Animal Transport

Transport is the circulation and distribution of materials.

Ameba Paramecium

Transport is based on:Passive Transport: diffusion and osmosisActive Transport: contractile vacuoleCyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming)

CnidariansCoelenterates

Hydra, jellyfish

Simple since cells are in close contact with environment

Multicellular animals require efficient systems for exchange and transport.Open System: Transport fluid flows through freely through body cavitiesClosed System: Transport tissue flows within vessels

Vertebrates have closed systems but vary in the heart chambersFish: 2Amphibian: 3Mammal and Bird: 4

The four chamber heart separates oxygen rich from oxygen poor blood

Human Circulation

Trace the path of blood in the human system.

Arteries:Arterioles:Capillaries:Veinioles:Veins:

Intro to Circulation video

Label the diagram of the heart. Oxygen rich/ oxygen poor?

Heart video

Control of the Heart Cycle

Nerves send impulses to the “pacemaker” on the right atrium of the heart.Accelerator increases rate Vagus decreases rate

Hormone adrenaline increases rate during the “fight / flight mechanism”

How does the structure of the blood vessels compare?

Artery

Vein

Blood Vessels Video

Blood flow in the veins is aided by the surrounding muscles and valves that prevent back flow.

Blood in the arteries is under pressure from the heart.

Look at what happens to the blood flow as it passes through the vessels.

Blood Pressure video

How is blood pressure measured?Systolic is the pressure of the ventricles contractingDiastolic is the pressure during the relaxation or ventricles refilling.

Pressure cuff is called a sphygmomanometer.

Body blood flow is regulated by precapillary sphincters.

Helps regulate heat exchange.

What happens to your skin when you are cold? Hot?

Components of the Blood

Components of Blood Video

Blood Clotting When does clotting occur?

Leading Causes of Death(All figures are for U.S.)Final 2000 data    Ten Leading Causes of Death in the U.S.:       Heart Disease: 710,760       Cancer: 553,091       Stroke: 167,661       Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease: 122,009       Accidents: 97,900       Diabetes: 69,301       Pneumonia/Influenza: 65,313       Alzheimer's Disease: 49,558       Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 37,251       Septicemia: 31,224

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm

Final 2000 data: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Health Problem Incidence per Year

Major Originating Factors

1. Heart Disease 769,353diet, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, poor health

education

2. Cancer 476,927diet, smoking, environmental pollution, poor health

education

3. Cerebrovascular Disease

149,835 diet, smoking stress, lack of exercise, poor health education

4. Accidents 95,020alcohol, education, lack of governmental and business

safety protection

5. Pulmonary Diseases

78,380 smoking, lack of exercise, nutrition, air pollution

6. Pneumonia and Influenza

69,225 nutrition, poverty, stress, poor health education

7. Diabetes mellitus 38,796 nutrition, poverty, stress, poor health education

8. Suicide 30,796 psychological stress, poverty, nutrition

9. Liver Disease 26,201 alcohol, stress, poverty, nutrition, poor health education

10. Athleroschlerosis 22,474nutrition, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, poor health

education

11. Kidney Disease 22,052 diet, alcohol, smoking, poverty, poor health education

12. Homicide 21,103poverty, psychological stress, alcohol, drugs, gun

availability

13. Septicimia 19,916 nutrition, hospitals, poverty, poor health education

14. Perinatal Condition

18,222 poverty, nutrition, poor health education

15. Congenital Anomalies

12,330 alcohol, drugs, poverty, poor health education

Comprehensive Health Care for Everyone: A Guide for Body, Mind, and Spiritby Thomas M. Collins (1995)

Malfunctions of circulatory system:Heart attack: coronary arteries blockedStroke: aneurism or clot in brainHypertension: high blood pressure

AtherosclerosisNormal Artery

Coronary Arteries Bypass surgery

Stroke Fact Sheet

The Body’s Defense SystemChapter 31

Lymphocytes

Phagocytosis

The Germ Theory of Disease

Diseases that are caused by pathogens are known as infectious diseases. Pathogens include certain bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and worms, and viruses.

In the mid 1800’s, Louis Pasteur demonstrated the importance of microorganisms.

Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reduced infections in patients by washing hands and sterilizing equipment. Lister hypothesized that microorganisms caused infections that was killing 50% of his patients following surgery.

Koch’s Postulates

Robert Koch, a German physician, built upon the previous work of Pasteur and Lister. His method is used to identify the pathogens that cause specific diseases.

Modern life has evolved in a world of microbes. Some are symbiotic and benefit metabolism but others are pathogenic

TERMITES (Reticulitermes flavipes)

Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots of legumes

Anthrax spores Enemy Within: Bacteria video

Viruses are “non-living” without a host. A protein coat and nucleic acids

Virus video

Diversity of animal viruses

Measles

Influenza Viruses

1918 Flu Epidemic

Infectious disease video

The Body’s Defense1. Nonspecific defense against infection

a. Barriers external and internalb. Phagocytic cells, complement proteinsc. Inflammatory response

2. Specific defense (immune system)

First line of defense: Barriers

1. Intact skin: secretions create a pH of 3-5

2. Mucous membranes 3. Tears, saliva contain antimicrobial

proteins 4. Digestive system contains acids5. Ciliated cells in trachea with

mucous traps microbes prevents them from entering lungs

Lining of trachea shows mucous producing cells and ciliated cells

Second line of defense: Phagocytic Leukocytes (WBC) 1. Neutrophils 60-70% of all WBC short-lived phagocytes2. Monocytes 5%, develop into macrophages3. Basophils involved in the inflammatory response4. Eosinophils involved in parasitic invaders5. Natural killer cells destroy viral infected body cells

Monocytes give rise to Macrophages

Phagocytosis by macrophage

Nonspecific defense

The scanning electron micrograph above, shows a human macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow). Riding atop the macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte.

Inflammatory Response

•During an inflammatory response, chemical signals trigger changes in blood vessels and attract white blood cells that help destroy the invaders

•Histamines are released by basophils and mast Increased blood flow•Chemokines attract WBC•Increased Phagocytic activity

Specialized Proteins

Infected cells produce interferon, which stimulates noninfected cells to manufacture substances that block virus reproduction. This limits the spread of virus to neighboring cells.

The Third Line: Targeted Defense is specific immunity provided by LymphocytesAntigens are the foreign molecules that elicits a specific responseB and T lymphocytes have specific antigen receptors

Development of Lymphocytes

B cells are produced in bone and make antibodies T cells are produced in thymus and are known for the cellular response

Helper T CellsCytotoxic T Cells

Both cells produce memory cells that give “permanent” immunity

Pathway to specific immunity involves recognizing self from non-self.Macrophages or infected cells present antigens (non-self molecules) to the lymphocytes.

Lymphocytes are specific to the antigens•B cells produce antibodies•Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells•Helper T cells stimulate other cells and defenses

Pathway of a specific response to antigens

Macrophages engulf and then display the antigens of pathogens they have "eaten." This display activates a specific version of helper T cells. The activated helper T cells in turn stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

Macrophage and T cells interact to stimulate Helper T cellsCytotoxic T cellsB cells

CD4 is one of the receptor sites used by HIV virus.

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy infected body cells

B Lymphocytes are selected by specific antigens (foreign particles). Specific selection results in the cloning of the B cells and production of antibodies that “match” the antigen.

Antibodies secreted by the B cells bind to antigens that have a complementary or matching shape.

Antibodies have lots of different shapes that have the potential to bind to antigens.

Antibodies interact with antigens and aid in elimination several ways.

T Dependent Response

Follow the steps that stimulate the production of antibodies

Overview of the Immune Response

The first exposure to a pathogen produces B and T memory cells specific to that pathogen. A second exposure activates those memory cells.

Primary and Secondary Immune Responses

Vaccinations provide long term immunity.

A vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies and memory cells that protect against future exposure to the pathogen.

The introduction of the measles vaccine in the early 1960s helped to greatly reduce the number of reported cases of measles.

Immunity can occur naturally or artificially

1. Active Immunity: stimulates the infected person’s immune system, generally considered permanent

a. Immunization by vaccination give the person a weakened, dead, fragment of the pathogen

b. Recover from the infection

2. Passive Immunity: person receives antibodies only so it is temporary

a. Maternal immunity occurs when antibodies pass from mother to baby through placenta and breast milk b. Artificial injection of antibodies gives short term immunity

Defending the Body Against Disease video

Immune System FailuresAllergies: immune reaction involving histamines to a “harmless”allergen.Autoimmune diseases: immune system destroys body cells,

type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritisAIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Disease

Closer Look at Some Diseases video

Beta cells normally synthesize the insulin

Allergy: abnormal immune system sensitivity to an otherwise harmless antigen

An allergic reaction releases histamines, which cause the characteristic allergy symptoms. These symptoms may include a runny nose and watery eyes.

Allergins causeallergic reactions. Histamines are released and the inflammatory response occursBeware of Dust Bunnies!

HIV Virus animation

Review of Defense video

HIV enters T cell

Stages of HIV Infection