ANIMAL KINGDOM

On the front of your Animal Kingdom Book

• Write Title: Animal Kingdom Book

• Write Different Types of Symmetry with definitions and Pictures

• Types of animals

Symmetry

• Asymmetrical: has no pattern of symmetry. Ex. Sponges • Radial Symmetry: exhibits a circular arrangement around

a central axis. Ex. Jellyfish, Anemones, Starfish• Bilateral Symmetry: has only one plane along the

longitudinal axis that will produce identical halves. Ex. All vertebrates many invertebrates

• Invertebrates- No Backbones

• Vertebrates (Chordates)-Backbones

ANIMAL PHYLOGENY

ANIMAL KINGDOMINVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES

(chordates)Porifera Cnidarians Flatworms Roundworms Ectotherms Endotherms

Fish Amphibians Reptiles

Mollusks Annelids Arthropods Birds Mammals

(segmented

Gastropods worms) Insects

Bivalves Myriapoda

Cephalopods Crustaceans

Arachnids

ECHINODERMATA

SEA STARSSEA CUCUMBERS

SEA URCHINS

SAND DOLLARS

Small animals: do not require any special means to get nutrients and gasses or to collect wastes because every cell in the body is near a source of food or the environment.

Large, Active Animals need: circulatory systems (open or closed), respiratory systems, digestive systems, nervous system and many more

Phylum Porifera• Sponge Characteristics

– Filter Feeders– Most have asymmetrical

symmetry– Most are sessile

(stays in one

place all the time)

-Simplest of all

animals with no

organ systems.

-Although sponges have cells with specialized functions they do not have tissues.

• Sexual Reproduction: hermaphroditism; they function as one sex for a period of time This prevents self-fertilization.

• zygote stage develops into a ciliated larva that swims to a new location.

• Asexual Reproduction: is by fragmentation and budding.

• 4 classes of sponges– Calcite sponges– Glass sponges-silica– Demosponges-silica– Homoscleromorpha- silicia

Draw

Phylum Cnidarians• Cnidarian Characteristics

– Have radial symmetry– Tentacles with stinging cells

(nematocysts)– Two tissue layers; nerve net

• Two body plans

• -sessile stage, polyp (mouth pointing up with tentacles) Asexual reproduction by budding

• free swimming stage medusa (mouth pointing down with tentacles (sexual reproduction)

Polypstage

Medusastage

5 classes some examples are four classes below:•True coral, sea anemone, sea pens•Box jellyfish•Freshwater hydra, fire coral

•True swimming jellyfish

•Draw

Phylum PlatyhelminthesFlatworms

• Flatworm characteristics– Bilateral symmetry– (have 3 tissue layers)– has one opening (a sac-like gut) food goes

in waste comes out.– Long muscles-Flat bodies-Brain and nerve cord ladder- like

• Sexual Reproduction and Asexual reproduction

•  Tapeworms reproduce through proglottids that are segments– Free-living and parasitesOn Back

• 4 classes 1. Marine worms; planarians 2 &3. Flukes (two groups)( blood flukes; human liver flukes can cause disease schistosomiasis) 4. Tapeworms (require two hosts)

Phylum Nematoda(Roundworms)

• Roundworm Characteristics– Bilateral symmetry– Round tube body with two body openings– 3 tissue layers– A simple nervous system a ring of nervous tissue

around the mouth and ladder like down the body– Free living– Parasitic: Hookworms, trichinella worm, ascaris

worms

Phylum Mollusca• Bilateral Symmetry• Soft bodied usually covered by shell

– Muscular foot; Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs, mouth and anus; Has a nervous system;

most have an open circulatory system with a heart and an aorta; octopus & squid have a closed circulatory system; gills for gas exchange in aquatic, lungs in terrestrial; Has a pair of kidneys; reproduction normally sexual

– Three groups of mollusks1. Gastropods (univalves) –Stomach-footed (Conchs, whelks, snails, Slugs)2. Bivalves(Plecypod)Hatchet-footedScallops, oysters, clamscockles3. Cephalopods -Head-footedOctopus, squid, nautilus

Phylum Annelida• Segmented worm characteristics

– Bilateral Symmetry– Segments– Setae to help them move stiff cilia– Two body openings with digestive system– Annelids exhibit specialization of the

digestive tract. Some of these structures are the pharynx, crop, gizzard, intestine, and accessory glands.

– Annelids have a closed circulatory system.– A pair of cerebral ganglia function as a

simple brain. – Gas exchange occurs across the skin, so the

body must remain moist.

2 Main Groups

Polychaetes- marine worms

Clitellates-Earthworms, leeches

Phylum Arthropoda• Arthropod characteristics-

– Bilateral symmetry– Segmented body and jointed appendages– Exoskeleton which they have to molt to grow bigger.

-have both compound and simple eyes.

• A well-developed nervous system • Terrestrial forms have an excretory system that

conserves water• have an open circulatory system. • Many arthropods are camouflaged to avoid predators

– Divided into four groups:

1.Insects (6 legs) breathe with spiracles

2. Arachnids (8 legs)(ticks, spiders,

Scorpions, daddy long legs), breathe with

book lungs.

3. Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes)

1 pair per seg. & 2 pairs per seg.

4. crustaceans (10 Legs), crabs, lobsters,

shrimp, crayfish,

pill bugs (rolly polly)

Phylum Echinodermata• Echinoderm characteristics

– Most specialized/ Most complex of all invertebrates– Spiny skin– Live on ocean bottom– Radial symmetry– Tube feet with water vascular system– Gills – Nervous system with nerve ring and branches– Feeding varies: filter feeder; some eat algae on bottom; some

are carnivores active hunters, some are detrivores.– Some can reproduce asexually through regeneration ability to

grow back lost parts– All can reproduce sexually

Classes are sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers

Phylum Chordata(Vertebrate animals)

• Write on front of flap

• Vertebrate characteristics– Notochord– Dorsal hollow nerve cord– Bilateral symmetry– Divided into two groups

• Ectotherm-(cold blooded) body temperature changes with surrounding temperature

• Endotherm-(warm blooded) body temperature is constant

– Body systems: circulatory, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, digestive, nervous, reproductive, excretory, endocrine, immune and integumentary system.

Ectotherms (Cold-blooded)Classes: Fish (scales, gills, fins)

1. Jawless fish

2. Cartilaginous fish

3. Bony fish

4. Amphibians Hibernate and estivate Live on land, lay jelly-like eggs in water, Adult amphibians breathe with lungs on land and moist skin in water examples: frogs, toads, salamanders, mud

puppies

5. Reptiles dry, scaly skin lay leathery eggs on land examples: 4 order- turtles, terrapins and tortoise; snakes

and lizards; tuatara; crocodiles and alligators

Endotherms(Warm Blooded)

• Two classes:

1. Birds (Aves) (feathers and scales, lay eggs and incubate them, wings, beaks, hollow bones, lungs)

• Many orders like water birds, flightless birds, birds of prey, perching birds.

Mammals– 2. Mammals (have hair or fur, feed young milk through

mammary glands, special teeth, body systems)

• 3 Groups of mammals based on how young develop1. Monotremes (egg laying)

2. Marsupials (pouched mammal)

• 3. Placental Mammals (embryos develop inside female, umbilical cord and placenta)

– Divided into 18 orders• Chiroptera (flying mammals)

– Bats

• Insectivora (long skulls and snouts)– Moles, shrews, hedgehogs

• Rodentia (chisel-like front teeth)– Squirrels, beavers, mice, rats

• Perissodactyla (odd number hooves)– Horses, rhinos and tapirs

• Artiodactyla (even number hooves)– Pigs, hippos, camels, llamas, deer, giraffes, cattle, goats, sheep,

pronghorn and antelopes

• Carnivora (sharp canine teeth)– Cats, dogs, wolves, hyenas, raccoons, bears, otters, seals, sea

lions, and walrus

• Proboscidea (nose forms a trunk)

• Sirena (no back legs, front legs

modified into flippers)

-manatees and dugongs

• Xenarthra (have no teeth

and feed on insects)

-three toed sloths, armadillos

• Hyracoidea (have hooves and teeth) – Hyraxes

• Dermoptera (fangs and wide incisors)– Flying lemurs

• Pholidota (covered with horny scales)– pangolins

• Tubulidentata (have four or five teeth)– aardvark

• Lagomorpha (long hind legs for jumping)– Rabbits, hares, pikas

• Scandentia– Tree shrew

• Macroscelidea– Elephant shrew

• Cetacea (blowholes, front-limb flippers)– Whales and dolphins

• Primates (long arms, opposable thumb eyes in front)– Humans, apes, monkeys