–1889), Russian diplomat. Ambassador to London(1874–1879). 102, 106n, 111, 150

Siaosi Tupou I (1797–1893), King of Tonga from 1845. 129



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Siemens, Friedrich (1826–1904), industrialist and brother of Werner von Siemens. 325

Siemens, Werner von (1816–1892), inventor and industrialist; founder of TelegraphenBau-Anstalt von Siemens & Halske. 325

Sigl, Johann Baptist (1839–1902), Bavarian journalist and politician. Founding editor ofthe Bayerisches Vaterland (1869); member of the Reichstag (1893–1898) and the second chamberof the Bavarian Landtag (1897–1899). 451–452, 499–500

Silbernagl, Isidor (1831–1904), Catholic theologian. Professor of church law and churchhistory at the University of Munich from 1863. 456

Simmers, Joseph Adolph (n.a.), German seed merchant. Imperial consul at Torontofrom 1871. 62

Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitrievich (1843–1882), Russian general. Governor of Minsk from1881. 385, 421, 507

Soden, Oskar Freiherr von (1831–1906), Wurttemberg diplomat. Charge d’affaires atKarlsruhe (1866); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Munich (1868–1906).95, 497

Solms-Sonnenwalde, Bernhard Graf zu (1825–1912), German diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Rio de Janeiro (1872), Dresden (1873), andMadrid (1878); ambassador to Rome (1887–1893). 39, 314, 328

Sonnemann, Leopold (1831–1909), banker, publicist, and politician. Founding editor ofthe Frankfurter Zeitung (1856–1866); member of the Reichstag (1871–1884). 139, 250, 263

Spitzeder, Adele (1832–1895), German actress and imposter. 448–452

Spitzemberg, Karl Freiherr Hugo von (1826–1880), Wurttemberg diplomat. Charged’affaires at St Petersburg (1860); minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary at Berne(1865), and Berlin (1866–1880); from 1871 also plenipotentiary at the Federal Council. 414,487

Stanley, Edward Henry (1826–1893), British statesman; styled Lord Stanley prior to1869. MP (1848–1869); parliamentary under-secretary of state for foreign affairs (1852);secretary of state for the colonies (1858; 1882–1885); first secretary of state for India (1858–1859); foreign secretary (1866–1868; 1874–1878); 15th Earl of Derby (1869). 6, 11, 78–138,212–245, 280–334, 406–414, 475–496

Stanton, Sir Edward (1827–1907), British army officer and diplomat. Consul general atWarsaw (1860) and Egypt (1865); charge d’affaires at Munich (1876–1882). 110, 495– 496,505

Starck, Julius Rinck Freiherr von (1825–1910), Hessian statesman. Minister presidentand foreign minister (1876–1884); from 1879 also minister of the interior and justice; memberof the first chamber (1884–1902). 233, 235–236, 252, 260, 262



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Stauffenberg, Franz August Freiherr Schenk von (1834–1901), jurist and politician.Member of the Bavarian second chamber (1867–1877; 1879–1899; president 1873–1875); member of the Reichstag (1871–1893; vice president 1876–1879). 143, 379, 433,464

Stauffenberg, Franz Ludwig Philipp Schenk von (1801–1881), Bavarian landownerand politician. Hereditary member of the first chamber of the Bavarian Landtag from 1837and its president from 1848. 464, 508

Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum (1757–1831), Prussian statesman andreformer. Minister of finances and commerce (1804–1807; 1807–1808). 314, 349n

Stephens, Francis (b. 1838), Foreign office official. Junior clerk (1854); assistant clerk(1869). 108, 159, 221, 255, 256, 418, 419, 505

Stern, Josef (1839–1902), journalist and politician. From 1873 editor of the FrankfurterZeitung; member of the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1885). 250

Stieber, Wilhelm (1818–1882), Prussian jurist, police official. Head of the criminalinvestigation department of the Berlin police (1853–1861); chief of the political police (1866–1873); director of the Feldpolizei (1866; 1870–1871). 264

Stoecker, Adolf (1835–1909), Lutheran theologian, publicist, and politician. Founderof the anti-semitic Christlich-soziale Partei (1878); member of the second chamberof the Prussian Landtag (1879–1898) and the Reichstag (1881–1893; 1898–1908). 353,374

Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto Graf zu (1837–1896), German statesman. Member of theReichstag (1867; 1871–1878), the Prussian upper house (from 1867; its president 1872–1877 and1893–1896); ambassador to Vienna (1876–1878); German vice chancellor and vice presidentof the Prussian state ministry (1878–1881), principal chamberlain to Wilhelm I (1884–1892).88, 147, 324

Stosch, Albrecht von (1818–1896), Prussian general and admiral. Prussian ministerwithout portfolio and head of the imperial admiralty (1872–1883). 182

Strachey, Catherine (1841–1920), nee Doveton, George Strachey’s second wife from1862. 296–298

Strachey, George (1828–1912), British diplomat. Secretary of legation at Copenhagen(1867), Berne (1873), and Dresden (1873, with additional role of charge d’affaires); ministerresident (1890–1897). 4–5, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 115, 279–391

Stranski, Georgi (1847–1904), Bulgarian politician and statesmen. Director of finance(1880–1881) and member of the permanent committee of Eastern Rumelia (1879–1880;1882–1884); Bulgarian minister of foreign affairs (1887–1890). 157

Struck, Heinrich (1825–1902), physician. Bismarck’s medical attendant; director of theKaiserliche Gesundheitsamt (1876–1886). 66



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Stubel, Paul Alfred (1827–1895), lawyer and politician. Mayor of Dresden (1877–1895);member of the second chamber of the Saxon Landtag (1877–1884) and the Reichstag (1881–1884). 373–374

Stumm, Ferdinand von (1843–1925), Prussian and German diplomat. Secretary oflegation and charge d’affaires at the Holy See (1871–1872); secretary of legation atParis, Munich, Washington, Brussels, St Petersburg, and London, before becoming envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Darmstadt (1882), Copenhagen (1885), andMadrid (1887–1892). 45

Swaine, Leopold (1840–1931), British army officer. Military attache at St Petersburg (1878),Constantinople (1879–1881), and Berlin (1882–1889; 1891–1896). 183–184

Sybel, Heinrich von (1817–1895), German historian and politician. Member of thePrussian house of deputies (1862–1864; 1874–1880) and the North German Reichstag (1867–1871). 320

Szechenyi, Emmerich Graf (1825–1898), Austrian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary at Stockholm (1849–1850) and Naples (1860–1864); ambassador toBerlin (1878–1892). 147

Tauffkirchen-Guttenberg, Carl von (1826–1895), Bavarian diplomat. Envoyextraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to St Petersburg (1867), the Holy See (1869),and Stuttgart (1874–1895). 38–39, 453–454

Tautphoeus, Rudolf Freiherr von (1838–1885), Bavarian diplomat. Secretary oflegation at Florence (1867), Berlin (1867), and Rome (1872; envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary from 1880). 39–40

Tenterden, Charles Stuart Aubry Abbott (1834–1882), British diplomat; 3rd BaronTenterden (1870). Assistant under-secretary (1871) and then permanent under-secretary ofstate for foreign affairs (1873–1882). 23, 82, 137–138, 149, 153, 155, 174n, 248, 254, 366, 477n,500, 502, 506

Tessendorff, Hermann (1851–1895), Prussian jurist. Public prosecutor in Burg (1864),Magdeburg (1867), and Berlin (1873); Senatsprasident at the higher regional courts inKonigsberg (1879), Naumburg (1884), and at the Berlin Kammergericht (1885); from 1886Oberreichsanwalt in Leipzig. 97, 293, 326–328

Tewfik Pasha (1830–1895), Khedive of Egypt and the Sudan 1879. 167n, 175

Thenius, Hermann (1839–1912), Saxon journalist. Editor-in-chief of the Dresdner Anzeigerfrom 1878. 360

Theresa (1850–1938), Princess of Liechtenstein and of Bavaria. 511

Thibaudin, Jean (1822–1905), French general. Minister of war (1883). 187



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Thiers, Adolphe (1797–1877), French statesman and politician. President of the ThirdRepublic (1871–1873). 53n, 93, 385, 440, 446–447

Thile, Carl Hermann von (1812–1889), Prussian diplomat. Undersecretary of state inthe Prussian foreign ministry (1862); undersecretary of state (Staatssekretar) in the foreignoffice of the North German Confederation, then of the German Empire (1870–1871; 1872).31, 39–40

Thomson, Sir Ronald Ferguson (1830–1888), British diplomat. Attache (1848), orientalsecretary (1862), secretary of legation (1863), and then envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary (1879–1887) at Tehran. 65

Thornton, Sir Edward (1817–1906), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary and ministerplenipotentiary at Rio de Janeiro (1865) and Washington (1867); ambassador at St Petersburg(1881) and Constantinople (1883–1887). 62

Townley, Richard Greaves (1853–1888), British diplomat. Attache (1879), then thirdsecretary at Berlin (1880); second secretary at Rio de Janeiro (1883) and Peking (1886). 170

Traeger, Albert (1830–1912), lawyer, journalist, and poet. Reichstag member (1874–1878;1881–1887; 1890–1912). 284

Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–1896), historian and publicist. Professor at theuniversities of Freiburg, Kiel, Heidelberg, and, from 1873, Berlin; Reichstag member (1871–1884). 117, 118, 286, 310, 330, 331, 354

Trench, Power Henry Le Poer (1841–1899), British diplomat. Second secretary atWashington (1870), the Foreign Office (1879–1881) and Rome (1881); secretary of legationat Tokyo (1882–1889); secretary of embassy at Berlin (1889–1893); envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1893–1894) and Japan (1894–1896; also consul general).363, 419

Turban, Ludwig Karl Friedrich (1821–1898), Baden statesman. Minister of commerce(1872–1881); minister president and minister of foreign affairs (1876–1893); minister of theinterior (1881–1890). 258, 265

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques (1727–1781), French economist and statesman. 343

Tuttle, Herbert (1846–1894), American journalist and historian. Berlin correspondent ofthe New York Tribune, and the London Daily News (1873–1879); lecturer at Cornell University(1881); Professor (1883). 324, 334

Ubri, Pavel Petrovich (1820–1896), Russian diplomat. Ambassador to Berlin (1863–1880)and Vienna (1880–1882). 147, 150

Umberto I (1844–1900), King of Italy from 9 January 1878. 511

Urban, Edmund (1828–1900), Saxon civil servant. Town councillor (from 1866) andmayor of Zwickau (1886–1896). 287



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Uxkull-Gyllenband, August Graf von (1828–1907), Wurttemberg diplomat and civilservant. Secretary of legation at Berlin (1866); head of the foreign ministry (1874); directorof the Geheimes Haus- und Staatsarchiv (1879–1892). 405

Vahlteich, Carl Julius (1839–1915), socialist politician and journalist. Reichstag member(1874–1876; 1878–1881); emigrated to the USA (1881). 288, 300

Vandamme, Dominique Rene (1770–1830), French general and military commanderduring the Napoleonic wars. 291

Vansittart, Edward Westby (1818–1904), British naval officer. 53

Varnbuler von und zu Hemmingen, Friedrich Gottlob Karl Freiherr (1809–1889), Wurttemberg statesman and politician. Member of the Wurttemberg chamber ofdeputies (1844–1849; 1851–1889); head of government and minister of foreign affairs (1864–1870); Reichstag member (1872–1881). 159, 344

Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Irelandfrom1837. Empress of India from 1876. 5–6, 14, 29–32, 34, 44–46, 83, 180, 306, 346, 383,522–523

Victoria (1840–1901), Princess Royal. Married Friedrich Wilhelm (Friedrich III) in 1858;German Empress and Queen of Prussia from 1888. Known as Empress Frederick after herhusband’s untimely death in 1888. 30n, 46, 65, 82–83, 102

Vittorio Emanuele II (1820–1878), King of Sardinia (1849–1861). King of Italy from 1861.83, 102, 109n

Vitzthum von Eckstadt, Hermann Ludwig Graf (1821–1892), Saxon Geheimer Ratand marshal of the royal household. 389

Vladimir Alexandrovich (1848–1909), Grand Duke of Russia and army officer. 150

Volk, Joseph (1819–1882), Bavarian lawyer and politician. Member of the second chamberof the Bavarian Landtag (1855–1882) and the Reichstag (1871–1881). 461

Wachter, August Freiherr von (1807–1879), Wurttemberg diplomat and statesman.Minister resident (1850), then envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary(1855–1871) at Paris; minister president and foreign minister (1871–1873). 395, 404,417

Waddington, William (1826–1894), French statesman and diplomat. Minister of publicinstruction (1873; 1877); minister of foreign affairs (1877–1879); prime minister (1879);ambassador to London (1883–1893). 135, 151, 159n

Wagner, Richard (1813–1883), German composer. 502

Wahl, Ludwig (1831–1905), Catholic priest. Saxon court chaplain from 1871; apostolicprefect and apostolic vicar from 1890. 283



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Waldemar (1868–1879), Prussian prince. 384

Walker, Sir Charles Pynder Beauchamp (1817–1894), British officer and diplomat.Military attache at Berlin (1865–1877); inspector-general of military education (1878–1884).34, 46, 54–56, 60, 75–76, 124, 125

Wallenstein, Albrecht von (1583–1634), Bohemian military commander. 60, 77

Walsham, Sir John (1830–1905), British diplomat. Secretary of embassy at Berlin (1878)and Paris (1883); envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Peking (1885) andBucharest (1892–1895). 144–145, 160–162, 165–170, 176–177, 185–188

Walter, August (1827–1888), Saxon politician and merchant. Member of the secondchamber of the Saxon Landtag (1869–1884) and the Reichstag (1877–1878; 1881–1884). 276,288

Wambolt von Umstadt, Franz Freiherr (1829–1908), Hessian diplomat and Catholicnobleman. Envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Paris (1864) and Dresden(1866–1869). 202

Watzdorf, Werner von (1836–1904), Saxon civil servant and statesman. GeheimerLegationsrat (1872) and Erster Rat (1881) in the Saxon ministry for foreign affairs; ministerof finance (1895–1902). 371

Weber, Ernst von (1830–1902), travel writer and promoter of German colonization. 160

Weis, Ludwig von (1813–1880), Bavarian jurist, politician, and civil servant. Memberof the Bavarian second chamber (1849–1871; its president 1870–1871); mayor of Wurzburg(1859–1862). 430

Welcker, Hermann (1814–1887), civil servant and politician. Member of the secondchamber of the Hessian Landtag (1872–1878) and the Reichstag (1874–1877). 237

Welsersheimb, Zeno Graf Welser von (1835–1921), Austrian army officer andstatesman. Military attache in Paris (1866) and Berlin (1870–1875); Austrian minister ofdefence (1880–1905). 124

Werder, Bernhard von (1823–1907), Prussian army officer and German diplomat.Military plenipotentiary at St Petersburg (1869); governor of Berlin (1886); adjutant generalto Friedrich III (1888); and ambassador to St Petersburg (1892–1895). 120

Werther, Karl Anton Philipp Freiherr von (1809–1894), Prussian diplomat. Entereddiplomatic service in 1832; envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Berne (1841),Athens (1845), Copenhagen (1849), St Petersburg (1854), and Vienna (1859); ambassador toParis (1869–1871) and Constantinople (1874–1877). 63

Werthern, Georg Graf von (1816–1895), Prussian diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary to Athens (1860), Constantinople (1862), Lisbon (1863), Madrid(1864), and Munich (1867–1888). 430, 476, 478, 496, 511, 526



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Wetherell, Thomas Frederick (1830–1908), British civil servant and journalist. Privatesecretary to Lord Granville (1871–1876). 276, 436

Wigard, Franz Jakob (1807–1885), Saxon politician and stenographer. Member of theFrankfurt Pre-Parliament, the National Assembly (1848–1849), the second chamber of theSaxon Landtag (1850; 1869–1873), and the Reichstag (1867–1873). 373–374

Wilhelm (1845–1900), Prince of Hesse and by Rhine. General der Infanterie (infantry general).227

Wilhelm I (1797–1888), deputized for Friedrich Wilhelm IV in 1857 and became regentin 1858. King of Prussia from 1861; German Emperor from 1871. 7–9, 11–12, 14–16, 19,23, 30–34, 43–46, 51–52, 55–60, 63, 66–68, 70, 72–75, 77n, 78, 80–83, 85, 87–92, 96n, 97,105, 107, 109, 111, 115–116, 119, 123–127, 132, 135, 137–138, 141, 144, 146n–152, 153n, 155,158, 169–171, 173–174, 178–183, 193, 194n, 221, 234, 238–239, 241–242, 244n, 247–249, 261,269–271, 291, 299n, 311–313, 323–324, 328, 331, 336, 339n, 362, 383–384, 386–387, 409n,415, 418, 425, 429–431, 442, 444n, 445, 453, 464–465, 468, 495, 499n, 514n, 519, 521, 528

Wilhelm II (1859–1941), Prince of Prussia. German Emperor and King of Prussia (1888–1918). 44, 178, 384

Wilhelm I (1781–1864), King of Wurttemberg from 1816. 415, 423

Wilhelm II (1848–1921), Prince of Wurttemberg. King of Wurttemberg (1891–1918). 422–423

Windthorst, Ludwig (1812–1891), Hanoverian statesman and politician. Minister ofjustice (1851–1853; 1862–1865); member of the Hanoverian second chamber (1849–1856;1862–1866; its president 1851), the Reichstag (1867–1891), the Prussian house of deputies(1867–1891), and the provincial assembly of Hanover (1884–1891). 38, 95, 144–145, 185, 375,443

Wodehouse, John (1826–1902), British politician and statesman. Under-secretary ofstate for foreign affairs (1852–1856; 1859–1861); colonial secretary (1870–1874; 1880–1882);secretary of state for India (1882–1885; 1886; 1892–1894); secretary of state for foreign affairs(1894–1895); created 1st Earl of Kimberley (1866). 61

Wolf, Adolf von (1810–1895), Bavarian jurist. Oberstaatsanwalt at the court of appeal forUpper Bavaria (1873–1878). 433–434

Wolseley, Garnet Joseph (1833–1913), British army officer. Adjutant-general to the forces(1882–1890); created Viscount Wolseley (1885); commander-in-chief, Ireland (1890–1895);commander-in-chief of the forces (1895–1900). 383

Worth, Frederick Gonner (n.a.), wine merchant from London. 29–30

Wurmb, Lothar von (1824–1890), Prussian civil servant. President of the Berlin police(1867); Regierungsprasident in Wiesbaden (1872–1890); member of the Reichstag (1867; 1884–1890), the Prussian house of deputies (1882–1885), and the upper house (1885–1890). 40–41



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Wurmser, Dagobert Sigmund Graf von (1734–1794), Austrian field marshal. 314

Wyke, Sir Charles Lennox (1815–1897), British diplomat. Envoy extraordinary andminister plenipotentiary to Mexico (1860–1861), Hanover (1866), Copenhagen (1867–1881),and Lisbon (1881–1884). 355–356

Wynn-Carington (formerly Carrington), Charles Robert (1843–1928), Britishstatesman. MP (1865–1868); 3rd Baron Carrington (1868); governor of New South Wales(1885–1890); elected member of London County Council (1890–1907); Lord Chamberlain(1892–1895), Lord Privy Seal (1911–1912); created Earl Carrington (1895) and 1st Marquessof Lincolnshire (1912). 173

Ziegler, Friedrich von (1839–1897), Bavarian civil servant. Cabinet secretary (1877–1883);district president of Upper Palatinate (1888) and Upper Bavaria (1894). 501



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ANNOTATED INDEX OF NAMES - cambridge.org · ANNOTATED INDEX OF NAMES Page numbers in italic type refer to sender/addressee of dispatch. Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918), Sultan of the