Animal Structure and Animal Structure and FunctionFunction

ThermoregulationThermoregulation

►EctothermsEctotherms Obtain body heat from the environment.Obtain body heat from the environment. PoikilothermsPoikilotherms

►Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and fish.Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and fish.►““cold blooded”cold blooded”

►EndothermsEndotherms Generate their own body heat.Generate their own body heat. HomeothermsHomeotherms

►MammalsMammals►WarmbloodedWarmblooded

Temperature RegulationTemperature Regulation

►Cooling evaporationCooling evaporation SweatingSweating PantingPanting

►Warming by metabolismWarming by metabolism ShiveringShivering

►Adjusting surface areaAdjusting surface area Changing the volume of blood flowChanging the volume of blood flow Countercurrent ExchangeCountercurrent Exchange

The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

► Direct contact with the environmentDirect contact with the environment Cells have large surface areas with which they can Cells have large surface areas with which they can

have exchange with the environment.have exchange with the environment.

► GillsGills Evaginated structures that create large surface Evaginated structures that create large surface

areas.areas.

► TracheaeTracheae Chitin lined tubes that permeate the body.Chitin lined tubes that permeate the body. Oxygen enters the tracheae through opening Oxygen enters the tracheae through opening

called spiracles.called spiracles.

► LungsLungs Invaginated structures which allow gas exchangeInvaginated structures which allow gas exchange

Human RespirationHuman Respiration

►Nose, pharynx, larynxNose, pharynx, larynx► TracheaTrachea► Bronchi, bronchiolesBronchi, bronchioles► AlveolusAlveolus►Diffusion between alveolar chambers and Diffusion between alveolar chambers and

blood.blood.► Bulk flow of OBulk flow of O22

►Diffusion between blood and cellsDiffusion between blood and cells► Bulk flow of COBulk flow of CO2

Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

►Open Circulatory SystemsOpen Circulatory Systems Blood is pumped into an internal cavity-hemocoelBlood is pumped into an internal cavity-hemocoel The tissues and organs are bathed in The tissues and organs are bathed in

hemolymph.hemolymph. Hemolymph returns to the heart through holes Hemolymph returns to the heart through holes

called ostia.called ostia.►Mollusks, insectsMollusks, insects

► Closed Circulatory SystemsClosed Circulatory Systems Blood is confined to vessels.Blood is confined to vessels.

►Annelida Octopuses, Squid, VertebrateAnnelida Octopuses, Squid, Vertebrate

Human Circulatory SystemHuman Circulatory System

►Basics:Basics: Arteries Arteries arterioles arterioles Capillaries Capillaries Gas Gas

and waste exchange and waste exchange Venules Venules Veins Veins Heart Heart

Pumping Blood Through the Pumping Blood Through the HeartHeart

► Right AtriumRight Atrium Deoxygenated blood enters via the superior vena cava and Deoxygenated blood enters via the superior vena cava and

inferior vena cavainferior vena cava► Right VentricleRight Ventricle

Blood moves through the tricuspid valve (right Blood moves through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve or AV valve) to the right ventricle.atrioventricular valve or AV valve) to the right ventricle.

Right ventricle pumps the blood to the pulmonary artery Right ventricle pumps the blood to the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs.through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs.

► Left AtriumLeft Atrium Oxygenated blood returns to the left Atrium through the Oxygenated blood returns to the left Atrium through the

pulmonary vein.pulmonary vein.► Left VentricleLeft Ventricle

Blood moves through the bicuspid (mitral or left AV valve) Blood moves through the bicuspid (mitral or left AV valve) to the left ventricle.to the left ventricle.

The blood is then pumped from the heart via the aorta The blood is then pumped from the heart via the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve and to the body.through the aortic semilunar valve and to the body.

The Cardiac CycleThe Cardiac Cycle

► The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart muscles.heart muscles.

► Regulated by auto rhythmic cells which are Regulated by auto rhythmic cells which are self-excitable.self-excitable. SA node, pacemakerSA node, pacemaker

►Upper wall of the right atriumUpper wall of the right atrium► Initiates the cycle by contracting both atriaInitiates the cycle by contracting both atria

AV nodeAV node►Lower half of the right atriumLower half of the right atrium►Receives a delayed impulse from the SA node then Receives a delayed impulse from the SA node then

contracts the ventricles.contracts the ventricles. Systole PhaseSystole Phase

►Blood is forced through the pulmonary arteries and Blood is forced through the pulmonary arteries and aorta and the AV valves are forced to close.aorta and the AV valves are forced to close.

BloodBlood

►RBC, erythrocytesRBC, erythrocytes Transport oxygenTransport oxygen

►WBC, leukocytesWBC, leukocytes Disease fighting cellsDisease fighting cells

►PlateletsPlatelets Cell fragementsCell fragements Blood clottingBlood clotting

►PlasmaPlasma LiquidLiquid

The Excretory SystemThe Excretory System

►The excretory systems help maintain The excretory systems help maintain homeostasis in organisms by homeostasis in organisms by regulating water balance.regulating water balance.

OsmoregulationOsmoregulation

►The absorption and excretion of water The absorption and excretion of water and dissolved substances so that proper and dissolved substances so that proper water balance is maintained between water balance is maintained between the organism and its surroundings.the organism and its surroundings. Marine fishMarine fish

►Hypoosmotic Hypoosmotic ►Drink lots, pee littleDrink lots, pee little

Fresh water fishFresh water fish►HyperosmosticHyperosmostic►Drink little, pee lotsDrink little, pee lots

Excretory MechanismsExcretory Mechanisms

►Contractile VacuolesContractile Vacuoles►Flame CellsFlame Cells►NephridiaNephridia►Malpighian tubulesMalpighian tubules►KidneyKidney