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Annex 14

PTW Safety Priority Comparison of existing political priorities for PTW safety

Please refer to this report as follows:

Delhaye, A. (2015), PTW Safety Priority - Comparison of existing political priorities for PTW safety,

Annex 14 of the EC/MOVE/C4 project RIDERSCAN.

GRANT AGREEMENT NUMBER MOVE/C4/SUB/2010-125/SI2.603201/RIDERSCAN

Project Coordinator: Aline Delhaye, Federation of European Motorcyclists’ Associations

(FEMA), Rue des champs, n°62, 1040, Etterbeek (Brussels), Belgium

Project Start date: 01/11/2011 Duration 42 months

Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable:

Federation of European Motorcyclists’ Associations (FEMA), Belgium

Report Author(s):

Aline Delhaye, Federation of European Motorcyclists’ Associations (FEMA), Belgium

Due date of deliverable: 30/04/2015 Submission date: 30/04/2015

Project co-funded by the European Commission

Dissemination Level: public

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ETSC priorities (2008)

Lillehammer workshop priorities (2008)

FEMA priorities (2009)

EC priorities (2010)

ACEM priorities (2014)

OECD/ITF priorities (2015)

Priorities - Overview

D1 – Training, Testing, Licencing ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- Train every novice rider Yes Yes Yes Yes

- Moped safety included in school

education

Yes

- Training content to focus on hazard

awareness/assessment and collision

avoidance strategies

Yes Yes Yes Yes

- Training to focus on rider/motorcycle

capacities and limitations, along with

attitude towards safety

Yes Yes Yes Yes

- Driver training to include a component

on PTW awareness and acceptance,

including perception failures

(speed/behaviour) and traffic scanning

strategies

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

- DLD should recognize experience

gained in lower categories

Yes

- Quality benchmark basic rider training Yes

- Gaining experience virtually

(eCoaching/learning) to increase

awareness and anticipation and reduce

risk exposure

Yes

- Basic education guidelines for PTW

instructors

Yes

- Quality post-licence training for

upgrading or returning to PTWs

Yes

- Gradual access to PTWs while gaining

experience

Yes

D2 – Data collection & statistics ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- Need for common statistical/crash

causation data collection

methodologies and variables at EU

level

Yes Yes

D3 – Infrastructure ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- Road design optimization/curve and

intersection/visibility and signage

Yes Yes Yes

- Inclusion of PTWs in the identification Yes Yes Yes

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and resolution of roadway design

problems (RSA, RSI, black spot

management)

- Minimise roadside objects/PTW-

friendly

Yes Yes Yes

- Improve road surface maintenance Yes Yes

- Improve road surface skid resistance Yes Yes Yes

- Develop/apply

construction/maintenance guidelines

including PTW needs

Yes Yes

- Training for engineers, road designers

and providers, local authorities, road

safety auditors/inspectors

Yes Yes

- Infrastructure standards to be reviewed

to include PTW-specific needs

Yes Yes Yes

- A pan-EU Road Hazard Report Form Yes

- “Guiding” infrastructure / self-

explaining roads

Yes

D4 – Accident reporting ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- A pan-EU Road Accident Report Form Yes

- Traffic Accident Report including PTW-

specific elements

Yes

D5 – Research ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- PTW visibility improvement Yes Yes

- Research programmes to include

dedicated PTW research work to

compensate for the gap of knowledge

with the automotive sector

Yes Yes

- Behavioural research Yes Yes

- Research on PTW dynamics &

interaction with road/traffic/rider

Yes Yes

- Passive Safety/Protective equipment

development

Yes Yes

- Develop/apply methods, tools,

indicators to measure PTWs in traffic

flow, analyse mobility and behaviour

(exposure data)

Yes

- Improve understanding of fatal and

serious injury crash patterns and causes

Yes

- Need for operational research and

development

Yes

- On content/effectiveness of training

(initial/post-licence)

Yes

- On ITS capacity to prevent PTW

crashes, with particular focus on HMI

requirements and impact on riding

strategies)

Yes

D6 – Traffic Management/ITS ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- Integrate PTWs in transport Yes

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plans/traffic management

- Enhanced PTW awareness in ITS

project for all vehicles

Yes

- Assess impact of ITS for all vehicles

with regard to PTW dynamics

Yes

D7 – Awareness campaigns ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- Safety messages to be developed in

partnership with riders’ groups

Yes

- Awareness campaigns addressing both

car/PTW users (PTW vulnerability,

most common crash scenarios, risk

factors, high-risk behaviour)

Yes Yes Yes

- Integrated awareness campaigns (with

complementing safety actions e.g.

enforcement, etc.)

Yes

- Highlight responsible riding (code of

marketing practice)

Yes

- OV drivers PTW awareness campaigns

(share the road campaigns)

Yes Yes Yes

D8 – National Strategies ETSC Lillehm. FEMA EC ACEM ITF

- Integrate PTWs in transport and safety

plans, taking into account their

specificities

Yes Yes Yes

- Try innovative countermeasures if

supported by all stakeholders, even

when not backed up by research

Yes

- Work with the motorcycling

community

Yes Yes Yes

- Monitor the effects of counter-

measures (e.g. DLD progressive

access)

Yes

- Include PTW accident specificities in

medical emergency services procedures

Yes

- Assistance to victims (post-injury

services)

Yes

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ETSC report on Powered Two Wheeler safety (2008)

VULNERABLE RIDERS Safety implications of motorcycling in the European Union

% RIDERSCAN deliverables Priorities

D1 – Training, testing, Licencing Recommendation 3: Traffic safety education in schools

should specifically target moped safety and rider training

should focus more on hazard recognition and risk

assessment as well as vehicle control skills

Recommendation 4: Driver training should specifically

make reference to and ensure candidate’s understanding

of PTW issues and safety concerns, with a particular

focus on the risk of perception failure

Recommendation 5: While implementing the Driving

Licence Directive, Member States should seek to

encourage riders to undertake progressive access to

PTWs by recognising the experience gained on lower

PTW categories.

D2 – Data collection and statistics Recommendation 2: Crash investigation and databases

should be standardised and allow the inclusion of

variables specific to PTW safety issues

D3 – Infrastructure Recommendation 14: Road design, particularly curves

and intersections should be optimised for PTW safety,

paying attention to forward visibility and signage

Recommendation 15: RSA and RSI procedures should

address the needs of PTW riders.

Recommendation 16: Excessive roadside objects should

be minimised, and where necessary be PTW-friendly.

Road surfaces should be well maintained and provided

maximum and consistent skid resistance.

D4 – Accident reporting

D5 – Research Recommendation 8: In order to address the major cause of

motorcycle accidents, improvement in PTW visibility

should be further researched

D6 – Traffic Management / ITS

D7 – Awareness campaigns

D8 – National strategies Recommendation 1: PTWs should be integrated in

transport and safety plans with strategies recognising

their specificities and needs.

OECD/ITF Lillehammer workshop (2008)

Top 20 recommendations

The OECD/ITF workshop on motorcycle safety held in Lillehammer, Norway, 10-11 June

was the first international workshop addressing motorcycling safety. The workshop brought

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together over 100 motorcycle and safety experts, and came out with a top-20 recommendation

list, highlighting training as the most important factor with regard to accident prevention.

More information on:

http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/safety/Lillehammer2008/lillehammer08.html

% RIDERSCAN deliverables Priorities

D1 – Training, testing, Licencing Priority n°1: Training programmes: Countries have

different training needs, based on their vehicle fleet and

training resources. Motorcycle training should therefore

build on existing standards, focus on risk awareness and

risk avoidance, and develop an understanding of the

rider/motorcycle capacities and limitations.

Priority n°4: General driver training: A component on

awareness and acceptance of motorcyclists should be

included in the general training for all drivers, with a

particular emphasis on the need for appropriate traffic

scanning strategies.

D2 – Data collection and statistics

D3 – Infrastructure Priority n°8: Guidelines for the development of road

infrastructure: Each level of government should include

in their infrastructure guidelines, measures for

accommodating PTWs, developed with input from

relevant stakeholders. The guidelines should be relevant

to the needs of the jurisdiction concerned and coordinated

with other jurisdictions and levels of government. An

international transfer of best practices is also

recommended.

Priority n°11: Training for road designers: The needs

of PTWs should be included in the basic training for road

designers, highway and traffic engineers

Priority n°14: Roadway design: Identification and

resolution of roadway design problems (e.g. accident

black spots & “corridor” analysis of a sequence in the

road structure) should include input from rider

organizations & relevant experts.

D4 – Accident reporting

D5 – Research

D6 – Traffic Management / ITS Priority n° 15: Motorcycles in ITS: Enhanced awareness

of motorcycles should be incorporated into the

development of all vehicle ITS projects.

D7 – Awareness campaigns Priority n°6: Getting safety messages to the riders:

Safety messages to riders should be developed in

partnership with rider groups, in order to use the

effectiveness of peer advice in communicating key issues

to riders on issues that will impact their communities.

Priority n°7: Integrated awareness campaigns: There

should be regular, targeted campaigns addressing both

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motorcyclists and other road users, where necessary

supported by other action e.g. enforcement, on safety-

related subjects that include mutual respect, protective

equipment, speed, alcohol and drug issues.

Priority n°9: Portrayal of responsible riding: Codes of

practice should be developed in order to promote and

market motorcycling responsibly; the motorcycling press

and rider organisations should also promote responsible

behaviour codes.

Priority n°10: Other Vehicle Driver awareness: To

develop an awareness of PTWs and mutual respect

between road users, education activities and campaigns

should be set up from childhood, to emphasize that ”road

safety means road sharing”.

D8 – National strategies Priority n°2: Transport and infrastructure policy: It is

a fundamental motorcycle safety requirement that, by

default, PTWs should have a place in overall transport

policy and infrastructure policy/management.

Priority n°3: Research and evaluation: Counter-

measures need to be based on scientific research into

driver and rider behaviour and before-and-after

evaluations should be conducted.

Priority n° 16: Innovation: Where proposed

countermeasures are not based on objective research, but

are supported by all stakeholders, policymakers should

test and evaluate the proposal in a pilot scheme.

Priority n°20: Work together

FEMA Motorcycling Safety priorities (2009)

FEMA European Agenda for Motorcycle Safety (2009)

A general approach to transport and mobility policies (2010)

% RIDERSCAN deliverables Priorities

D1 – Training, testing, Licencing Basic rider training is essential

o quality benchmarking: basic rider training programmes

and related licence tests should be benchmarked

throughout Europe;

o training curriculum: collision avoidance strategy

should be emphasized in initial rider training

programmes;

o riding defensively and with anticipation is of crucial

importance; gaining experience virtually

(eCoaching/learning) has the potential to really

increase the awareness and anticipation of novice

riders before riding in real traffic conditions (ref.

Initial Rider Training project), hence reducing their

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exposure to hazards

Instructor training: basic guidelines for the education of

motorcycle instructors are a pre-requisite, as the quality

and effectiveness of training is highly dependent upon the

instructor’s competence

Drivers’ training curricula: an element of PTW

awareness should be included in initial driver training and

licencing schemes.

D2 – Data collection and statistics PTW-specific and consistent data collection: Statistical

information, both in qualitative and quantitative terms, is

a general problem when talking about motorcycle safety;

the use of common data collection methodologies at EU

and national levels for motorcycling data collection

should be further encouraged

D3 – Infrastructure Standards: EU infrastructure standards need to include

PTW-specific needs and encourage motorcycle-friendly

design, construction and maintenance.

Audits: Quality audits, including motorcycling needs,

should take place on a regular basis on all road networks;

A pan-European Road Hazard Report Form could

easily become an instrument of assistance to public roads

authorities

Construction and maintenance guidelines: road

authorities should encourage the use of PTW guidelines

where they exist and develop such literature where it is

missing; best practice exchanges between Member States

should be encouraged; local management should be

adequately educated

D4 – Accident reporting Traffic Crash Report Form: the extraction of data from

police reports on accidents is of major interest to

motorcycle safety; however the great variety or reporting

forms and methods is an obstacle to increased

understanding of accident causation factors. Harmonizing

police reporting forms throughout Europe, including

specific elements for PTWs, would be a major step

forward in motorcycling safety

D5 – Research Motorcycling safety knowledge: Research programmes

should include motorcycling-specific research as the

characteristics of this transport mode are significantly

different from other motorized or vulnerable road user

characteristics.

Behavioural research: it is crucial to improve the

understanding of what makes riding different from

driving; specific accident causation factors and related

training needs.

Motorcycling dynamics: appropriate research into

motorcycle dynamics and interactions between the road,

the rider and the traffic environment is a pre-requisite

Passive Safety/Protective equipment: research

programmes encouraging the development of passive

safety products attached to protective equipment should

be encouraged because motorcyclists are usually

separated from the motorcycle at some time during a

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crash.

D6 – Traffic Management / ITS Traffic management: motorcycling should be included

in all traffic management systems using telematics

ITS developments (research and/or implementation)

should properly evaluate the impact of new technologies

on riders’ mental tasks, in particular in their interaction

with the overall traffic driving/riding strategies;

D7 – Awareness campaigns Drink-riding: can cause motorcyclists to crash, although

statistically this refers to a minority of riders, and not in a

higher proportion than for other drivers. Drink-riding

campaigns should integrate motorcyclists as any other

vehicle category.

D8 – National strategies Safety dialogue: Europe should encourage and develop a

"safety dialogue" among the motorcycling community

Monitoring: there is a need to monitor the effects of

various road safety initiatives more effectively.

Medical emergency services need to identify

opportunities to integrate principles of motorcycle safety

with their core content.

EC Communication on Road Safety (2010)

Towards a European Road Safety Area - Policy Orientations on Road Safety 2011-

2020

In the framework of these policy orientations, the European Commission considers that the

three following actions should be undertaken as a priority:

the establishment of a structured and coherent cooperation framework which draws on

best practices across the Member States, as a necessary condition to implement in an

effective manner the road safety policy orientations 2011-2020,

a strategy for injuries and first aid to address the urgent and growing need to reduce

the number of road injuries,

the improvement of the safety of vulnerable road users, in particular motorcyclists for

whom accidents statistics are particularly worrying.1

In relation with RIDERSCAN activities, the EC Communication identifies the following

priorities:

% RIDERSCAN deliverables Priorities

D1 – Training, testing, Licencing Improve education and training of road users

Improve awareness of PTW riders by other road users

12BESAFE project - Powered Two Wheelers - Safety Measures Guidelines, Recommendations and Research

Priorities

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D2 – Data collection and statistics

D3 – Infrastructure Safer road infrastructure (in general)

Better adapt road infrastructure to PTWs

D4 – Accident reporting

D5 – Research Encourage research

D6 – Traffic Management / ITS

D7 – Awareness campaigns Improve awareness of PTW riders by other road users

D8 – National strategies Improve emergency and post-injury services

ACEM Road Safety strategy (2014)

The safe ride to the future

% RIDERSCAN deliverables Priorities

D1 – Training, testing, Licencing Training remains vital to improve safety for PTW users:

Improved driver training can reduce the number of driver

errors and also increase overall road safety.

It is furthermore crucial that other road users have an

appreciation of the dangers of misjudging the speed or

behaviour of a PTW rider – including the common error

of failing to see an approaching PTW.

Training for all types of licence holders should include

awareness of the characteristics and behaviour of other

vehicles. This should include the common causes of

accidents, such as perception failures or misjudgements

of capabilities, understanding of vehicle blind spots, or

the differences in stopping distances.

High-quality training schemes should be promoted. Post-

licence training plays a key role in improving road safety,

particularly for people who are upgrading to a more

powerful motorbike, who are returning to riding after an

extended period of time.

D2 – Data collection and statistics

D3 – Infrastructure

D4 – Accident reporting

D5 – Research

D6 – Traffic Management / ITS ITS can help to improve road safety records in the future.

It is important to stress, however, that not all ITS

solutions may be suitable for all PTW categories.

ITS systems should under no circumstances negatively

affect a rider’s control of the vehicle.

D7 – Awareness campaigns

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D8 – National strategies Motorcycling should be mainstreamed into transport

policies: policies should recognise that PTWs are a key

mode of transport. As such, they should be integrated into

policies and initiatives aimed at creating a safer

environment for users.

There is a need for more tailored safety policies.

All relevant stakeholders (e.g. user organisations, public

authorities and non-governmental organisations) should

take an active role and coordinate their efforts to further

reduce PTW casualties.

OECD/ITF report (2015)

Some insights from the ITF/OECD report "Improved Safety for Motorcycles, Scooters

and Moped"

% RIDERSCAN deliverables Priorities

D1 – Training, testing, Licencing Licencing, training and education are essential tools for

improving riding safety

Every novice rider should be trained

Access to PTWs should be progressive, with riders

gradually gaining experience and maturity

Training should not only focus on manoeuvring skills and

mastering traffic situations, but also address safety

attitudes

Other road users should also be made aware of the

specific risks associated with PTWs: vulnerability and

crash patterns

D2 – Data collection and statistics

D3 – Infrastructure Infrastructure can be improved to guide drivers and riders

to adopt appropriate behaviour

An infrastructure essentially designed for cars, which can

be improved

- to prevent the occurrence of crashes

- to mitigate their consequences

A self-explaining road allowing road users to anticipate

changes in the local road context

Forgiving roads – PTW-friendly equipment

Engineers, road designers and providers, local authorities,

road safety auditors and inspectors should be trained to

consider PTWs

- in the design, construction, maintenance and

operation of roads

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D4 – Accident reporting

D5 – Research Necessity to improve knowledge on PTW mobility and

crash mechanisms

- Develop and apply relevant methods, tools and

indicators to measure PTWs in traffic flows and

analyse their mobility and behaviour (exposure data)

- More in-depth investigations will allow a better

understanding of fatal and serious injury crash

patterns and causes

- 'Conspicuousness’ and other perception problems

deserve further research work to identify key

contributory factors and effective countermeasures

Operational research and development is needed

- Development of measures to address real issues

regarding the safety of PTW riders

- Need for a co-ordinated and concerted cooperation

between a variety of disciplines (civil and mechanical

engineers, economists, educationalists, psychologists,

transport planners, lawyers etc.)

On content and effectiveness of training (including post-

licence training) with the aim of improving the behaviour

and safety of both drivers and riders

On ITS capacity to prevent PTW crashes:

- ITS applications for cars are not directly transferable

to PTWs

- challenges posed by the Human Machine Interface

requirements, the impact on human behaviour, and

adequate training for the riders

D6 – Traffic Management / ITS

D7 – Awareness campaigns Although there is little research evidence on

communication campaign effectiveness, it is assumed that

the media can:

- Positively influence attitudes and behaviour,

- Provide information

- Increase the acceptability of safety measures

Periodic and thematic campaigns targeting both

motorcyclists and other road users typically focus on:

- Vulnerability of PTWs

- The most common crash scenarios and risk factors.

- High-risk behaviour

These communication campaigns aim to promote

harmonious car-PTW co-existence and safe behaviour by

all road users

D8 – National strategies