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Animal Structure. & Function. Chapter 40. Anatomy: The study if the structure of an organism Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs. Form relates to function. Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form Hydrodynamics Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Anatomy:The study if the structure of an organism
Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs
Form relates to function
Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form
• Hydrodynamics
• Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio)
Fusiform Shape and StreamliningEvolutionary Convergence
Fig. 40-3
Exchange
0.15 mm
(a) Single cell
1.5 mm
(b) Two layers of cells
Exchange
Exchange
Mouth
Gastrovascularcavity
Exchange within the environment
Internal exchange surfaces in complex animals
carbonatom
organ system
DNA molecule
organelle celltissue
organ
organismpopulationcommunity
ecosystem
biosphere
Major Tissue Types• Epithelial Tissue• Connective Tissue• Muscle Tissue• Nervous Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells with a common function.
Epithelia comes in 2 forms:1. Glandular epithelia 2. Membranous epithelia
Functions:• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• Excretion• Secretion• Sensory reception
• Ducted glands • Most have supportive connective tissue,
secretory unit, blood supply, nerves• Ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary,
sebaceous, mammary glands
Merocrine gland
Goblet cells
Secretes product directly directly in blood• Pituitary• Hypothalamus• Thyroid• Adrenal• Pancreas• Thymus• Pineal
Mucous
Serious: pericardium, pleura, viscera
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Serous fluid
Cutaneous
Synovial
• Simple Squamous Epithelium• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium• Simple Columnar Epithelium• Stratified Epithelium• Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium• Transitional Epithelium
• Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue• Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue• Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue• CartilageCartilage• BoneBone• BloodBlood
Functions:1. Connects body parts2. Protection3. Insulation4. Transport substances
Common characteristics:1. All originate from mesenchyme2. Well vascularized3. Cells scattered through an
extracellular matrix
Three main elements:• Ground substance (interstitial fluid
and proteins)
• Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic)
• Cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, blood, macrophages, mast cells)
Connective Tissues
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Smooth Muscle Tissue• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Biology 100Biology 100Human BiologyHuman Biology
Organ Systems
Organ Systems
Fig. 40-7
River otter (temperature regulator)
Largemouth bass(temperature conformer)
Bo
dy
tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
0 10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC)
Regulators vs Conformers
All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly• Temperature
• pH
• Ions
• Osmolarity
• Hormones
HomeostasisRelatively stable internal environment
Negative Feedback vs
Positive Feedback
Body Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback
Blood Sugar LevelsNegative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals
Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP
Autotrophic Nutrition vs Heterotrophic Nutrition
Metabolic rate provides clues to an animal’s
bioenergetic “strategy”
Metabolic Rate: the rate energy consumed
for metabolic purposes over time (calories).
• Respiration
• Growth
• Repair
• Digestion
• Physical Activities
Metabolic Rate Measure by :
• Heat loss from
respiration
• O2 consumed
• CO2 produced
• Food consumption
Manometer- measures CO2 produced
Ghost crab running a treadmill
Two basic bioenergetic strategies used by animals :
• Endothermy “warm blooded”
• Ectothermy “cold blooded”
Fig. 40-10Radiation Evaporation
Convection Conduction
Heat Exchange
Fig. 40-11
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Hair
Sweatpore
Muscle
Nerve
Sweatgland
Oil glandHair follicle
Thermoregulation
Fig. 40-12
Canada goose Bottlenosedolphin
Artery
Artery
Vein Vein
Blood flow
33º35ºC
27º30º
18º20º
10º 9º
Countercurrent Heat Exchangers
Metabolic rate per gram is inversely correlated
to body size among similar animals
Animals adjust their metabolic rates as
conditions change
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR):• For humans at rest, not stressed, & with empty stomach-
1600-1800 kcal/day
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR):• Measure met. rate for ectotherm at rest, not stressed, &
with empty stomach• Varies with temperature
Maximum Metabolic Rates over Different Time Spans
• Sustained activity depends on the aerobic process of cellular respiration for ATP supply.
– An endotherm’s respiration rate is about 10 times greater than an ectotherm’s.
– Only endotherms are capable of long-duration activities such as distance running.
Factors influence energy requirements:
• Age
• Sex
• Size
• Body and environmental temperatures
• The quality and quantity of food
• Activity level
• Oxygen availability
• Hormonal balance
• Time of day (nocturnal vs diurnal)
Energy budgets reveal how animals use
energy and materials
Endotherms
Ectotherm
Torpor
Hibernation- a winter torporEstivation- a summer torpor
• Conserves energy• Temperature- hot, cold, dry• Metabolic rate slows• Body temp drops
TorporAdditional metabolism that would benecessary to stay active in winterActual
metabolism
Arousals
Bodytemperature
Outsidetemperature Burrow
temperature
Met
abo
lic
rate
(kca
l p
er d
ay)
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
June August October December February April–15
–10
–5
0
5
15
10
25
20
35
30
0
100
200