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What are the different types of Behaviors Instinct Imprinting Conditioning –Associative learning Classical & Operant Insight
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Animal Behavior
Behavior is what an
animal does and how it does
it.
Behavior Two Types of Questions Proximate:
what triggers the behavior? Ultimate:
Why was this behavior selected for over others?
Influenced by both Genes Environment
What are the different types of Behaviors
Instinct Imprinting Conditioning –Associative
learning Classical & Operant Insight
1. Instinct A behavior that is
innate, or inherited. Genetic
Programming w/ influences
Developmentally Fixed
Kittiwake Gulls young born on cliffYoung innately adverse to cliffs, stay away from edges……WHY?Those genetically not afraid fell off….eliminated from gene pool
Innate behavior Ethology: study of how animals perform
these unique behaviors w/o seeing them done before?
FAP (Fixed Action Pattern) Unchangeable behavior, carried to
completion External sensory signal (sign stimulus) Triggers response
Stickleback Fish
FAP in HumanInfant smileInfant grasping objects
Innate Behaviors can be trickedMayflies lays eggs on waterTar Roads and black plastic reflect as waterMayflies lay eggs on these also
Learning Modification of behavior from specific
experiences Innate behaviors improve w/
experience Young give indiscriminant alarms
If false, no adult response If true, adult also gives alarm
Accuracy improves with age
Maturation Behavior change b/c of
developmental structures Baby birds restricted to NO use of
wings (never flap when young) Still fly at appropriate age Neuromuscular skill development
2. Imprinting A form of learning
that occurs during a “Sensitive period.”
Usually irreversible Example – Salmon,
Geese Ducklings
“Sensitive Period”
Konrad Lorenz1903-1989
Conducted an experiment with geese that showed imprinting behaviors.
He replaced the mother.
Developed the concept of “sensitive period”
3. Classical Conditioning Associative
learning occurs when an animal recognized that 2 or more events are connected.
Ivan Pavlov1849-1936
Using dogs demonstrated the phenomenon of conditioned reflex.
Made his dog salivate by ringing a bell. First, gave dog
food when bell rang.
Second, rang bell no food.
Operant Conditioning Trial and error
learning. Learn in order to
receive a reward. Habituation is
another form, occurs when an animal learns not to respond to a stimulus.
Skinner Box
B.F.Skinner Introduced trial and
error learning or operant conditioning.
Placed mice in a “Skinner box” that had levers. Some levers lead to a reward. Mice learned to push these levers.
InsightAnimal Cognition
The highest form of learning. Usually by higher animals.
The ability to figure out a behavior that generates a desired outcome.
Reasoning
Cognitive Mechanisms Kinesis: change in
activity, sow bugs activity change w/ humidity
Taxis: Movement, orientation of trout upstream
Landmarks (Tinbergen Exp)
Cognitive Maps: Jays and cache location
Migration Behavior Piloting Orientation Navigation
Social Behaviors Interactions
Aggression Courtship Deception
Sociobiology Evolutionary
theory Social behavior
Conflict and Competition
Agonistic Behavior Agonistic behavior is
a contest involving threats. Submissive
behavior. Ritual: the use of
symbolic activity. Test of strength Generally, no harm
is done. Reconciliation
Behavior
Dominance Hierarchies Dominance
hierarchies involve a ranking of individuals in a social group (a “pecking order”). Alpha, beta
rankings exist. The alpha
organisms control the behavior of others.
Territoriality Territoriality is
behavior where an individual defends a particular area, called the territory. Territories are
typically used for feeding, mating, and rearing young and are fixed in location.
Courtship Behavior that leads
to copulation Establishes
maturity readiness Establishes
opposite sex Establishes health
condition
Ways Animals Communicate
Chemical Visual Auditory Tactile
Chemical Use pheromones to
trigger a behavior. Releasers –
immediate Moths use these to
attract a mate. Ants mark trails
Primer – physiological changes.
Territorial uses – dogs, cats, mice, etc..
Visual Many visual
displays are observed during acts of agonistic behaviors as well as courtship.
Auditory Use to
communicate over long distances, through water and at night. Whales Elephants Frogs Birds
Tactile Touching
promotes social bonding, infant care grooming and mating.
Altruistic BehaviorUnselfish Behavior
Altruism is defined as behavior that mightdecrease individual fitness, but increase the fitness of others.