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AnimalRights

Prejudice

EarlyLife

WarandPeace

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Thispackisnotdesignedtoreplaceyourownrevision.Youshouldusethisasanaddedextra!

Makesureyouprepareyourselfwellinadvanceoftheexam.Reviseinthewaythatsuitsyouandmakesureyou

coverEVERYTHINGthatyouhavebeentaught.

Askyourteacherforhelpifyouarestuckonanytopics.Therewillberevisionclasses–makesureyouknowwhen

theseare.

READTHEQUESTION‐whatisitaskingyoufor?

HOWMANYMARKSISITWORTH?

ANSWERTHEQUESTION‐don’twaffleon!

CHECKYOURANSWERMAKESSENSE

DON’TPANIC!

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Religionandanimalrights

• Howshouldwetreatanimals?Whatstatusshouldanimalshaveincomparisontohumans?

• Doanimalshaverights?Animalrights’groupsandprotesting;Animalwelfaregroups(WWF,RSPCA)monitorthetreatmentofanimals–crueltyandneglectofanimalsisacriminaloffence.

Howdodifferentreligionsviewanimals?

Christianity:Godcreatedtheworldandputhumansincharge–STEWARDSHIPandRESPONSIBILITY“Ruleoverthefish,thebirdsandthesea”.“Godmademaninhisownimage”meaningwehaveaspecialstatusaswehavesouls.“Godloveseventhesparrows”nomatterwhatvalueweplaceonthingsGodlovesallhiscreation.Sanctityoflife,alllifeissacredandGodgiven.

Buddhism:Sanctityofalllife–alllivingthingsinthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth(Samsara)asthesoulisreincarnatedsohumanshaveadutytoprotectanimals.FirstPrecept:Nottoharmanylivingthing,ahimsa.RightLivelihoodmeansweshouldn’thaveajobthatexploitsanylivingthing,RightIntentionweshouldnotintentionallycauseharmofsuffering.Mettatospreadlovingkindnesstoalllivingthings.

Pets–MostChristianshaveanimalsaspetsprovidingtheyarecaredforwithkindness(stewardship).ChristianssetuptheRSPCAtotryandensureanimalsarecaredfor.ALLfaithsexpecthumanetreatmentofanimals.

Transportandwork–InChristianityanimalscanbeusedfortransport(dominion),useofguidedogsandsnifferdogs.However,animalsmustbecaredfor,notbeatenoroverworked(stewardship).Theuseofanimalsfortherapeutic(healing)effectissupported.

Sport–Shouldweuseanimalsinhuntingandbullfighting?Shouldgreyhoundandpigeonracingremainlegal?DominionandStewardhsip.

Zoos,safariparksandaquariums

Advantagesanddisadvantages?

Breedingtosaverarespeciesfromextinctionandresearchintoanimals...

BUTnotalwaysasuitableenvironmentforwildanimals...

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Vegetarianism–Whyaresomepeoplevegetariansorvegans?ManyBuddhistsarevegetarianduetofirstpreceptandthateverythinghasanatman.TherearenospecificreligiousteachingsforChristians.

Whatarethefurandivorytrades?Whydopeopleobjecttowearingfur?

TheivorytradeisillegaleverywhereHOWEVERlimitedsaleshavebeencarriedoutwheretheanimalshavebeensaidtohavedied.

Doesthisencouragepoachingthough?

Animalexperiments

Testingformedicinalorcosmeticpurposes?Whydopeopleagreeordisagreewiththis?

Geneticmodification–whatdoesthisinvolve?Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofit?

RELIGIOUSVIEWS–Someareagainstgeneticmodificationandcloningastheythinkscientistsare‘playingGod’goingagainstthesanctityoflifeandinterferingwithnature.Othersmaysayitisokiftheyhelptosavelives‐Agape

Animalsforfood

Shouldweeatmeat?Whataretheissuessurroundingthis?

Factoryfarming–animalsbeingkeptinaconfinedspace

Arethereanyadvantagestothis?

Free‐rangefarming–animalsareallowedtoroamfreely

Whataretheadvantagesofthis?

Slaughterandtransportofanimals–Howshouldthisbedone?THINKHalalforMuslims.

Cloning

Creatinganorganismthatistheexactgeneticcopyofanother.

BUTthousandsofanimalembryosaredestroyedwhiletryingtoclonethem.

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(a)Givetwowaysinwhichanimalsandhumansaredifferent.(2marks)(b)Explainwhysomereligiousbelieversarevegetarians.(4marks)(c)‘Religiousbelieversshouldnotkeepanimalsaspets.’Whatdoyouthink?Explainyouropinion.(3marks)(d)Explaintheattitudesofreligiouspeopletowardsthecloningofanimals.Refertoreligiousteachinginyouranswer.(3marks)(e)‘Religiousbelieversshoulddomoretoprotectanimalrights.’Doyouagree?Givereasonsforyouranswer,showingthatyouhavethoughtaboutmorethanonepointofview.Refertoreligiousargumentsinyouranswer.(6marks)(a)Whatisfactoryfarming?(1mark)(b)Givetworeasonswhymanyreligiousbelieversareagainstthefurandivorytrade.(2marks)(c)‘Religiousbelieversshouldnoteatmeat.’Whatdoyouthink?Explainyouropinion.(3marks)(d)Explaintheattitudesofreligiouspeopletoexperimentsonanimals.Refertoreligiousteachinginyouranswer.(6marks)(e)‘Animalsarenotasimportantashumans.’Doyouagree?Givereasonsforyouranswer,showingthatyouhavethoughtaboutmorethanonepointofview.Refertoreligiousargumentsinyouranswer.(6marks)YOR

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Religionandprejudice

PREJUIDCE–thinkingbadlyofpeoplebecauseofthegroup

theybelongtoDISCRIMINATION–actionsthat

occurduetoprejudice

Whyarepeopleprejudiced?

Fearanduncertaintycanleadtoscapegoating

Lackofeducationcanleadtoignorance

Background

Mediainfluences

Theyhavebeenvictimsofprejudice

Typesofprejudice

Raceandcolour‐Racism

Gender–Sexism

Religiousprejudice

Ageism

Disability

Class,lifestyleandlooks

Religiousattitudestoprejudice

TOLERANCE

Respectforthebeliefsandpracticesofothers

JUSTICE

Bringingaboutwhatisfair

HARMONY

Livinginpeacewithothers

Responsetoprejudice

SexDiscriminationAct1975

RaceRelationsAct1976

DisabilityDiscriminationAct1995

EqualityAct2006

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(a)Whatisstereotyping?(1mark)(b)Givetworeasonswhymanyreligiousbelieversareagainstdiscrimination.(2marks)(c)‘Religiousbelieversshoulddomoretofightprejudice.’Whatdoyouthink?Explainyouropinion.(3marks)(d)Explaintheattitudesofreligiousbelieverstoracism.Refertoreligiousteachinginyouranswer.(6marks)(e)‘Fearisthegreatestcauseofprejudice.’Doyouagree?Givereasonsforyouranswer,showingthatyouhavethoughtaboutmorethanonepointofview.Refertoreligiousargumentsinyouranswer.(6marks)

Makesureyoucandescribeexamplesofprejudiceanddiscriminationthatareligiousbeliever(Gandhi,KingorX)faced.

YoumayneedtoexplainHOWtheirbeliefsinfluencedtheiractions.

Haveyougotreligiousteachingsinyourbook?

Howdodifferentreligionsviewprejudiceanddiscrimination?

Christianity:“Loveyourneighbourasyouloveyourself”,“Godmademaninhisownimage”,“alloneinChrist”“Ifsomeonestrikesyouonyourleftcheekturnandofferthemyourright”.“Loveyourfriendsandprayforthosewhopersecuteyou”,Agape.Godistheheadofeveryman.Nofemalebishops.

Buddhism:RightSpeech,RightMindfulness,RightIntention,Metta,FirstPrecept,Ahimsa,Karma,Sangha.

Thelifeandworkofafamouspersonwhohasfoughtprejudiceanddiscrimination

MahatmaGandhi–HinduwhofoughtagainstprejudiceinSouthAfricaandIndia

MartinLutherKing–ChristianwhowasinvolvedintheUScivilrightsmovement

MalcolmX–AMuslimwhowasinvolvedintheUScivilrightsmovement

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Religionandearlylife

CONCEPTS:

SANCTITYOFLIFE–lifeisapreciousgiftfromGodsoissacred(holy)andworthyofthehighestrespect.Itisn’tuptoustotakelifeawayfromanyone,itisuptoGod

QUALITYOFLIFE–beingabletoexperiencelife&communicatewithothers,beingfulfilled&contentinyourself.Ifapersonwaskeptaliveartificiallyorwasinconstantpainsomewoulddescribethisasapoorqualityoflife

ReasonsFORabortionPROCHOICE

It’scrueltobringaseverelydisabledchildwithapoorqualityoflifeintotheworld It’sthemother’sbody,mindandchoice Themother’sindividualcircumstancesneedtobeconsidered Thefoetusisn’tapersonyetbutthemotheris Therisktothemother’shealthoutweighstherightsofthebaby Ifabortionwasmadeillegalittheywouldstillhappenbutinunsafeconditions.

ReasonsAGAINSTabortionPROLIFE

Thefoetusisachildwithasoulfromthemomentofconception Lifeissacred,givenbyGodsoonlyGodcantakeitaway Theunbornbabyhasthesamerightsasanyoneelsesoshouldbeprotected Everybabyisunique–no‐onecanknowitsvalue Abortioncanbeusedasbirthcontrolorforsocialreasons

Foralegalabortiontotakeplacetwodoctorsneedtoagreethat:

themother’sphysicalormentalhealthisatrisk themother’slifeisatrisk

herexistingfamilywillsuffer thechildwillbebornwithaseveredisability

Abortion=theterminationofapregnancyinvolvingthedeliberateremovalofafoetusfromthewombwiththeintentiontodestroyit.

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AbortionislegalinBritainupto24weeksinthepregnancybutifwoman’slifeisatriskorthechildhasaseveredisability,abortioncantakeplaceatanytime

RELIGIOUSVIEWSONABORTION

CHRISTIANITY:

SomeChristiansclaimthatlifebeginsatconceptionwhichmeansabortioniswrongunderallcircumstances‘Youshallnotkillbyabortionthefruitofthewomb.’Someacceptabortioninextremecasesifthefoetushasaseriousdisability,ifthemother’slifeisindangerorifpregnancywasaresultofrape.Thisthenbecomesanecessaryevil.Manybelieveitisuptotheindividual’sconsciencetodecidebasedontheChristianconceptofagapeunconditionallove.Therightsoftheunbornchildhavetobebalancedagainstthemother’srightsdependingonthecircumstances.Everyhumanlifeisuniqueandshouldberespected&protectedbutitslifeisnotabsolutelyparamount.Sometimesabortionisthelesseroftwoevils

Buddhism:

Sanctityoflife:Alllifeissacredandspecial.LifebeginsatconceptionthereforeabortionbreakstheFirstPrecepttoavoidharm(Ahimsa)andreducesuffering.AbortioncausesbadkarmaforthemotherduetoRightIntentions,thedoctorduetoRightIntentionsandtheFoetusduetoSamsaraandtheopportunitytoredeempastkarma.SomeBuddhistsmayallowabortioninextremecircumstancesifitistoreduceseveresufferingduetoMetta(lovingkindnesstoall).Thisiswhentheabortionisconsideredthelesseroftwoevils.

Part of God’s plan

‘I chose you before I gave you life and before you

were born’

Ten Commandments

‘Do not commit murder’Sanctity of life

‘So God created human beings, making them to

be like himself’

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(a)Whatisadoption?(1mark)

(b)GivetwosituationsinwhichabortionislegalinBritain.(2marks)

(c)‘Childrenareagift.’

Whatdoyouthink?Explainyouropinion.(3marks)

(d)Explainwhysomereligiousbelieversareagainstabortion.Refertoreligiousteachingin

youranswer.(6marks)

(e)‘Awomanshouldhaveanabortionifsheknowsthatherbabywillhaveapoorqualityof

life.’

Doyouagree?Givereasonsforyouranswer,showingthatyouhavethoughtaboutmorethan

onepointofview.Refertoreligiousargumentsinyouranswer.(6marks)

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Religion,warandpeace

Whatispeace?Whatisjustice?Whatisthesanctityoflife?

Howdotheserelatetothecontextofwarandpeace?

Whatdoreligionsteachaboutwar?

Whydopeoplegotowar?

• Defendtheircountry,beliefs,religion,freedomorwayoflife

• Defendanallyorprotectaweakercountry• Removetheirownleaderorgovernment(Civilwar)• Gainlandorreclaimterritory• Gainwealth,powerornaturalresources• Stopatrocitiessuchasgenocideordeposeadictator

PACIFISM–thebeliefthatviolenceagainstotherhumanbeingsiswrong

Pacifistsbelievethat:

Killinggoesagainstteachingsinsacred

writings.Warcausessuffering,bitternessandhatred.Wardamagestheenvironmentandwasteslivesandresources.

Christianpacifists–Quakers–followthe

exampleofJesuswhotaughthisfollowerstoliveandworkforpeace.

WHATISAJUSTWAR?WHATISAHOLYWAR?

Christianthinkersdevelopedconditionsforajustwar.Theseinclude:justcause,lawfullydeclared,goodintention,lastresort,reasonablechanceofsuccess,foughtbyjustmeans.

Holywarshavereligiousaimsandgoals.TheyareauthorisedbyGodorareligiousleader.Thosewhotakepartbelievetheywillgainaspiritualreward.Leadersmaydeclareaholywartodefendtheirreligionorfollowerswhoarebeingpersecuted.

Howdoeswaraffectitsvictims?

HowcantheRedCrossandRedCrescentprotectthelifeanddignityofpeopleina

war?

WhatistheUNandNATO’sroleinkeepingthepeace?

Whatisterrorism?Caniteverbejustified?

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Whatareweaponsofmassdestruction?

BIOLOGICALWEAPONS CHEMICALWEAPONS NUCLEARWEAPONS‐Havebacteriaorvirusesinthemthatcanleadtodiseaseordeath‐Iftheyenterthefoodchainorwatersupplies,itwouldleadtoillnessanddeathonamassivescale.‐BANNEDundertheGenevaConventions

‐UsedinWorldWarIbyUKandGermany‐BANNEDIN1925BUTstillbeingmanufacturedandstockpiled.‐Cancausechoking,burningparalysisanddestructionoftheenvironment

‐Causehugedevastation,especiallyafterwardsduetoradioactivefallout‐UsedbyUSAinWorldWarIIinJapan‐Ifused,wouldcreateanuclearwinterand50%increaseinultravioletradiation,destroyinglifeonEarth.

ARGUMENTSFORANDAGAINSTNUCLEARWEAPONSFOR AGAINST

‐Possessionactsasadeterrent‐Countrieswhichpossessthemareunlikelytoattackeachother‐Makesacountryvulnerableiftheyaredisposedofaltogether

‐Possessionposesarisktohumanity‐Destructioncausedcannotbejustifiedforanyreason‐Usegoesagainstallprinciplesofthe‘JustWar’‐Allreligionsopposetheuseofthemandsupportdisarmament

(a)Whatismeantbya‘HolyWar’?(1mark)(b)Givetworeasonswhycountriesmightgotowar.(2marks)(c)‘Noonewhoisreligiouscanbeaterrorist.’Whatdoyouthink?Explainyouropinion.(3marks)(d)Explainwhysomereligiousbelieversarepreparedtofightinawar.(6marks)(e)‘Warsdonotsolveproblems;theyonlycreatethem.’Doyouagree?Givereasonsforyouranswer,showingthatyouhavethoughtaboutmorethanonepointofview.Refertoreligiousargumentsinyouranswer.(6marks)

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Howtoanswer3markevaluationquestions

Youwillbeaskedwhatyouthinkaboutastatement.TheframebelowisanexampleofhowyoucouldsetitouttogetFULLmarks.

“Thisisacontroversialstatement.”

Whatdoyouthink?Explainyouropinion.(3marks)

Ithinkthat.....

Ithinkthisbecause....

Ialsothinkthisbecause...

OR

Ithinkthat...

HoweversometimesIthinkthat...

OverallIthinkthat...

YouDONOTneedtowritedownwhatareligiouspersonthinks.

YouDONOTneedtowritedownanalternativepointofview.

Youcanget3marksforwriting3simplestatementsORbyhaving1ideaanddevelopingitwell.

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Howtoanswer6markevaluationquestions

‘Animalsarenotasimportantashumans.’Doyouagree?Givereasonsforyouranswer,showingthatyouhavethoughtaboutmorethanonepointofview.Refertoreligiousargumentsinyouranswer.(6marks)

Let’sbreakthequestiondown.

‘Animalsarenotasimportantashumans.’Doyouagree?Sayifyouagreeordisagreewiththestatement.Givereasonsforyouranswer,ExplainitindetailORseveralshortstatementstogetupto3marks!showingthatyouhavethoughtaboutmorethanonepointofview.Toget4,5or6marks,youMUSThaveabalancedargument.Whatmightotherpeoplethink?ArgueitwellandEXPLAINyouranswers.Ontheotherhand…Refertoreligiousargumentsinyouranswer.Ifyoudonotdothis,youCANNOTbegivenmorethan3marks.Whatmightareligiouspersonsayaboutthestatement?Whymighttheysaythis?MAKESUREYOUSUMUPTHEARGUMENTOVERALL,ITHINKTHAT…