ANNOTATED BLACK WALNUT LITERATUREJ. w. "Jerry" Van Sarnbeek, Education Committee Chair

and Research Plant Physiologist, USDA Forest Service.Northern Research Station. 202 Natural Resource Building.University of Missouri. Columbia. MO 6521 1-7260.Email: jvansambeek@fs.fed.us or vansambeekj@missouri.edu

Many of the publications on establishment. management. andutilization of black walnut and other high-value hardwoods areprinted in university reports. conference proceedings or scientificjournals. These publications usually are not readily available to ourmembers at most public libraries or on the internet. As Chair ofthe Education Committee. I have tried to summarize the findingsfrom the following technical articles or books. If available. I havealso indicated where to write for reprints or given an addresswhere the articles can be downloaded if on the internet. As anadditional service. I have placed copies of these materials in theWalnut Council Library. Members of the Walnut Council can bor-row these materials for two weeks by sending a written requestor email to the above address.

TREE ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTHUSING FORAGE -GROUND COVERSIN AN ALLEY-CROPPED SYSTEM IN

MIDWESTERN USAby Kathleen Delate, Eric Holzmueller,

DeAnn Davis Frederick, Carl Mize, _and Charles Brummer in Agroforestry Systems

(2005): 65( I): 43-52.\' "·-i :~-

The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of inte-grating forage crops in an alley-cropping system to increase farmincome. improve soil quality. improve forage quality. and enhancebiodiversity. Seven weed control treatments (seeding hairy vetch.red clover. red clover and tall fescue. or red clover and orchardgrass; mowing; herbicides; and no weed management) were evalu-ated on an upland site and a bottomland site in Iowa. Both siteswere formerly pasture ground of medium to high fertility that hadbeen plowed to kill existing vegetation and prepare a suitableseedbed for the forages. Forages were seeded in May with oats asa nurse crop before trees were planted. Half of each site wasplanted with fast-growing trees (2 clones of hybrid poplar and sil-ver maple) and the other half with high-value. slow-growing trees(seed and seedlings of black walnut and northern red oak). Theherbicide treatment consisted of a 4 foot wide strip along treerows using combinations of pendimethalin with either oxyfluoro-fen or simazine for four years. All plots. except herbicide and noweed management plots were mowed in July. August. andNovember for the first four years to reduce weed competitionand promote forage growih. After four years. black walnut andred oak were the tallest in the herbicide treatment (5 feet) fol-lowed by the red clover with and without grasses (4 feet). Theshortest trees were in the mowed or hairy vetch treatment fol-lowed by the no weed management treatment (3 to 3.5 feet). Itappears hairy vetch. a winter annual. failed to establish eitherbecause it was spring planted or the late spring mowing destroyed

seed crop needed for reseeding. Survival of wal-nut and oak seedlings averaged over 90 percent

after the first growing season while only 15 to 37 percent of theplanting spots had seedlings when direct seeded in water-saturat-ed soils. After the fourth year. few oak and approximately 10 per-cent of the black walnut planting spots still had a surviving sapling.Survival of the hybrid poplar and silver maple seedlings averaged76 to 97 percent after the first growing season. After four years.hybrid poplar was two to three times taller than the silver maplepartially in response to the heavy browsing of maple by deer. Afterfour years. the hybrid poplar trees in the mowed and no weedmanagement treatment on the upland site were shorter than thetrees in other five treatments. On the bottomland site. the hybridpoplar trees in the herbicide treatment were taller (19 feet) thanin the other six treatments (14 to 16 feet). Although observed inother studies with grass ground covers. deficiencies in tree foliagenitrogen was not observed possibly because grass forages wereseeded with the I~gume red clover. Authors conclude mowing ofweeds around trees provided minimal benefit in terms of treegrowth and may even be detrimental around slow-growing treeseedlings.

Although Phytophthora citricola has been isolated as causalagent of root rots and trunk cankers on over 45 general of plants.this is the first report of this pathogen producing cankers andstem dieback on black walnut. Pathogen was isolated fromcankers on the scionwood of both grafted I to 2-year-old contain-er-grown nursery stock and field-planted grafts. Cankers are oftenassociated with leaf scars and branch stubs. Cankers first appearas shrunken areas exhibiting gummosis and black tissues beneaththe canker. As cankers expand. the can girdle the stem causingdieback and death of the stem above the canker. The isolatedpathogen could be grown on V-8 juice agar and used to inoculatehealthy seedlings through either wounds or direct contact ongreen wood. petioles. or leaflets. Symptoms developed within 36hours at point of inoculation. Three months after inoculation. allseedlings showed significant stem dieback and most had died backto the graft. It is unclear from the report if this canker-causingpathogen is the same pathogen regularly found in plantation-grown walnut during a 1989 survey of 189 plantations in theMidwest.

Plant Management-Network members can viewand download a PDF from the following address:

http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/sub/php/brief! 200 7lwalnutl.

vol 36(1)

ANNOTATED BLACK WALNUT LITERATUREJ. w. "Jerry" Van Sambeek, Education Committee Chair

and Research Plant Physiologist, USDA Forest Service,Northern Research Station, 202 Natural Resource Building,University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 6521 1-7260Email: jvansambeek@fs.fed.us or vansambeekj@missouri.edu

Many of the publications on establishment, management, andutilization of black walnut and other high-value hardwoods areprinted in outlets that are not readily available to landowners andforest managers. As Education Committee Chair, I have tried tosummarize the findings from the following articles or books andpossible implications for managing high-value hardwoods. If avail-able, I have also indicated where to write for reprints or wherethe articles can be downloaded on the internet. Walnut Councilmembers can borrow these materials from our library for twoweeks by sending a written request or email to the above address.

This 40-page manual was created to answer common ques-tions about tree care much like an owner's manual for a new appli-ance or automobile would do. Recommend practices are tailoredtoward the urban environment, but most of the recommendedpractices apply equally to hardwood plantings, especially thoseestablished with container-grown planting stock. Just like anowner's manual for automobiles and appliances, this manualincludes a parts list, instruction for installation, tips for troubleshooting common issues, recommended service, and more. Themanual provides guidelines for planting bare-root and container-ized stock and their watering, fertilization, and pruning. Essentialreadings are the pages on preventing and correcting encirclingroots and how to prune young trees. The section on protectingtrees from construction damage defines the Protected Root Zone(PRZ) as the area under a tree with a radius expressed in feet cal-culated as the product of the diameter at breast height in inchestimes I or 1.5 for young health trees and for mature or stressedtrees, respectively. Trees are severely injured and probably shouldbe removed if soil compaction or digging must occur within thePRZ and roots cannot be protected. The booklet also providesguidelines for trouble shooting signs of damage, injury, and disease.The manual also lists numerous organizations and sources ofmore information for keeping trees healthy and growing. Thebooklet is available in a simple black and white format with drawnillustrations making it inexpensive to reproduce with the hopesthat it will be copied and handed out to customers who purchasetree seedlings at garden centers and nurseries and by landscapersand arborists.

This booklet is available online as a PDF file athttp://na.fs.fed.us/urbanltreeownersmanuall. The PDF can beprinted as a 5.5 x 8.25 inch booklet (10 sheets of paper folded inhalf) on printers with the option for 2-sheets per page or as 8.5 xII inch (20 sheets of paper printed double-sided). If requested,JiliJohnson (651-649-5253) will help organizations or businesses cus-tomize the cover of the manual with their own logo for printingand distribution.

THE TREE FARMER.by Chuck Leavell and Nicholas Cravottaand published in 2005 byVSP Books, Inc.,

Lorton, Virginia.

For anyone managing walnut and other hardwoods for timberproduction, this 32-page children's book is a must read to yourchildren or grandchildren. In this book, the grandfather explainsto his grandson the importance of trees and how essential it is weuse and actively manage our forest resources. The Tree Farmer isbased on the forestry practices used at the Charlane Plantation--a historic 2,200-acre tree farm in Georgia cared for by Chuck andRose Lane Leavell, National Outstanding Tree Farmer of the YearAwardees. Rebecca Bleau has beautifully illustrated the story linewith numerous full-page watercolor paintings that are sure to aidin holding the attention of young children. In his review of thebook, Robert Williams, a certified professional forester, says allwho read this book learn the basics of what is sound forest man-agement. In addition, he says this book is more than just a chil-dren's book because grownups who read it to their children alsoget the essential message - we need to use and actively manageour forest resources.

The hard-backed 8.5 x 12 inch book with dust jacket (ISBN-I 0:1-893622-16-9) is available through http://www.thetreefarmer.orgor for $16.95 from http://www.vspbooks.com/.Amazon.com. ormost book stores.

EABUPDATEIn May 2009 EAB was found in St. Paul, Minnesota. It is

now located in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri,Wisconsin, West Virginia, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland,Minnesota and Canada.

To h~lt the spread of this and a numberof other diseases,it is highly recommended you DO NOT move firewood ofany species across county lines.

The USDA has a new campaign to help halt the movementof firewood. At www.stopthebeetle.info you can make thefollowing promise:

I PLEDGETO STOP THE BEETLE

• I promise to keep firewood in the countywhere I buy it.

. To'know where it comes from and not accept itfrom EAB infested states.

I promis~ never to bring along firewood whenI go camping or hunting.

•

•

• To buy it at my destination.

• I promise to burn it where I buy it.

I promise to>tell others not to move firewood.' ..<., ", J-' .,. , ,;

•

vol 36(2)

-(!)) Walnut Council Bulletin

LandownerRepresentative SWTrue Scarborough,Choudrant LA

I have had the opportunity to speakto several different local people(in Louisiana) about growing blackwalnut. My parish has claimed twostate co-champion black walnuttrees so I know that black walnutcan be grown there, but not of thequality of the Midwestern states. Ihave been in contact with Dr. JohnMeriweather from Jackson, TN andwe both would like to get somethinggoing for the South. I also knowseveral other 'nuts' that are growingblack walnut trees in the south.Therefore, we might still be ableto get several folks interested informing a southern multi-statechapter.

I have been experimenting withmethods of controlling an outbreakof Asian Ambrosia Beetle (MB).I have determined that a 45%solution of pymrethin spray everycouple of days on infected treesseems to help but this is timeconsuming and costly. I have alsoexperimented with diesel fuel asan attractant, stringing a ropearound the plantation and attachingplastic jugs (cutting out the sidesbut keeping the top to keep outrain). This method did catchseveral MB but I was not able todetermine overall effectiveness.I plan to continue experimentingwith different techniques but notedthat MB infection varies from yearto year and is mostly a problem intrees under ten years old. I surewish I knew where they hibernateover the winter. Does anyoneknow of any research as to theirwhereabouts during the winter?

14

Promoting Walnut and Other Fine Hardwoods

Annotated Black Walnut Literatureo->J. W "Jerry" Van Sambeek, Education Committee Chair and Research PlantPhysiologist, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Stateion, 202 NaturalResource Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7260, email:jvansambeek@fs.fed.us

Many of the publications on establishment, management, and utilization ofblack walnut and other high-value hardwoods are printed in outlets that are notreadily available to landowners and forest managers. As Education CommitteeChair, I have tried to summarize the findings from the following articles orbooks and possible implications for managing high-value hardwoods. Ifavailable, I have a/so indicated where to write for reprints or where the articlescan be downloaded on the internet. Walnut Council members can borrowthese materials from our library for two weeks by sending a written request oremail to the above address.

Lower MidwestCommunity Tree Guide:Benefits, Costs, andStrategic Plantingby Paula J. Peper, E. GeorgoryMcPherson, James R. Simpson,Kelaine E. Vargas, and Qingfu Xiaopublished in March 2009 as a 115page General Technical ReportPSW-GTR-219 by the USDA ForestService, Pacific Southwest Research

; Station, Albany, California.

This report describes the proceduresand estimated values for the benefitsand costs of maintaining small,medium, and large deciduous treesin an urban environment withinthe Lower Midwest region (lowerhalf of Kansas, Missouri, Illinois,Indiana, and Ohio and the upperhalf of Oklahoma, Arkansas, andKentucky). With the assistance ofthe Indiana Department of NaturalResource's Urban Forestry Programand the Indianapolis Department ofParks and Recreation, the authorsdeveloped growth models forthe most common trees speciesin Indianapolis to establish therelationships between tree age,size, leaf area, and biomass fornine diameter-at-breast-height

classes ranging from 0 to 3 inchesup to greater than 42 inches. Afterinspecting the data from 19 speciesincluding black walnut, the authorsselected redbud (Cercis canadensisL.), little leaf linden (Tilia cordataMill.), and northern hackberry (Celtisoccidentalis L.) as representingthe typical small, medium, andlarge tree species for LowerMidwest communities. A series ofappendices describes the proceduresfor estimating benefits and costsassociated with trees planted onresidential sites (yard trees) and treesplanted along streets or in parks (publictrees). Benefits include inputs such asestimates for energy saved from shadeand neighborhood tree coverage,carbon storage in above and belowground biomass, pollutant uptake,rainfall interception by tree canopies,reduced water runoff, and aesthetics.Costs include inputs such as carbonemissions from decomposition and fuelconsumption for maintenance, treeplanting and maintenance, irrigation,control of pests and disease, andremoval. Average annual net benefitsrange from $4 (public) to $12 (yard)for a small tree, from $12 (public) to$24 (yard) for a medium tree, and $r(public) to $60 (yard) for a large treeBenefits are primarily from reduced -

www.walnutcouncil.orgvol 36(3)

Volume 36, Number 3 ISSN 1041-5769 December '2009-

"m water runoff (41%), increased:i>Jperty values (35%), and reducedenergy costs (16%). When summed over40 years (life expectancy for an urbantree assuming a 50% annual survivalrate), net benefits are $58 for a smalltree, $367 for a medium tree, and $1,668for a large tree. The report concludeswith a chapter on general guidelines forselecting and placing trees for maximizingenergy saving, reducing carbon dioxide,reducing storm water runoff, improving airquality benefits, reducing infrastructureconflicts, and maximizing long-termbenefits.

This publication is available online as a5.6 MB PDF file at www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr219 orin printed format by sending your mailinginformation in label form along withpublication title and series number in anemail to rschneider@fs.fed.us or written

r "~')rrespondence to the Publications( tribution, Mountain Research Station,~~40 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins,

CO 80526-2098.

Relative Susceptibilityof Woody LandscapePlants to Japanese Beetle(Coleoptera: Sea raba eida e)

by David W Held published in Journal ofArboriculture (2004) 30(6): 328-334.The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonicaNewman) continues to spread acrossthe United States and Canada afterintroduction in 1916 in infested nurserystock. This paper summarizes the dataabout the insect and plant susceptibilityof woody plants to the Japanese beetle.Adult beetles are metallic green in colorwith coppery-brown wing covers andapproximately 0.5 inches long. Adultbeetles are known to attack the foliage,flowers, and fruit of more than 300

C·'. ''')cies of plants with a larval stage spent.erground feeding on plant roots, The

<luthor uses an adaption of a system

designed by Fleming to indicate plantsusceptibility where a plant designatedas resistant is either never fed on orrarely fed on while a plant designate assusceptible is commonly fed on resultingin moderate to extensive feeding damage.Within the Juglandaceae and Fagacae,

black walnut is listed as susceptiblewhile butternut, the hickories, and mostoaks are moderately resistant indicatinglight feeding has been occasionallyobserved on the latter species. Bothwhite and green ash are listed asresistant while elms and lindens areconsidered preferred hosts and verysusceptible. Within a species, cultivarswithin a species can range fromsusceptible to resistant. Author providestables listing relative susceptibilityof different cultivars of crapemyrtle,crabapple, and lindens. Control ofadults is primarily by repeat applicationof short-residual insecticides such aspyrethroids or systemic insecticidesapplied to the soil.

Each year at the annual meeting we hold auctions as the primary fund raiserfor the Walnut Council Foundation. Proceeds from this year's silent auctionwere $1481 plus $1150 from the live auction. These funds go toward theFoundation's mission of supporting education and research and other projectsfor the benefits of walnut, walnut tree growers, and the walnut industry. As partof its mission the Foundation provides support to the Walnut Council for theirannual meeting educational program.

Many members contribute to make the auctions a success, from donating, tomaking products, to encouraging businesses to provide support. We thankeveryone, but especially John Katzke, who is extraordinary at generatingdonations and running the auction/sales room each year. We couldn't doit without him!

Thanks to this year's donors:

Paul ChristoffersonForrest Keeling NurseryLarry FryeBill HammittHeartland NutsCindy HeisdorfferBill HooverIllinois Walnut CouncilIndiana Division of ForestryJasper Desk CompanyKansas Chapter Walnut CouncilJohn Katzke

Annual Fundraisers

Barbara & Peter LuchsingerBill McKarnsMissouri-Pacific LumberHugh & Judy PenceDan SchmokerSeeds & SuchBilrSlagleStihl of IllinoisJohn TorbertWayne WildyR. Zimmerman

15