Animal Physiology Unit

Organ Systems • _____________is composed of many different sytems with

cells being the smallest unit of life. • When cells are similar in shape and size, they work together

and form tissues. • four main types of tissues:

1. _________- protection; lines body cavity, organs, etc2. _________- provides support and holds things together3. ________ - bundles of cells which contract to create movement4. ________ - provides communication between all structures

• Your body also have various types of organs which carry out different but specific tasks.

• These organs have to work together in order to achieve the desired result in something called an organ system.

Organ System

Major Organs Main Funtion

DigestiveEsophagus, stomach, intestines,

liver and pancreasBreakdown of food (phys and

chem.)

Circulatory Heart, blood, vesselsTransport of nutrient, gases and

wastes; defence against infection

Respiratory Lungs, trachea, blood vessels Gas exchange

Reproductive

Testes, vas deferens, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, glands

Sexual reproduction

Excretory Kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra Removal of wastes

Locomotion Bones, muscles Movement of body and body parts

EndocrinePancrease, pituitary gland, adrenal

glandsCoordination and chemical

regulation of body activies

NervousBrain, spinal cord, eyes, ears,

nose, tongue, peripheral nerves

Response to environment; control of body activities

Central Nervous and Endocrine System

_____________• body is constantly changing and so are levels of nutrients, water, etc • homeostasis helps to maintain the bodies stable state

– for ex.• Blood = 7.35 pH• Body temp = 37 celcius• Heart rate = ~ 72 bpm (beats per minute)

• there is a ______ which determines when a change is drastic and dangerous versus normal and safe– for example, if your body temp drops below 36.2 C then, you will shiver

in an attempt to warm up – if your body temp rises about 37.2 C then, you will sweat in an attempt

to cool off• diagnosising a patient with a sickness has to do with comparing

their symptoms to those of the normal range

ComponentNormal

RangeUnit Diagnosis

Body temperatur

e(outside)

36.2- 37.2Degrees celcium

Fever (high body temp)Hypothermia (low body temp)

Blood pH 7.35- 7.45 pH UnitAcidosis ( low pH)Alkylosis (high pH)

Resting heart rate pulse

50-100 Beats/ minTachycardia (fast hrt rate)Bradycardia (slow hrt rate

Resting breathing

rate16-20 Breaths/ min

Hyperventilation (fast breathing rate)Hypoventilation (slow breathing rate)

Digestive System

• Ingestion– taking food in, eating

• Digestion– Process of reducing food to small molecules so that it can be

absorbed by the body– Molecules must be small enough to fit inside the _____– Digestion takes place in the _________________ which is the

tube starting at the mouth and ending at the anus– There are two types of digestion

• 1. ______________________– Physical breakdow of food into smaller particles– Inolves chewing (__________) and muscular churning (___________)

• 2. ______________________- Involves chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules

with the use of ________________.

Absorption: movement of nutrients into the blood and cells

Egestion: elimination of waste or unusable nutrient

The Mouth(a.k.a.- the beginning)

• Teeth– _______________

• front teeth (chisel shape)• used for biting or cuting food into smaller pieces

– _______________• pointed shape• tear food

– _______________• grinding and chewing food

– _______________• grinding and chewing

The Mouth con’t

• Saliva– Makes food easier to swallow– 3 pairs of glans (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)– Contains enzyme called ________ which breaks

down big sugars into smaller sugars

• Tongue – Muscular organ– Keeps food where it can be chewed– Forces food to the back of the mouth for swallowing– Responsible for taste

The Mouth- Swallowing

• Tongue forces food to back of the mouth called the ___________

• _________ closes the upper part of the pharynx• Epiglottis is a trap-door like structure that prevent food

from entering the windpipe

• Esophagus– Tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach – Muscular tube– The hollow interior space of the esophagus is called the

___________– it’ is lined by a layer of cells called mucosa cells

– these secrete mucus

Step 1: Food is pushed to the back of the mouth by the tongue.

Step 2: Tongue raises and pushes food further back. Soft palate lifts to close nasal cavity. Epiglottis starts to close, glottis closed.

Step 3: Soft palate closed, epiglottis closed and food slides down esophagus.

Step 4: Soft palate opens, epiglottis and glottis open.

Peristalsis• Rythmic muscular action that moves food

through the entire alimentary canal

Stomach

• Opening to the stomach is controlled by a ____________ muscle

• ‘j’ shaped• ________________ is its major function• 3 kinds of cells line the stomach and secrete

– __________

– __________

– Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and water

• Enzymes, water and HCl combine to form ________.

• Gastric Juice– Has a pH of 1 (strong acid)– Helps to break up connective tissue, cell

membranes as in food, and also kills many harmful bacteria

• Enzymes produced by the stomach are mostly ___________

• The principal stomach protease is called _________– Pepsin breaks down protein

Stomach con’t

Why are stomach cells not destroyed by the gastric juice?

• __________ acts as a protective barrier• gastric juice wears at the mucus, thus the

stomach must continually renew its protective coating

• Occassionally stomach cells are attached by gastric juices and produce ________– Stress can cause a decrease in production of mucus

Lower Alimentary Canal

• There are 2 organs that food DOES NOT enter but play an important role in digestion1. ___________

• 2 functions– Produce regulatory hormones for blood homeostasis

– Produe pancreatic juice (BASIC)

» Neutralizes stomach contents

» Contains digestive enzymes

1. ____________- breakdown protien

2. ____________- breakdown food

3. ____________- breakdown carbohydrates

Lower Alimentary Canal con’t

2. Liver

- converts extra glucose into glycogen and stores it until it is needed

- produces bile; an emulsifier that breaks fat and oil into tiny droplets

- bile travels through the ducts to the ______________, where it is stored

- bile is released through the common bile duct to the small intestine

Small Intestine

• Main job is digestion and absorption• lining of the small intestine has small

finger-like projections called _________– increase the surface area so nutrients can

pass through the lining cells and enter the circulatory system rapidly

– Each villus contains many blood and lymph vessels

• Collect nutrient and transports them to locations where they’re needed

Small Intestine con’t

• Villi are made up of smaller ________ which further improve the absorption

• Some substances ingested are composed of small molecules that dissolve readily– ie. ________and ___________- not digested.

Simply pass through the stomach wall and are absorbed directly into the blood stream

Small intestine con’t

• Composed of three parts:1. Duodenum

2. Jejunum

3. Ileum

Small Intestine con’t

1) Duodenum

- first ______ of small intestine

- bile and pancreatic juice enter here

- digestive enzymes produced here

- polypeptides amino acids

- disaccharides monosaccharides

Small Intestine con’t

2) Jejunum

- next several meters

- many small molecules are absorbed through the villi into blood vessels

- most of the chemical digestion is completed here

Small Intestine con’t

3) Ileum

- last half of small intestine

- place of absorption

- amino acids and glucose enter the blood stream and go to the liver

Large Intestine

• Twice as wide as small intestine

• Major function is to absorb water and ions

• Where the small and large intestine join there is a small structure called the ________

• Humans no function• Rabbits digest cellulose• Appendicitis bacteria enter appendix, grow and

secrete toxic waste

Rectum

- last 20-30 cm of colon

- stores feces

Anus

- way out for feces!!