Annex 1 Marek Korcz, Ryszard Janikowski Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas

PROGRAM OF DEGRADED LAND RECLAMATION IN POLAND

Problems of post-industrial areas have been presented from the prospect of sustainable development of the country especially regarding environmental aspects. Scale of the problem of land surface degradation was determined for the country by estimating the area of degraded land and financial expenditures needed for degradation removal. In the next part principles of the framework program of remediation were presented together with potential effects and prospects resulting from the program implementation. 1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development principle requires that land management in various scales from local to supra-regional ensures realisation of social and economic objectives without negative effects regarding both present and future needs of environmental resources users. Both the space and the land surface are limited resources and therefore they should be used for multiple functions. It can be derived form sustainable development rules that convertibility of functions in time cannot be limited by functions from the previous stages of development. It means that consequences of the present user of the land for industrial purposes must not limit future users of the land for different functions e.g. for settlement. Meanwhile the present system of land management was based on the rule of limited convertibility of functions, concentrating on the problem of area adaptation to environmental conditions and solution of spatial conflicts. This new dimension of the problem as well as increased requirements of users from post-modern societies caused that in a country at post-industrial stage of development a large number of areas have outcome considered as degraded and contaminated. Many of them are devastated or totally abandoned. This unwanted legacy or environmental debt can be also considered financially. The dimension of this debt indicates that management of low flexibility may reduce abilities for social needs realisation. On the other side postponing of its repayment may cause and it often does imply negative and even pathologic social and economic effects. The scale of the problem determines the time horizon of its solution. It may be considered only in multi-generation prospect which means the time distance used never before in long-term planning. Such attitude to these problems in the whole social-economic-environmental complexity has short history lasting a little more than dozen years. It is an important novum of environmental policy and management. Therefore it needs totally new solutions and tools which were not used yet in the environmental policy. For the needs of post-industrial areas management special strategies and methods were worked out based on so called risk paradigm. These methods allow defining objectives of remediation and redevelopment following the rules of sustainable development. They enable

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to lengthen remediation processes in time, simultaneously optimising social and economic effort according to the abilities and relating social needs in the context of the assessed risk. The problem of correct formulation of land management activities is visible mostly in the case of areas used in the past for industrial purposes. The environmental debt which grew in these areas in form of degradation of land and of other environmental components becomes a barrier for further economic development, makes risk for users of environmental resources, generating other environmental and social effects not very well recognized. Basing on the results of theoretical work of USA and European Union countries and of the own work of the authors the framework of the national governmental program was formulated for areas degraded with economic activity. In particular, the program relates to the specific subclass of the degraded areas defined as post-industrial areas. 2. POST-INDUSTRIAL AREAS It is not possible now in Poland to determine exactly the scale of environmental debt both from the view-point of the total surface of areas requiring remediation1 and finances needed for this purpose. Only estimated data are known as well as relation to the cases of other OECD countries. Degradation2 of earth surface is a very wide term including both chemical and mechanical deformations of soil and earth and of objects forming cover of the area (forests, water, buildings). Degradation process causes gradual decreasing of ability for functioning of the area until the final status called in cases of agricultural areas as devastation. It is estimated that the surface of areas under degradation in Poland is3 more than 8000 km2, including industrial degradation:

- in very large and large degree – over 1400 km2, - in medium and small degree – almost 7000 km2,

and the surface of areas exposed to industrial degradation reaches almost 39500 km2. Since no full evidence of contaminated areas including data on degrading factors was carried out, the above numbers should be treated as estimation, which needs to be verified. Nevertheless the scale of the problem measured only with surface area shows to be serious one. In case of earth surface there is a problem of both macro-scale and micro-scale degradation relating to an object - point. Until now there is no full estimation of the number of this kind of degraded objects in Poland. Basing on the experience of the Western countries and data concerning land use structure (Table 1) it can be assumed that in Poland the number of objects requiring urgent decontamination action reaches several thousands.

1 Public statistics includes agricultural and forest areas, for National Forest Authority there is lack of data in the record of grounds and buildings kept by starosts. In this record there are no data on contamination or level of degradation. 2 By degradation we call the process depending on many factors leading to deterioration or loss of ability for performing economic, environmental and social function by the earth surface. 3 According to estimation made by the Institute of Environmental Protection and Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas

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I n d u s t r i a l d e g r a datio n i n d e x L a c k o f i n dustr i a l d e g r a d a t i o n 0 - 5 1 0 - 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 2 0 - 3 0 3 0 - 4 0 4 0 - 5 0 5 0 - 7 5 7 5 - 1 0 0

V o i v o d s h i psbo u n d a r i e s L E G E N D

1 0 0 0 100 Kilometers Figure 1. Index of industrial degradation (IDI) in counties4 [4, 5] Source: Calculations by IETU basing on a map „Poland – Multi-factor Environmental Degradation”[10]

The important element which should be taken while analysing the scale of the problem

is unequal load of the country area with historical contamination (Fig. 1). The highest contamination with multi-factorial degradation occurs in the lower Silesian and Silesian regions. Degradation caused by Soviet army occurs in the Western regions of the country. Many cases (Janikowskie Sodium Enterprise, Nitrogen Enterprise in Tarnow or Nitrogen Enterprise in Pulawy, sulphur or brown coal exploitation enterprises) indicate, that despite spatial asymmetry of the load with environmental debt, problem of the repayment will be concerning the whole country.

Table 1. The number of anthropogenic grounds acc. to numerical map of land use CORINE [4]

Voivodship Industry

and services

Roads and

railways

Harbours Airports Quarries Dumping

sites Construction sites Total

Dolnośląskie 112 34 3 9 97 19 15 289 Kujawsko - Pomorskie 73 30 3 5 18 1 8 138 Lubelskie 68 34 0 10 15 1 15 143 Lubuskie 34 14 0 8 24 0 6 86

4 The index is a quantity with no unit, defining percentage of the surface area of all degradation forms (after

weighting) in administrative unit - ∑=

∗∗=N

kPW

NIDI

1deg

1

3

Voivodship Industry

and services

Roads and

railways

Harbours Airports Quarries Dumping

sites Construction sites Total

Łódzkie 86 32 0 7 39 5 29 198 Małopolskie 120 22 1 3 63 16 16 241 Mazowieckie 167 44 5 11 49 5 27 308 Opolskie 69 16 7 4 28 1 4 129 Podkarpackie 84 17 0 5 23 5 10 144 Podlaskie 64 19 0 1 14 0 2 100 Pomorskie 52 41 17 11 22 2 8 153 Śląskie 336 66 1 8 62 93 48 614 Świętokrzyskie 64 19 0 1 58 1 10 153 Warmińsko - Mazurskie 67 14 0 5 32 5 15 138 Wielkopolskie 119 25 0 13 40 11 24 232 Zachodniopomorskie 44 55 11 16 27 2 9 164 Poland - total 1559 482 48 117 611 167 246 3230 Source: Calculations by IETU basing on the land use map NATLAN

Systems approach to the problem of contaminated sites regarding sustainable development rules has to take into account needs and possibilities of the present and future generations. The finances for environmental restoration cannot affect negatively possibilities of economic development but in a contrary should stimulate this development. Such approach requires use of such criteria, which would ensure positive feed back between needs for environmental restoration on degraded areas and economic and social needs. European Union countries following the United States introduced the rule of health risk reduction as a basic instrument for assessment of necessity of actions undertaken by the post-industrial societies. It enables minimising and rationalising expenditures for economic development and environmental protection according to sustainable development principles [1, 2, 3]. Introducing this principle into the national practice of environmental protection and economic development in the context of degraded land management indicates, that while rationalising objectives reduction is possible of the number of sites and of size of post-industrial areas, which require remediation or limitation of mitigation actions is possible. In addition, due to application of this rule, the objective prioritization of activities according to the level of health risk will be possible. This criterion is used for either degraded objects or for these which now are exposed to degradation regardless the kind of the economic activity nor regardless factors which caused this degradation. The next criterion, which will enable rationalising solution of degraded areas problem is defining relation between degraded object and the economy. If the object, which was degraded with economic activity is not used anymore for this purpose or is used ineffectively, is treated as an object economically degraded. It means that it is an object, which needs to be remediated5 or needs another action stimulating change of its present function.

5 Area requiring remediation - group of areas defined in grounds record classification without defining qualification principles. The term "recultivation" means a set of technical operations aiming at restoration or adaptation of the area to enable its functioning according to the plan.

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Introducing this criterion allows connecting environmental protection sphere with economic sphere meeting at the same time partly sustainable development requirements. After using two criteria described above the objectively selected subgroup of degraded areas is obtained requiring remediation regarding coincident environmental and health hazard and low economic effectiveness also connected with social one [8, 9]. The group of these objects is a subject of the Program dedicated to problems of remediation and management of areas degraded by economic activity. For the needs of this Program according to OECD definition these areas will be called post-industrial areas6. We should remember, that the term does not explain sufficiently the range of meaning, because it includes industrial, communication and post-military areas as well as urban building and agriculture areas. It includes also areas on which economic activity is still being carried out. Environmental management of areas, on which original economic function was stopped or is not fully performed, should be analysed in three separate classes:

- post-industrial areas chemically degraded, it means areas, on which soil cover needs to be cleaned up7;

- post-industrial areas degraded mechanically (physically), it means areas requiring remediation, which would liquidate deformation of natural shape of the area;

- areas not being used anymore for economic purposes or used ineffectively, which are not chemically and/or morphologically degraded

and in two categories of responsibility:

- direct - direct responsibility of the polluter in case when the polluter is known, which means the "polluter pays principle",

- indirect - responsibility of public administration in case when the polluter is not known or execution of the obligation is not effective, it means using the constitutional principle, that environmental protection is an obligation of public authorities.

Areas of 1 and 2 class it means areas of economic function chemically and/or physically degraded are defined as post-industrial areas according to the above definition. General basis of post industrial areas management resulting from the Polish environmental policy states, that these areas should not be an economic waste land. They should be used as soon as possible for other functions such as forest, recreation, urban or industrial. The appropriate redevelopment8 of post-industrial areas can significantly limit using agricultural and forest land for industrial purposes. It relies significantly on favourable conditions for potential investors on a given area both by providing appropriate infrastructure and by system of incentives aiming at intensification of the process of overtaking post-industrial areas [3, 11]. 6 Derelict, not used or not fully used area or object originally planned for economic activity, in which real and potential contamination is present or may occur in the degree which would limit development possibilities or ability for economic function restoration - Brownfields and Redevelopment of Urban Areas - Clarinet report, 2002; and definition of US EPA. Formal, common definition for all OECD countries does not exist. 7 Term of cleaning up is meant in a wide sense; it means both cleaning processes of soil and earth and buildings from contamination by pollution removal and by pollution stabilisation reducing its mobility in the environment and/or availability. 8 Redevelopment means a set of investment activities aiming at introduction of the planned function on the area or an object. The redevelopment preceded by remediation of degraded areas leads to economic and social revitalisation of an area or object.

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The next criterion necessary for assessment of the problem scale is pollution mobility. Pollution of low mobility in soil is considered as generating less risk for health and environment than mobile pollution. The latter need quick action at least to stabilise them in the environment. Post-military areas and fuel stations are an example of problems connected with mobile pollution, where hazard for underground water uptakes requires quick action immobilising hydrocarbons. Therefore the process of revitalisation i.e. remediation and redevelopment regarding previous and new functions must be appropriately prepared and co-ordinated. The proposed Program will help in reduction of the total expenses from the national budget for remediation of post-industrial areas, in even 20%, by optimisation of the management system and procedures and also by integration of dispersed and often ad hoc actions. Therefore it is necessary to:

- prepare basis for formulation of legal acts defining principles and procedures aiming at limitation of excessive exploitation of soil and determining indispensable measures including principles and procedures serving for utilisation of contaminated soil,

- identify hazards and intensify work on remediation of degraded areas including post-industrial areas,

- work out and implement mechanisms favouring re-use of post-industrial areas in the economic cycle in order to redevelop these areas to a maximum extent.

Analysis of experience and scientific output of OECD countries in the field of environmental management in post-industrial areas [12, 13, 14] leads to the following basic conclusions:

- scale of the problem is so large and costly that its solution needs to be spread over the long period of time (several or more than dozen years);

- legal acts in this field are necessary, - identification and inventory of post-industrial areas is a basic step in the management

process, - in remediation and revitalisation process of post-industrial areas a hierarchical

approach is recommended and the areas of high risk and hazard for health and environment should be revitalised as the first priority,

- public administration should participate in post-industrial areas management, in particular by setting national revitalisation programs,

- additional financial instruments are necessary for supporting projects of revitalisation of post-industrial areas.

3. PROGRAM 3.1. Program objectives The National Program proposed below for post-industrial areas takes as a basis sustainable development criteria, the national environmental policy objectives and further acceleration of the process of Polish integration with the European Union. The program includes the following objectives: Strategic objective

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Defining main problems and creation of conditions and mechanisms for economic, social and environmental sustainable use and development of post-industrial areas. Direct objectives: - Decrease of total costs of restoration of environmental and economic balance in about

20% in relation to the present ways of solving problems of remediation and revitalisation of post-industrial areas;

- Restoration of areas degraded by economic activity and introducing them into economic market;

- Stimulation of the new work market; - Development of environmental protection and revitalisation industry; - Rendering accessible the best available technologies useful for remediation, revitalisation

and redevelopment of post-industrial areas; - Complementing the Polish system of environmental management in the set of technical

standards and procedures; - Development of the knowledge on management of post-industrial areas remaining after

economic activity; - Development of e-administration of post-industrial areas. The above objectives can be achieved by realisation of the following tasks: - development of techniques and technologies of remediation and revitalisation; - development and distribution of the knowledge on post-industrial areas management and

on changes of their function in time; - development of legal instruments and technical standards; - development of institutional framework and e-administration; - development of financing institutions and mechanisms for remediation of post-industrial

areas; - public communication, - inventory and monitoring, - realisation of revitalisation tasks and activation of post-industrial areas; - monitoring of changes in classification and use of grounds, level of their degradation and

realisation of revitalisation tasks by using records of grounds and buildings. 3.2 Basic framework of the program for post-industrial areas While creating the program for post-industrial areas reduction of hazards for health and environment should be the main principle of the program. While selecting technical measures the chosen solutions should first of all be of high economic effectiveness and high environmental efficiency, with ensuring minimisation of side effects. Therefore in the program the following principle should be regarded: - principle of reduction of health and environmental risk, which is of highest priority, - principle of selection of solutions ensuring simultaneously high economic effectiveness

and ecological efficiency at minimisation as much as possible of side environmental effects, which is given lower priority.

Apart from the above principles concerning the hierarchy the Program will apply the following general principles: - Achieving permanent and positive social, economic and environmental effects; - Complementarity with development strategies of other departments and environmental

management programs,

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- Improvement of conditions of social and economic development in regions of the largest number of post-industrial areas,

- Spreading economic loads resulting from the necessity of contamination removal over a period of several generations

- Utilisation of the research results in the practice of hazards assessment, in projects construction and in remediation work as well as in programs of post-industrial areas management

- Participation of local communities in the process of post-industrial areas management. Following the above principles the general nation-wide strategy will be formulated of revitalisation and restoration of post-industrial areas. The strategy will be directed towards local authorities and will have to define the scale of governmental intervention in this task realisation in the framework of: - improving of law, - improving methods of identification and prioritisation of remediation tasks, - increase of availability of technologies enabling reduction of risk, - providing funds for the considerable part of remediation tasks as well as formulation of

the strategy of performing and financing research and scientific work in this field. The Programme will be divided into three areas: PI Research and scientific work in the field of hazards analysis, projects and preparation of technology of remediation and revitalisation of post-industrial areas PII Optimisation and improvement of county systems of post- industrial areas management PIII Remediation and introduction into economic market highly degraded or devastated post-industrial areas. 3.3. Program executive basis Achieving the defined objectives and effective use of financial means requires formation of all tasks of the Program in a compact and interconnected structure. The close integration of activities of Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture as well as participation of other departments i.e. Ministry of Science, Ministry of Infrastructure, Ministry of National Treasury, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration and Ministry of National Defence is a condition of successful realisation of the Program. It requires adoption of management methods and Program realisation with following the above condition. The formula of the open multi-year program will ensure effective realisation of the basic framework and optimum use of finances. At the same time a cyclic (yearly) modification will be possible and program tasks widening as the innovation progress develops in the field of post-industrial areas remediation techniques and technologies, growing financing possibilities and legislation changes in the EU. 3.3.1 Methods The way of the Program realisation for post-industrial areas will be defined by the Council of Ministers. It is proposed to establish the post of the plenipotentiary. Establishing of the Program Bureau seems to be purposeful for the current Program management, which would be financed by the Program (0,3 % of the Program costs) and the Program Council with the advisory-consultative function. The Council would include representatives of departments participating in the Program realisation, representatives of self-government administration,

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representatives of economic subjects, co-ordinators of the Program tasks, representatives of the executors of scientific part of the Program and representatives of non-governmental organisations interested in the Program realisation. It is planned, that the Program will be co-ordinated by research and development unit highly experienced in the field of ecology of industrial and urbanised areas. It is proposed to charge the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas with this task. Regarding the existing structure of research management including the National Research Committee into the Program is proposed. Realisation of the individual tasks of the Program would be carried out by the various scientists experienced in environmental engineering and chemistry, in ecology, remediation toxicology and agriculture. Regarding the need for implementation the interested subjects specialised in the environmental engineering should participate in the research. Management and the current supervision of the Program should be supported by computer systems, especially with the use pf geographical information system enabling wide analysis of hazards and needs regarding basic aspects. It will enable full and comprehensive control of all the Program realisation aspects, especially assessment of the compatibility of time schedule, tasks schedule and financing schedule. Current information on the Program realisation will give to the Program plenipotentiary the possibility of quick intervention aiming at liquidation of all constraints and barriers. Creation of web side will enable transmission of the current information on the Program and distribution of its results and effects through public communication means. 3.3.2. Economic basis – financial and material basis The Program will be performed first of all basing on the existing material and personal base of the Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Agriculture together with their research and scientific base. In the Program other departments will be participating, in particular economic departments, public authorities and regional and local circles and non-governmental organisations. In the Program realisation all the reports and data will be used on widely meant problems of environment and health, collected as a result of finished or still being carried out scientific, research, expert and education projects. It is proposed to introduce implementation tasks of the Program as tasks co-financed by structural funds of the European Union. The Program in its research and development part will be introduced into the tasks of the research and development programs of the European Union. 3.4.Realisation schedule of the individual Program tasks

In the table below time and intensity of realisation of the Program tasks is presented with division into Program areas.

Area

Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 PI

PII

PIII

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It is assumed that the area II as a task creating information infrastructure of the system must be accomplished in 3 years. The area I will be carried out with the uniform intensity during the whole period of the Program realisation but with diminishing number of tasks and subjects. The area III will include the real remediation investments of areas from three most often identified problem classes – (areas degraded chemically as a result of contamination with metals, areas degraded chemically as a result of contamination with PAH, areas degraded chemically as a result of contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbons. 3.5.Operation plan Tasks for the Program areas: PI Scientific and development work 1) Development of the system of post-industrial areas quality management, including

preparation of detailed methods of systematic inventory of point and aerial degradation of earth surface, from the view-point of environmental and health hazards

2) Development of the instruments for assessment of economic effectiveness and ecological efficiency

3) Development and improvement of technologies a) development of environmental remediation technology b) development of methods of organisation, management and financing of remediation and

revitalisation processes c) comparative analysis of the best available technologies of degraded soil remediation. PII Optimisation and improvement of county systems of post-industrial areas management 4) Design of the model of county system for post-industrial areas management a) design of the post-industrial areas register b) design of the computer system of exchange and dissemination of information in the

county scale among governmental, self-governmental authorities and the community. 5) Pilot inventories in selected several counties a) counties with metals contamination b) counties with contamination with PAH c) counties with contamination with polychlorinated hydrocarbons 6) System implementation a) implementation of the county information system b) implementation of the system of information exchange and dissemination c) training of system users. PIII Remediation and introduction into economic market highly degraded or devastated post-industrial areas. 7) Organisation of a cycle of training courses for executive firms and for administration in

the framework of design, technologies and remediation work and of existing legal system; 8) Supporting development of organisations of firms specialised in the work of remediation

and environmental engineering 9) Realisation of remediation tasks in the qualified objects a) objects of high health risk resulting from contamination with metals

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b) objects of high health risk resulting from contamination with PAH c) objects of high health risk resulting from contamination with polychlorinated

hydrocarbons and other organic compounds d) objects indicated by starosts. on the basis of health and environmental risk analysis. 3.6.The planned financial expenditures In the table below the necessary funds are presented divided into years of the Program realisation.

Area Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Razem

PI 14 14 12 9 9 9 9 76 PII 22 12 6 1 0 0 0 41 PIII 0 15 35 60 90 100 115 415 Total 36 41 53 70 99 109 124 532

Table 2. The necessary minimum funds for the Program realisation (national budget (1), funds of environment protection and water management, Ekofundusz(2), structural funds of EU (3) [mln zl] 1. By the national budget costs are meant which are born by the central budget and self-

governmental budgets, especially from counties - the structure of costs division may be defined at the stage of program formulation

2. The National Fund of Environmental Protection and Water Management, the Voivodship Funds of Environment Protection and Water Management, County and Local Funds of Environment Protection and Water Management and Ekofundusz (implementation of remediation technologies of high effect for protection of the atmospheric air and water) - the structure of costs division may be defined at the stage of program formulation

3. Structural funds of EU will be used in accordance with the National Development Program. The assistance funds may be used only in case when the Program starts on the 1st January 2004 regarding management system - as equipment delivery - the structure of costs division may be defined at the stage of program formulation

Estimation of the expenditures of money was based on the analysis of the unit costs of remediation and revitalisation of post-industrial areas together with the total surface area of sites requiring remediation in the country [3, 4, 5]. The cost of remediation was increased by costs of post-industrial areas management system in counties of registered degradation. Costs of the system construction were determined on basis of unit costs of post in administration together with the equipment and costs of training as well as with costs of recognition and documentation of contamination [6]. Costs of the planned scientific work were estimated on the basis of the planned range of work and costs evaluation made by research institutes of the environmental branch [6, 7]. Dynamics of using structural funds of EU was also taken into account. The time structure of the expenditures for the Program realisation takes two phases. The first phase consists in creation of a set of instruments, mechanisms and tools enabling optimisation of remediation activities under the conditions of dispersed management. The second phase includes full implementation of organisation solutions and experience resulting from remediation tasks realisation in this phase. The time period of the Program realisation results from schedules of

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the 6th Environmental Action Plan of the European Union: "Environment 2010: Our Future, Our Choice". A check point has been planned of the Program - accomplishment of the task of system construction of post-industrial areas management on the turn of 2006/2007. This check point means accomplishment of research and scientific tasks connected with construction of the system and formulation of the structure of investment tasks according to the new principles basing on the data collected by starosts. The further costs of the system are connected with costs of exploitation and they are not included in the Program. From the date of the check point stabilisation of the expenditures takes place for scientific and research tasks connected mainly with data checking and interpretation and with improvement of procedures in the system. Also from this year increase of expenditures is planned for supporting investment tasks in the field of remediation. 4. PROSPECTS The proposed framework of the Program constitutes the first stage serving for optimisation of realisation of objectives defined in the above strategic documents. It would be at the same time the base for the future national governmental program "Control of Economic Processes in the Environment". The Program would be realised in co-operation with the other countries from the EU, which, like Poland, have only started on the turn of ages XX/XXI the repayment of the environmental debt. The Program realisation will enable achieving the following effects: Social effects: - reduction of health risk. - increase of places of employment, - reduction of areas of social degradation, Economic effects: - reduction of funds from the national budget for remediation and revitalisation of post-

industrial areas, - increase of attractive locations, - development of remediation and revitalisation branch, - decrease of areas of social degradation Environmental effects: - limitation of decreasing areas under protection and half-natural areas, - reduction of health and environmental risk, - liquidation of environmental debt left by the present and previous generations. Political effects: - fulfilling obligations implying from the Constitution of the Polish Republic, - meeting requirements of European Union, - improving environmental quality for the next generations.

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5. REFERENCES 1. Janikowski R., Korcz M., Starzewska-Sikorska A.,: Sources of Funding of Post-Industrial Site

Reclamation, Proc. Opening Brownfield Revitalization Seminar, pp. 108-116, Ostrava 2001.

2. Janikowski R., Korcz M.: Financing and Cost of Redevelopment of Post-Industrial Sites in Silesia, Report of the NICOLE workshop „Financial Aspects of site restoration with an emphasis on Central and Eastern Europe 6-7 November 2002,pp.22-25 (pdf), Budapeszt 2002.

3. Janikowski R., Korcz M.: Financing and cost of redevelopment of post-industrial sites in Poland, Land Contamination & Reclamation, 11 (1), 2003 (in press).

4. Korcz M, Bronder J., Słowikowski D., Długosz J., Janikowski R., Roszak U., Matejczyk M, Kliś Cz., Owczarska I, Wadelik A.: Przegląd terenów zdegradowanych w wyniku działalności gospodarczej - in Polish (Review of areas degraded as a result of economic activity) – IETU report, Katowice 2000.

5. Korcz M., Bronder J., Słowikowski D., Długosz J., Habdas M., Starzewska-Sikorska A.,:Opracowanie podstaw budowy systemu efektywnego wykorzystania terenów zdegradowanych w wyniku działalności gospodarczej (Formulation of basis for construction of a system of effective use of areas degraded as a result of economic activity) in Polish– IETU report, Katowice 2000.

6. Korcz M., Janikowski R., Roszak U., Bronder J., Słowikowski D, Długosz J.: Określenie zakresu i zadań programu rządowego dla terenów poprzemysłowych; (Determination of framework and tasks of the governmental program for post-industrial areas) in Polish - IETU report, Katowice 2002.

7. Korcz M., Wysokińska E.,:Program badań niezbędnych do strategii postępowania w rewitalizacji terenów poprzemysłowych;(Program of research tasks necessary forrevitalisation strategy of post-industrial areas) in Polish - IETU report, Katowice, 2000.

8. Korcz M.,: Wybrane problemy zarządzania terenami poprzemysłowymi (Some problemsof post-industrial areas management) in Polish; Problemy ekologii, vol.6, nr 5, pp.199-209, 2002

9. Korcz M.: Założenia strategii zarządzania terenami poprzemysłowymi i zdegradowanymi w województwie śląskim.,(Guidelines for a Strategy for the Management of Post-Industrial and Contaminated Sites in the Silesian Voivodship) in Polish Proc. of the . IIIrd International Seminar of RACE „Contaminated land problems in Central and Eastern Europe”– Katowice 18-19.01.2000; pp.6-18, Katowice 2000.

10. Siuta J., Kucharska A., Sienkiewicz R.: [mapa w skali 1: 750 000] Polska - Wieloczynnikowa Degradacja Środowiska (Multi-factor Environmentaldegradation) in Polish; National Inspection of Environmental Protection – Institute of Environmental Protection, Warszawa 1996.

11. Starzewska-Sikorska A., Janikowski R., Korcz M.: Instruments of revitalisation of Post-Industrial Sites. Proc. Opening Brownfield Revitalization Seminar, pp. 63-72, Ostrava 2001.

12. Veen H.J. van, Busing J., Kasamas H.,: An analysis of National and EU Research Programmes Related to Sustainable Land Management, Land Management and Reclamation, vol.9, no1, 2001

13. Vegter J.J., Lowe J., Kasamas H., (edts): Sustainable Management of Contaminated Land.An Overview, CLARINET report, Austrian Federal Environment Agency, 2002

14. Vik E.A., Bardos P.,: Remediation of Contaminated Land. Technology Implementation in Europe.; CLARINET report, 2002