ANIMAL DIVERSITY ~ INVERTEBRATES

~VERTEBRATESGROUP MEMBERS:

CHIKO WONG (MS0915542650)ADELINE CHIENG YIH FANG (MS0915514266)

NURFAEZAH BINTI DELIE (MS0915516276)AYUNI BINTI SAMSUL BAHRI (MS0915514523)

ANIMAL DIVERSITY I INVERTEBRATES

PHYLUM EXAMPLEPHYLUM PORIFERA Spongia

PHYLUM COELENTERATA Aurelia aurita

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES Planaria

PHYLUM NEMATODA Ascaris lumbricoides (Round worm)

PHYLUM ANNELIDA Lumbricus terrastris (Earthworm)

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Achatina fulica (Garden Snail)PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Class: Crustacea

Crab

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Chilopoda

Centipede

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Arachnida

Spider

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Merostoma

Horseshoe crab

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Insecta

Grasshopper

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Diplopoda

Millipede

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Asterias sp. (Star fish)

PHYLUM POLIFERASpongia

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum:PoriferaBowerbank, 1817

Class: Calcarea

• Sponges are multicellular but are thought to have evolved from unicellular protists.

• Sponges are sessile (immobile) filter feeders.

• Although sponges have cells with specialized functions they do not have tissues.

• The inner layer is composed of flagellated collar cells (choanocytes).

• The flagella beat to move water in through the pores and out the osculum.

PHYLUM COELENTERATAAurelia aurita

• Aurelia aurita (moon jelly, moon jellyfish, common jellyfish, saucer jelly) is one of a suite of more than ten morphologically nearly identical jellyfish species in the genus Aurelia.

• The medusa is translucent, usually about 25-40 cm across, and can be recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped gonads that are easily seen through the top of the bell.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Scyphozoa

Order: Semaeostomeae

Family: Ulmaridae

Genus: Aurelia

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHESPlanaria

Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

Superphylum: Platyzoa

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Turbellaria

Order: Seriata

Suborder: Tricladida

Family: Planariidae

• Planaria are living in both saltwater and freshwater ponds and rivers. Some species are terrestrial and are found under logs, in the soil, and on plants.

• Exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate lost body parts.

• Planarians' length ranges from 1 to 20 millimetres and the body has two eye-spots (also known as ocelli) that can detect the intensity of light. The eye-spots act as photoreceptors and are used to move away from light sources.

• The term "planaria" is most often used as a common name.

PHYLUM NEMATODAAscaris lumbricoides (Round worm)

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Nematoda

Class: Secernentea

Order: Ascaridida

Family: Ascarididae

Genus: Ascaris

Species: A. lumbricoides

• Infections in humans occur when an ingested infective egg releases a larval worm that penetrates wall of duodenum and enters bloodstream.

• Males are 2–4 mm in diameter and 15–31 cm long.

• Females are 3–6 mm wide and 20–49 cm long.

• Fertilized eggs are oval to round in shape and are 45-75 micrometers long and 35-50 micrometers wide with a thick outer shell. Unfertilized eggs measure 88-94 micrometers long and 44 micrometers wide.

PHYLUM ANNELIDALumbricus terrastris (Earthworm)

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Clitellata

Subclass: Oligochaeta

Order: Haplotaxida

Family: Lumbricidae

Genus: Lumbricus

Species: L. terrestris

• Lumbricus terrestris is a large reddish worm native to Europe, but now also widely distributed elsewhere around the world (along with several other lumbricids), due to human introductions.

• Typically reaching 20 - 25 cm in length when extended

• In Britain, it is primarily called the Common Earthworm. In North America, the term Nightcrawler (or Vitalis) is more common. In Canada, it is also called the Dew Worm, and in Britain, Lob Worm (though that name is also applied to a marine polychaete).

PHYLUM MOLLUSCAAchatina fulica (Garden Snail)

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Superfamily: Achatinoidea

Family: Achatinidae

Subfamily: Achatininae

Genus: Achatina

Subgenus: Lissachatina

Species: A. fulica

• The adult snails have a height of around 7 centimetres (2.8 in), and their length can reach 20 centimetres (7.9 in) or more.

• The shell has a conical shape, being about twice as high as it is broad.

• Single & spiraled shells.• Body : large, moist &

muscular, supported by hydrostatic skeleton.

• Respiration : gills & moist skin.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Crustacea - Crab

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Malacostraca

Order: Decapoda

Suborder: Pleocyemata

Infraorder: Brachyura

• Generally covered with a thick exoskeleton, and armed with a single pair of chelae (claws).

• Crabs vary in size from the pea crab, a few millimetres wide, to the Japanese spider crab, with a leg span of up to 4 metres.

• Often show marked sexual dimorphism.• Males have one claw which is greatly

enlarged and which is used for communication, particularly for attracting a mate.

• In most male crabs, this is narrow and triangular in form, while females have a broader, rounded abdomen.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Chilopoda - Centipede

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Myriapoda

Class: Chilopoda

• Centipedes can have a varying number of legs from under 20 to over 300.

• Size can range from a few millimeters in the smaller Lithobiomorphs and Geophilomorphs to about 30 cm in the largest Scolopendromorphs.

• Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of antennae at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated mandibles, and two pairs of maxillae.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Arachnida - Spider

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Chelicerata

(unranked): Arachnomorpha

Class: Arachnida

Order: Araneae

• Largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms.

• As arthropods they have: segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle and proteins; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the embryo.

• The smallest, Patu digua from Borneo, are less than 0.37 mm in body length. The largest and heaviest spiders occur among tarantulas, which can have body lengths up to 90 mm (about 3.5 inches) and leg spans up to 250 mm (about 10 inches).

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Merostoma – Horseshoe crab

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Chelicerata

Class: Merostomata[2]

Order: Xiphosura

Family: Limulidae

Genus: Limulus

Species: L. polyphemus

• Also known as horsefoot, king crab, or saucepan.

• Horseshoe crabs have three main parts to the body: the head region, known as the 'prosoma', the abdominal region or 'opisthosoma', and the spine-like tail or 'telson'.

• The sexes are similar in appearance, but females are typically 25 to 30 percent larger than the male and can grow up to 60 centimetres (24 in) in length.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Insecta - Grasshopper

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Hexapoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Orthoptera

Suborder: Caelifera

• Grasshoppers have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body (sometimes filamentous), and short ovipositors.

• Females are normally larger than males, with short ovipositors. Males have a single unpaired plate at the end of the abdomen. Females have two pairs of valves ( triangles) at the end of the abdomen used to dig in sand when egg laying.

• Generally they are winged, but hind wings are membranous while front wings (tegmina) are coriaceous and not fit for flight.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODAClass: Diplopoda - Millipede

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Uniramia

Class: Diplopoda

• Millipedes range from 2 to 280 millimetres (0.079 to 11.0 in) in length, and can have as few as eleven, to over a hundred segments. They are generally black or brown in colour.

• The head of millipedes is typically rounded above and flattened below and bears large mandibles. The body is flattened or cylindrical, with a single chitinous plate above, one at each side, and two or three on the underside.

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATAAsterias sp. (Star fish)

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Echinodermata

Class: Asteroidea

Order: Forcipulatida

Suborder: Asteriadina

Family: Asteriidae

Genus: Asterias

Species: A. amurensis

• Asterias amurensis, commonly called the northern Pacific starfish, is an invasive species in Australia, and native to the coasts of northern China, North Korea, South Korea, Russia and Japan.

• In one year the northern Pacific seastar is capable of increasing its diameter by 8 cm; when fully grown the northern Pacific seastar lives up to five years, and can reach sizes up to 40 to 50 cm in diameter.

• It lives in mainly shallow water, but also is found as deep as 200 metres. It is rarely found on reefs or high wave action areas, instead sitting on mud, sand or pebbles.

ANIMAL DIVERSITY IIVERTEBRATES

CLASS EXAMPLE

Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) Shark

Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) ‘Tilapia’

Class Amphibia Bufo sp.

Class Reptilia Snake

Class Aves Chicken

Class Mammalia:Order Insectivora

Shrew

Class Mammalia:Order Chiroptera

Bats

Class Mammalia:Order Dermoptera

Flying Fox

Class Mammalia:Order Carnivora

Cat

Class Mammalia:Order Rodentia

Rat

Class Mammalia:Order Pholidata

Pangolin

Class Mammalia:Order Primates -

Lemur

Class Mammalia:Order Artiodactyla

Deer

Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) - Shark

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Chondrichthyes

Subclass: Elasmobranchii

Superorder: Selachimorpha

• 440 species, ranging in size from the small dwarf lanternshark, Etmopterus perryi, a deep sea species of only 17 centimetres (7 in) in length, to the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, the largest fish, which reaches approximately 12 metres (39 ft) and which feeds only on plankton, squid, and small fish through filter feeding.

• There are more than 440 species of sharks split across eight orders.

• Characteristics: skeleton made of cartilage, paried fins, paired nostrils, scales, two-chambered heart.

Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) – ‘Tilapia’

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Perciformes

Family: Cichlidae

Subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae

Tribe: Tilapiini

• Tilapia inhabit a variety of fresh water habitats including shallow streams, ponds, rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Most tilapia are omnivorous with a preference for aquatic vegetation and detritus.

• Tilapia can become problematic invasive species in new warm-water habitats, whether deliberately or accidentally introduced but generally not in temperate climates due to their inability to survive in cool waters, generally below 60 °F (16 °C).

• Characteristics: Skeleton made of bone, jaws, fins, most with scales, two-chambered heart.

Class Amphibia – Bufo sp.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Amphibia

Order: Anura

Family: Bufonidae

Genus: Bufo

• True toads have in common a stocky figure and short legs, which makes them poor jumpers.

• Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess the organ of Bidder, an incomplete ovary. The adult males of many species show a dark throat. When stressed, toads can let a poison seep through their skin that when swallowed could kill a large dog.

• Characteristics: begin life in the water, gills replaced by lungs in the adult form, lay eggs, three-chambered heart.

Class Reptilia - Snake

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Squamata

Suborder: Serpentes

• They range in size from the tiny, 10 cm long thread snake to pythons and anacondas of up to 7.6 metres (25 ft) in length.

• The now extinct Titanoboa cerrejonensis snakes found were 12–15 meters (39–49 ft) in length. At the other end of the scale, the smallest extant snake is Leptotyphlops carlae with a length of about 10 centimeters.

• Characteristics: thick, scaly or platelike skin, ectothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Aves - Chicken

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Galliformes

Family: Phasianidae

Genus: Gallus

Species: Gallus gallus

Subspecies:Gallus gallus domesticus

• Chickens may live for five to eleven years, depending on the breed.

• Hens of special laying breeds may produce as many as 300 eggs a year.

• Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and shiny, pointed feathers on their necks and backs (the hackles and saddle)—these are often colored differently from the hackles and saddles of females.

• Characteristics: outer covering of feathers, endothermic(warm-blooded), have front limbs modified as wings, lay eggs, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Insectivora - Shrew

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Soricomorpha

Family: Soricidae

• Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is not a rodent, as mice are.

• The largest species is the House Shrew (Suncus murinus) of tropical Asia which is about 15 cm long and weighs around 100 grams.

• Shrews are fiercely territorial, driving off rivals, and only coming together to mate.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Chiroptera - Bats

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Infraclass: Eutheria

Superorder: Laurasiatheria[1]

Order: Chiroptera

• Bats range in size from Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat measuring 29–33 mm in length and 2 g in mass, to the Giant Golden-crowned Flying-fox which has a wing span of 1.5m and weighs approximately 1.2 kg.

• Bats may have one to three litters in a season, depending on the species and on environmental conditions such as the availability of food and roost sites. Females generally have one offspring at a time, this is maybe a result of the mother's need to fly to feed while pregnant.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Dermoptera – Flying Fox

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Chiroptera

Suborder:Megachiroptera

Family: Pteropodidae

Genus: Pteropus

• Commonly known as the Fruit Bats or Flying Foxes among other numerous colloquial names.

• Only feed on nectar, blossom, pollen, and fruit, which explains their limited tropical distribution.

• On average, P. vampyrus is the largest species, with a wingspan of up to 6 feet (1.83 meters) but a weight of only 1.5 kg (3.3 lb.). Other species have impressive widths, such as the Indian flying fox (P. giganteus) which has a 5 foot (1.5 meter) wingspan.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Carnivora - CatKingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Class: Mammalia

Subclass: Theria

Order: Carnivora

Suborder: Feliformia

Family: Felidae

Subfamily: Felinae

Genus: Felis

Species:F. silvestris catus

• Cats are similar in size and anatomy to the other Felids, with light, flexible bodies and teeth adapted to killing small prey.

• Unusually, cats have lost the ability to taste sugar and in some breeds show hereditary deafness.

• Small carnivorous mammal that is valued by humans for its companionship and its ability to hunt vermin and household pests.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Rodentia - Rat

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Rodentia

Superfamily: Muroidea

Family: Muridae

Subfamily: Murinae

Genus: Rattus

• Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea.

• Rats are typically distinguished from mice by their size; rats are generally large muroid rodents, while mice are generally small muroid rodents. The muroid family is very large and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not taxonomically specific.

• The normal lifespan of rats ranges from two to five years, and is typically three years.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Pholidata - Pangolin

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Infraclass: Eutheria

Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Order: PholidotaWeber, 1904

Family: ManidaeGray, 1821

Genus: Manis

• Pangolins have large keratin scales covering their skin and are the only mammals with this adaptation.[2] They are found in tropical regions of Africa and Asia.

• The physical appearance of pangolins is marked by large, hardened, plate-like scales. The scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins but harden as the animal matures, are made of keratin, the same material of which human fingernails and tetrapod claws are made.

• The size of pangolins varies by species, ranging from 30 cm to 100 cm (12 to 39 inches). Females are generally smaller than males.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Lagomorpha - Rabbit

Kingdom: Animalia

Superphylum: Chordata

Phylum: Vertebrata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Lagomorpha

Family: Leporidae

• The rabbit's long ears, which can be more than 10 cm (4 in) long, are probably an adaptation for detecting predators. They have large, powerful hind legs. Each foot has five toes, with one greatly reduced in size.

• Their size can range anywhere from 20 cm (8 in) in length and 0.4 kg in weight to 50 cm (20 in) and more than 2 kg.

• Rabbits have two sets of incisor teeth, one behind the other.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Primates - Lemur

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Primates

Suborder: Strepsirrhini

Infraorder: Lemuriformes

• While their ancestors were displaced in the rest of the world by monkeys and apes, the lemurs were safe from competition on Madagascar and differentiated into a number of species. These range in size from the tiny 30 gram Madame Berthe's Mouse Lemur to the 10 kilogram Indri.

• large, reflective eyes and the wailing cries of some species.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

Class Mammalia:Order Artiodactyla – Deer

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Artiodactyla

Suborder: Ruminantia

Infraorder: Pecora

Family: Cervidae

• Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.

• Deer weights generally range from 40 to 200 kilograms. They generally have lithe, compact bodies and long, powerful legs suited for rugged woodland terrain. Deer are also excellent jumpers and swimmers. Deer are ruminants, or cud-chewers, and have a four-chambered stomach.

• Characteristics: breathe air, give live birth, mammary glands, endothermic, four-chambered heart.

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