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ANIMAL
CLASSIFICATION
• Carl Linnaeus 1758 Physician to King of Sweden
• Binomial Nomenclature
• named and described all that was known to Europeans
• Based his system on physical features and biogeography
I. TAXONOMY identification and classification
• - grouped according to physical similarities
• - physical similarities is a result of genetics
• - genetics reflects common ancestry
HERE’S THE REASONING
• - phylogenetic tree
• - shared common ancestor is a link
• - time is usually present
Phylogeny- shows evolutionary relationships
- time is usually present
Creating a phylogenetic tree based on amino acid differences in hemoglobin• PRACTICE EXAMPLE• Organism• A 0• B 5• C 17• D 8• E 3• F 34
Creating a phylogenetic tree based on amino acid differences in hemoglobin• PRACTICE EXAMPLE• Organism• A 0• B 5• C 17• D 8• E 3• F 34
Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from
biochemistry?• A 0• B 11• C 45• D 1• E 9• F 31• G 21• H 14
Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from
biochemistry?MANFUNGIDUCKRABBITMOTHSNAKEMONKEYTUNA
Do you get the same “tree” using data from anatomy and data from
biochemistry?• A 0 MAN• B 11 DUCK• C 45 FUNGI• D 1 MONKEY• E 9 RABBIT• F 31 MOTH• G 21 TUNA• H 14 SNAKE
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
• MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE related organisms become less similar due to different environmental circumstances . Develop features to suit their habitat
• MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE organisms may have similar features but are unrelated. This results from being exposed to similar environmental conditions
• (ex. wombat vs. ground hog )
B. WHAT IS A SPECIES? (show powerpoint examples of hybrids)
• Biological - can interbreed – exceptions zedonk, tiglons, orchids, Ligers,
peekapoo
• Morphological- members look similar to each other
• (be careful about convergence)
• cacti and euphorbia
• frogs species (dif. Behaviors)
Wolf/dog hybrid
Liger or tiglon
Zonkey or zedonk
Rat/squirrel hybrid
Llamal llama/camel hybrid
Wholphin
Modern Species definition
• species- organisms that look similar and can interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring (implies living close together)
II. MODERN EVIDENCE(used to create groups)
• - comparative anatomy
• - cell structure
• - Biogeography
• - development "embryology"
• - biochemistry
• - paleontology
• - DNA
III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?)
• Erosion
• Mining, digging
• Uplift
III. The FOSSIL RECORD (HOW IS EVIDENCE EXPOSED?)
• Erosion
• Mining, digging
• Uplift
2 IMPORTANT LOCATIONS
• Edia Cara Hills Australia
• Burgess Shale (British Columbia) Canada
Classifying ancient species
EDIA CARA HILLS (Australia)• - not much on origins
• - 630 mybp preserved burrows and few soft bodied animals
BURGESS SHALE (Canada)
• --570 mybp Burgess Shale in southern British Columbia
• -all phyla represented simultaneously?
Ediacara Hills630 million years ago
SOFT BODIES
FLATWORMS
British Columbia, Canada
Burgess Shale570 million years ago
Land Slide !
• Covered large region quickly
Fossils
Today the sea floor is uplifted
Where does this occur today?
• in locations like ????
• Extinct volcanoes, islands, thermal vents, Death Valley (oasis)
Or…
• Mass extinctions- opportunities for ADAPATIVE RADIATION
• Variations already exist in the phyla
• Burst of rapid evolution of a lineage, resulting in formation of new species in a wide range of habitats
The Rate of Evolution
• Gradualism-(Darwin) small changes accumulate over a long period of time. (Transitional fossils would be expected)
• Punctuated Equilibrium- (Stephen J. Gould) long periods of uneventful time passes until a catastrophe creates opportunities for new species to flourish. Little change is punctuated by rapid evolution of new species.
QUIZ TOPICS
• Evaluate or create a phylogenetic tree
• Taxonomic hierarchy
• Significance of Edia Cara Hills and Burgess Shale