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ANIMAL TISSUES AkiHar

Animal tissue 2003

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Page 1: Animal tissue 2003

ANIMAL TISSUES

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CATEGORIES OF TISSUES

EpitheliumConnectiveMuscleNervous

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EPITHELIUM Lines, covers, and protects other tissues and

organs. Characterized by:

Cells tightly junked togetherjunked together The presence of a cell secretion called the

basement membranebasement membrane. Named by:

Cell shapeCell shape Other characteristics of the cells.

Squamous, , Cuboidal, and Columnar

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SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Cells very thin, much wider than they are

thick. Simple Squamous Epithelium

Air sacs of respiratoryLining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatic tubes

Stratified Squamous EpitheliumSkinVaginaEsophagusMouth

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EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Cells cube shaped- secretion and

absorption.Kidney tubulesDuct and small glandsSurface of ovary

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COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Elongated cells, much longer than they are wide. Simple Columnar Epithelium

A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands. Has microvilli at surface for absorption.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliumLines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and some of the uterus. Propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action.

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SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Characterized by the cells widely separated from each other in a matrix that is produced by the cells.

Tissue protects and supports. Cell Matrix composed of two regions

Ground Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid

Fibers Non-elastic (= white or Collagen) Elastic (= yellow fibers)

Types of Connective tissue

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TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Loose (Areolar) Connective TissueLoose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue AdiposeAdipose CartilageCartilage BoneBone BloodBlood

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LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE (AREOLAR)

Gel like ground with both elastic and non-elastic fibers running though the ground in many directions.Wraps and cushions organsUnder the skin

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DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Nuclei and fibers arranged in parallel rows.Tendons and ligamentsFibers mostly non-elastic

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ADIPOSE (FAT)

Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids)

Adipose cells contain a large vacuole which in the live cell contains lipids.

Cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to edge of cell membrane.

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CARTILAGE

Ground of matrix is gum like. Cells are found in Lacunae within the

matrix. Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or

a form of non-elastic called reticular(where the non-elastic fibers of very thin)Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage-example on the ends of

bonesElastic CartilageElastic Cartilage- example ear cartilageNon-elastic Cartilage- example nose

cartilage.

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HYALINE CARTILAGE

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ELASTIC CARTILAGE

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BONE Ground of matrix is Solid (Calcium carbonate). Has blood supply and nerves running through the

Haversian canal systems.

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VASCULAR TISSUE (BLOOD)

Liquid matrix = plasma 90% water10%Plasma proteins, electrolytes,

hormones, oxygen, glucose etc. Formed elements

ErythrocytesErythrocytes -48billion(female) to 54 billion (male) cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammals are enucleated while rest of the vertebrates they have nuclei

LeukocytesLeukocytes -about 7.5 million / ml of bloodPlateletsPlatelets -blood clotting

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BLOOD

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MUSCLE TISSUE Tissue with cells having fibers

specialized for contraction. Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle (Striated, voluntary)

Parallel elongated cells (fibers) multinucleated and each cell is the length of the

muscle. Light meat, Dark meat—Slow twitch, fast twitch

muscle Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle (Visceral, involuntary)

Cells are long and tapered. Organized into sheets of muscle.

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle Intercalated disc Myogenic branched

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SKELETAL MUSCLE

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SMOOTH MUSCLE

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CARDIAC MUSCLE

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NERVOUS TISSUE Cells specialized to polarize and depolarize. Cell is a neuron

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FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUESTISSUES

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EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE(COVERING)(COVERING) Tightly-joined closely-packed cells One side of epithelium exposed to air

or internal fluid, other side attached to a basement membrane, a dense mat of extracellular matrix (connective tissue)

Covers the outside of the body and lines the internal organs and cavities

Barrier against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss

Provides surface for absorption, excretion and transport of molecules

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TYPES OF TYPES OF EPITHELIAL EPITHELIAL TISSUETISSUE

Cell shape Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Number of cell layers Simple Pseudostratified Columnar

RELATE STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION!

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE(FRAMEWORK) Main function:

binding and support other tissues

Large amount of extra-cellular matrix with fewer cells

Connective tissue cells secrete the extra-cellular matrix

Extracellular matrix consists of network of fibers in liquid, jelly-like or solid matrix

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MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE(MOVEMENT)(MOVEMENT)

Composed of long cells called muscle fibers

Contraction movement

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NERVOUS TISSUENERVOUS TISSUE(CONTROL)(CONTROL) Senses stimuli

and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one part of an animal to another

Consists of a cell body and long extensions called dendrites (towards cell body) and axons (towards another cell or an effector)

Axon

Dendrite

Cell body

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Tissue Type Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

Cell Shape Flattened, cuboidal, columnar

Irregular or round Elongated Cell appendages branched

Cell Arrangement

Single multilayered

Scattered in matrix

In sheets or bundles

Isolated or networked

Location Body covering or lining organs or

cavities

Supports other organs

Lining internal organs, make

skeletal muscles

Concentrated in brain and spinal cord + all over

the body

Surface Feature of Cells

Cilia, microvilli - - -

Matrix Type Basement membrane

Varied – protein fibers + liquid, gelatinous, firm

to calcified

- -

Matrix Amount Minimal Extensive Absent Absent

Unique Feature No direct blood supply, except for

glands

Cartilage has no blood supply

Can generate electrical signals,

force and movement

Can generate electrical signal

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