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Animal Diversity Animal Diversity
Exploring the Exploring the Categorization of Categorization of Animal SpeciesAnimal Species
The Tree of LifeThe Tree of LifeThe three domains of life represent the The three domains of life represent the earliest branches in evolutionary historyearliest branches in evolutionary history
Characteristics of Animals Characteristics of Animals
• EukaryoticEukaryotic
• MulticellularMulticellular
• HeterotrophicHeterotrophic
• Most are capable of sexual reproduction.Most are capable of sexual reproduction.
• Animal cells lack a cell wall.Animal cells lack a cell wall.
• Motile during some stage of their lifeMotile during some stage of their life
• Respond to external stimuli as a result of Respond to external stimuli as a result of nerve and/or muscle actionnerve and/or muscle action
Classification SchemeClassification SchemeKingdomKingdom
PhylumPhylum
ClassClass
OrderOrder
FamilyFamily
GenusGenus
SpeciesSpecies
AnimaliaAnimalia
ChordataChordata
MammaliaMammalia
FelidaeFelidae
CarnivoraCarnivora
FelisFelis
sylvestrissylvestris
PrimatesPrimates
HominidaeHominidae
HomoHomo
sapienssapiens
AnimaliaAnimalia
ChordataChordata
MammaliaMammalia
Ways to DistinguishBetween Animal Groups
Body SymmetryBody CavitiesDevelopment Patterns
Segmentation
Skeleton
Surface Features or Appendages
Body symmetry
AsymmetricalAsymmetricalLoosely structured Loosely structured
collection of cellscollection of cellsCell specializationCell specializationLack tissuesLack tissuesNon-motile as Non-motile as
adults adults Filter feedersFilter feeders
Phylum PoriferaPhylum PoriferaSpongesSponges
Radial symmetryRadial symmetry Cells organized into Cells organized into
two tissue layerstwo tissue layers Lack true organsLack true organs Nerve network and Nerve network and
contractile tissuecontractile tissue Body plansBody plans
Polyp- attached Polyp- attached Medusa- motileMedusa- motile
Mouth and anus are Mouth and anus are same openingsame opening
Asexual and sexual Asexual and sexual reproductionreproduction
Phylum CnidariaPhylum CnidariaCoral,Coral, Hydra, Anemones Hydra, Anemones and Jellyfishand Jellyfish
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Coelom: body cavity lined on all sidesCoelom: body cavity lined on all sides by a layer of mesodermal cells by a layer of mesodermal cells
Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry AcoelomateAcoelomate Three tissue layersThree tissue layers Excretory and Excretory and
Reproductive Organs Reproductive Organs Move by use of nerve Move by use of nerve
cells, gangliacells, ganglia Many are free-living;Many are free-living; some are parasiticsome are parasitic
Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum PlatyhelminthesTapeworms, Flukes , FlatwormsTapeworms, Flukes , Flatworms
Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry PseudocoelomatePseudocoelomate Three tissue layers Three tissue layers Tubular gastrovascular Tubular gastrovascular
cavity; two openingscavity; two openings ““Ganglionic Brain”Ganglionic Brain” Gas exchange by Gas exchange by
diffusiondiffusion A few species are A few species are
parasiticparasitic
Phylum NematodaPhylum NematodaRoundwormsRoundworms
Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry Coelomate, fluid filled Coelomate, fluid filled
cavity allows movementcavity allows movement Three tissue layers Three tissue layers Segmented bodySegmented body Closed circulatory Closed circulatory
system: system: 5 pairs of hearts5 pairs of hearts Excretory organs: Excretory organs:
nephridianephridia Digestive system with Digestive system with
specialized areas specialized areas Segmented muscles for Segmented muscles for
movementmovement
Phylum Annelida: Segmented WormsPhylum Annelida: Segmented Worms
Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry CoelomateCoelomate Three tissue layers Three tissue layers Soft body in a calcium Soft body in a calcium
containing shellcontaining shell 3-chambered heart, 3-chambered heart,
blood vessels blood vessels Ciliated digestive tractCiliated digestive tract Excretory organs: nephridiaExcretory organs: nephridia Head-foot has sensory and Head-foot has sensory and
motor organsmotor organs Gills for oxygen absorptionGills for oxygen absorption Tooth-bearing strap: radulaTooth-bearing strap: radula
Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca
Class BivalviaClass Bivalviaclams, mussels, clams, mussels,
oysters, scallops oysters, scallops
Class GastropodaClass Gastropodasnails, slugssnails, slugs
Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopodasquid, octopussquid, octopus
Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora chitons (ancestral)chitons (ancestral) eight plates on backeight plates on back
Classes of Phylum MolluscaClasses of Phylum Mollusca
Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry CoelomateCoelomate Three tissue layers Three tissue layers Distinct body regions: Distinct body regions:
head, thorax, abdomenhead, thorax, abdomen ““joint-footed”joint-footed” Exoskeleton, moved at Exoskeleton, moved at
joints by muscles joints by muscles Open circulatory Open circulatory
systemsystem Complex nervous Complex nervous
system, compound eyesystem, compound eye Efficient gas exchange Efficient gas exchange
systemsystem
Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda
Class ArachnidaClass Arachnida spiders, ticks, scorpionsspiders, ticks, scorpions
Class CrustaceaClass Crustacea crabs, lobsters, shrimpcrabs, lobsters, shrimp
Class InsectaClass Insecta insectsinsects
Class DiplopodaClass Diplopoda millipedesmillipedes
2 pairs of legs/segment2 pairs of legs/segment
Class ChilopodaClass Chilopoda centipedescentipedes
1 pair of legs/segment1 pair of legs/segment
Class MeristomataClass Meristomata horseshoe crabshorseshoe crabs
Classes of Phylum ArthropodaClasses of Phylum Arthropoda
Protostome: mouth forms first during embryonicProtostome: mouth forms first during embryonic development development
Deuterostome: anus forms first and then mouthDeuterostome: anus forms first and then mouth forms forms
Radial Radial symmetry, 5-part symmetry, 5-part body planbody plan
CoelomateCoelomate DeuterostomeDeuterostome Three tissue layers Three tissue layers ““Spiny Skin”Spiny Skin” Modified coelom forms a Modified coelom forms a
water vascular system to water vascular system to move tube feet move tube feet
Nervous system: central Nervous system: central nerve ring with branchesnerve ring with branches
Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata
Class AsteroideaClass Asteroideasea starssea stars
Class EchinoideaClass Echinoideasea urchins, sand dollarssea urchins, sand dollars
Class HolothuroideaClass Holothuroideasea cucumberssea cucumbers
Class OphiuroideaClass Ophiuroideabrittle starsbrittle stars
Classes of Phylum EchinodermataClasses of Phylum Echinodermata
Bilateral Bilateral symmetry symmetry CoelomateCoelomateDeuterostomeDeuterostomeThree tissue layers Three tissue layers Four common featuresFour common features
NotochordNotochordDorsal, hollow nerve cordDorsal, hollow nerve cordPharyngeal gill slitsPharyngeal gill slitsPost-anal tailPost-anal tail
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
Notochord replaced by Notochord replaced by vertebral column vertebral column
EndoskeletonEndoskeletonDevelopment of brainDevelopment of brainClosed circulatory system,Closed circulatory system,
heart with 2 or more heart with 2 or more chamberschambers
Use of gills, skin or lungs Use of gills, skin or lungs to obtain oxygento obtain oxygen
waste removal by kidneyswaste removal by kidneysSeparate sexes, internal Separate sexes, internal
or external fertilizationor external fertilization
Sub-Phylum VertebrataSub-Phylum Vertebrata
Class AgnathaClass Agnathajawless fishesjawless fishes
Class CondrichhthyesClass Condrichhthyes cartilaginous fishcartilaginous fish
Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyesbony fishbony fish
Classes of Sub-Phylum VertebrataClasses of Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
Class AmphibiaClass Amphibiafrogs, toads, salamandersfrogs, toads, salamanders
Class AvesClass Avesbirdsbirds
Class Reptilia Class Reptilia lizards, snakes, lizards, snakes,
turtles, alligatorsturtles, alligators
Classes of Sub-Phylum VertebrataClasses of Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
Class MammaliaClass Mammaliamost bear live youngmost bear live youngmilk from mammary glandsmilk from mammary glandshairhairendothermsendothermsmonotremes: egg layingmonotremes: egg laying
platypusplatypusmarsupialsmarsupials
kangarookangarooplacentals placentals
bat, rabbit, dog, bat, rabbit, dog, cattle, whale, humancattle, whale, human
Classes of Sub-Phylum VertebrataClasses of Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
Worksheet Worksheet
• Complete pages 125-126 from lab Complete pages 125-126 from lab manualmanual– Record your answer and reasoning for Record your answer and reasoning for
any 8any 8 specimens, making sure to write the specimens, making sure to write the answer on the line that matches the answer on the line that matches the specimen number specimen number
• Be sure your instructor checks your Be sure your instructor checks your completed worksheet before you leave completed worksheet before you leave the lab. the lab.
CLEAN UP!CLEAN UP!
• Leave animal specimens and their Leave animal specimens and their skeletons in orderly arraysskeletons in orderly arrays
Thank you!Thank you!