ANGUILLA CPAANGUILLA CPA

In-Country MeetingsIn-Country Meetings

April, 2003April, 2003Halcrow Group Ltd./ National Assessment Halcrow Group Ltd./ National Assessment

Team of AnguillaTeam of Anguilla

CPA ObjectivesCPA Objectives

To identify the extent, severity, characteristics To identify the extent, severity, characteristics and causes of poverty in Anguillaand causes of poverty in Anguilla

To evaluate the effectiveness of current policies To evaluate the effectiveness of current policies and programmes in their of their impact on the and programmes in their of their impact on the poor and the vulnerablepoor and the vulnerable

  To make recommendations for future policies To make recommendations for future policies and programmes to contribute to the reduction of and programmes to contribute to the reduction of povertypoverty

CPA Process CPA Process

Survey of Living

Conditions

Participatory Poverty

Assessments

Agency Interviews

Causes of Poverty - current and future

POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

ACTIVITIES

Institutional Analysis/ Legal Human Rights

Aspects

Poverty Line Estimation

General Backgroun

d and Context

Poverty in the country - incidence and characteristics

OUTPUTS

Document compilation and

review

Estimation of minimum food

basket

ANGUILLAANGUILLA

General BackgroundGeneral Background

The Economy (1)The Economy (1)

Anguilla is a service economy (80% of GDP)Anguilla is a service economy (80% of GDP)

Economy revolves around tourism - hotels, Economy revolves around tourism - hotels,

restaurants, construction, fishing, transportationrestaurants, construction, fishing, transportation

Steady growth in GDP since 1984: 5.6% Steady growth in GDP since 1984: 5.6%

annually since 1986annually since 1986

Per Capita GDP has grown 2.1% annually since Per Capita GDP has grown 2.1% annually since

19861986

Per Capita GDPPer Capita GDP

19911991 19961996 2000 2000

GDP/cap (US$)GDP/cap (US$) 5,408 5,408 6,407 6,407 7,564 7,564

GDP/cap (EC$)GDP/cap (EC$) 14,602 14,602 17,300 17,300 20,42320,423

The Economy (2)The Economy (2)

Hotels and restaurants alone contribute Hotels and restaurants alone contribute 30% of GDP and 40% of employment30% of GDP and 40% of employment

High end tourism with 3.5:1 staff:guest High end tourism with 3.5:1 staff:guest ratioratio

17,000 visitors in 1984 17,000 visitors in 1984 112,000 visitors 112,000 visitors in 2000in 2000

Tourist expenditures of US$61 million in Tourist expenditures of US$61 million in 20012001

The Economy (3)The Economy (3)

Agricultural output has increased since 1984 but its Agricultural output has increased since 1984 but its

share of GDP has declined from 8.9% to 2.8%share of GDP has declined from 8.9% to 2.8%

Banking and insurance has more than doubled its share Banking and insurance has more than doubled its share

of GDP since 1984 from 7.4% to 15.5% (due to of GDP since 1984 from 7.4% to 15.5% (due to

development of commercial banking)development of commercial banking)

Government has retained constant share of economy in Government has retained constant share of economy in

14-16% range since 1984; also accounts for 25% of 14-16% range since 1984; also accounts for 25% of

employmentemployment

The Economy (4)The Economy (4)

Economy should continue to grow in the Economy should continue to grow in the same manner as it has over the last 5 same manner as it has over the last 5 yearsyears

New resort / golf course development New resort / golf course development underwayunderway

Airport improvementsAirport improvements

GovernmentGovernment

Moved from current account surplus to Moved from current account surplus to deficit in 2001deficit in 2001

Overall balance continues in deficitOverall balance continues in deficit

Small balance of payment surplus based Small balance of payment surplus based on tourism earnings and direct foreign on tourism earnings and direct foreign investment in tourisminvestment in tourism

Limited potential for new programme Limited potential for new programme spendingspending

UnemploymentUnemployment

Unemployment rate 7.8% in 2002; highest Unemployment rate 7.8% in 2002; highest among 15-24 year age groupamong 15-24 year age group

70% of unemployed had secondary education 70% of unemployed had secondary education or better - young people graduating high or better - young people graduating high school with no job prospects?school with no job prospects?

Duration of unemployment short - 3 months or Duration of unemployment short - 3 months or lessless

ChallengesChallenges

Vulnerability to external economic Vulnerability to external economic changes (US economy – 60% of visitors) changes (US economy – 60% of visitors) and to natural disasters (hurricanes)and to natural disasters (hurricanes)

Limited Government capacity to fund new Limited Government capacity to fund new or expanded programmes or expanded programmes

Lack of appropriate employment Lack of appropriate employment opportunities for youthopportunities for youth

PopulationPopulationAs a result of the strong economic growth, the As a result of the strong economic growth, the population of Anguilla has increased by over 70% population of Anguilla has increased by over 70% since 1984 – from 6,700 to 11,600. In the preceding since 1984 – from 6,700 to 11,600. In the preceding 20 years, it had increased by barely 1,000. 20 years, it had increased by barely 1,000. A large part of the increase has been made up of A large part of the increase has been made up of non-Anguillians who now make up 28% of the non-Anguillians who now make up 28% of the population. In the last 10 years, there has also been population. In the last 10 years, there has also been significant return migration.significant return migration.

The number of households has increased by 43% The number of households has increased by 43% since 1992, due to declining household size.since 1992, due to declining household size.

POVERTY IN ANGUILLAPOVERTY IN ANGUILLA

The Measurement of PovertyThe Measurement of Poverty

The level of poverty in Anguilla has been assessed The level of poverty in Anguilla has been assessed by means of two poverty lines: by means of two poverty lines: - - The indigence/ severe poverty lineThe indigence/ severe poverty line: those unable to : those unable to afford the minimum amount of food necessary for a afford the minimum amount of food necessary for a healthy life. healthy life. - - The gneral poverty line:The gneral poverty line: adds an allowance for adds an allowance for non-food expenditure to the indigence line. non-food expenditure to the indigence line. Poverty is also considered to include households Poverty is also considered to include households experiencing a loss of well-being due to factors such experiencing a loss of well-being due to factors such as lack of social/ family support and harmony, as lack of social/ family support and harmony, insecure residential status and sharp labour insecure residential status and sharp labour practices. practices.

Household Income and Household Income and ExpenditureExpenditure

Total expenditure Average MedianPer household $54,700 $47,000Per capita $17,400 $13,900% on Food 19% naPoverty Lines Adult HouseholdIndigence $3,100 $7,700Poverty Line $7,950 $27,000% Food 39% 29%

The Incidence of PovertyThe Incidence of Poverty

Poverty - DemographicPoverty - Demographic

Children and Gender:Children and Gender: poor households contain poor households contain proportionately more children and are more likely to proportionately more children and are more likely to be female-headed but the differences are not great.be female-headed but the differences are not great.

The elderly:The elderly: 32% of poor households contain elderly 32% of poor households contain elderly people compared with 14% of non-poor households. people compared with 14% of non-poor households. Around half the elderly who live on their own are Around half the elderly who live on their own are poor.poor.

Household size:Household size: poor households tend to be larger. poor households tend to be larger.

Poverty is more heavily concentrated amongst Poverty is more heavily concentrated amongst

Anguillian than non-Anguillian households. Anguillian than non-Anguillian households.

Poverty: Economic ActivityPoverty: Economic Activity

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Poor Not Poor

2 or more personsemployed

1 person employed

No one employed

Over 70% of poor Over 70% of poor households have 1 or households have 1 or more people workingmore people working

Unemployment is almost Unemployment is almost 3 times higher in poor 3 times higher in poor households –17% / 6%households –17% / 6%

Population/ worker ratios Population/ worker ratios are much higher: 2 as are much higher: 2 as against 1.4against 1.4

Poverty: Dependence on TourismPoverty: Dependence on Tourism

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

None intourism

Some intourism

All in tourism

Poor

Not Poor

Well over 30% of Well over 30% of households are at least households are at least partly dependent on the partly dependent on the tourism industrytourism industryA much higher proportion A much higher proportion of poor households are of poor households are WHOLLY dependent on WHOLLY dependent on this industrythis industry

Poor households are Poor households are more likely to have more likely to have workers who are part-workers who are part-time or who work less time or who work less than a full year.than a full year.

Poverty: HealthPoverty: Health

Disability, diabetes and hypertension are positively correlated with poverty reflecting the greater proportion of elderly households amongst the poor.

Poor households are more likely to contain teenage pregnancies than not poor households.

Poverty - EducationPoverty - Education

Years of Education of Heads of Household

0%5%

10%

15%20%25%30%35%

40%45%50%

Poor

Not Poor

Heads of poor Heads of poor households have households have less education.less education.

Poor households are Poor households are more likely to have more likely to have young adults with no young adults with no CXCs.CXCs.

Poverty: HousingPoverty: Housing

70% of households own their houses. This 70% of households own their houses. This proportion is slightly higher among poor HH. proportion is slightly higher among poor HH. Most renting households are immigrants.Most renting households are immigrants.

Generally speaking, housing conditions of the Generally speaking, housing conditions of the poor are good and not much different from those poor are good and not much different from those of non poor HH. The incidence of overcrowding of non poor HH. The incidence of overcrowding and lack of a flush toilet is higher amongst poor and lack of a flush toilet is higher amongst poor households but this only affects a small minority households but this only affects a small minority of poor households. of poor households.

Support MechanismsSupport Mechanisms

Around 25% of poor households receive gifts of Around 25% of poor households receive gifts of food and/or clothing compared with 14% of non-food and/or clothing compared with 14% of non-poor households. poor households.

Around 10% of poor households are highly Around 10% of poor households are highly dependent on others for a large part of their dependent on others for a large part of their expenditureexpenditure

Over a quarter of poor households receive Over a quarter of poor households receive additional income in the form of child support or additional income in the form of child support or public assistance compared with 10% of non-public assistance compared with 10% of non-poor households. poor households.

On the Positive Side…. (1)On the Positive Side…. (1) The overall incidence of poverty is low. The The overall incidence of poverty is low. The

incidence of severe poverty is very low.incidence of severe poverty is very low. Over 2/3rds of poor households have at least one Over 2/3rds of poor households have at least one

person working. person working. Virtually all children attend primary and Virtually all children attend primary and

secondary school.secondary school. The health situation amongst the poor is The health situation amongst the poor is

generally good with low levels of infant mortality, generally good with low levels of infant mortality, low birth weights, infectious diseases and low birth weights, infectious diseases and malnutrition. Life expectancy is high.malnutrition. Life expectancy is high.

On the Positive Side….On the Positive Side….(2)(2) Housing conditions are good for poor and Housing conditions are good for poor and

non-poor alike. non-poor alike. Ownership rates for assets such as Ownership rates for assets such as

refrigerators, TVs, telephones and washing refrigerators, TVs, telephones and washing machines exceed 70% amongst poor machines exceed 70% amongst poor households. Just under half the poor households. Just under half the poor households own vehicles. households own vehicles.

Irrespective of the way the data is analysed, Irrespective of the way the data is analysed, only a small minoirty of any group will be poor. only a small minoirty of any group will be poor.

The Poor in AnguillaThe Poor in AnguillaCategory of Poor Household % Comment

Households with No One Working

29%

Elderly living on their own (i.e. with no younger persons)

15% Almost half have someone with a disability

Other HH with no employed persons

14% i.e. HHs with unemployed persons. A few were single parent.

HHs with at least 1 person in employment consisting of:

71% Most poor HHs have somebody who is working

1 parent/single adult HH with children aged under 18 years

15% Most poor 1 parent HHs have some employment. Incl. HHs with 1 parent and 1 grandparent

Other large (5+ persons) HH 21% Excl. large HHs in preceding category

Other poor households with 4 or less persons.

35% The implication is that workers in these HHs are low paid. Will include some single person HHs as well as nuclear families and childless couples.

ALL POOR HOUSEHOLDS 100%

Non-Anguillian HHs 12% All such households. Their characteristics are very varied

Causes of Poverty (1)Causes of Poverty (1)

The principal causes of poverty in Anguilla: The principal causes of poverty in Anguilla:

Low wages linked to the less skilled occupations Low wages linked to the less skilled occupations traditionally associated with the tourism sector traditionally associated with the tourism sector which dominates the economy. This situation is which dominates the economy. This situation is exacerbated by seasonality leading to part-time exacerbated by seasonality leading to part-time work and job insecurity and an inadequate work and job insecurity and an inadequate labour protection system. labour protection system.

The increase in unemployment due to the 2002 The increase in unemployment due to the 2002 downturn in the tourist industry.downturn in the tourist industry.

Causes of Poverty (2)Causes of Poverty (2)

Other causes of the current level of Other causes of the current level of poverty are:poverty are:

- Single parenthood resulting from family - Single parenthood resulting from family breakdown allied to lack of financial breakdown allied to lack of financial support.support.

- Inadequate support for the elderly living - Inadequate support for the elderly living on their own. on their own.

Poverty in the Future (1)Poverty in the Future (1)

Poverty in the future is closely linked to the Poverty in the future is closely linked to the success of the tourist industry. The current success of the tourist industry. The current international situation makes any forecasts of international situation makes any forecasts of dubious value. dubious value.

However barring any major downturn, However barring any major downturn, Anguilla is well placed to maintain its current Anguilla is well placed to maintain its current position as a safe destination with position as a safe destination with magnificent beaches and high quality magnificent beaches and high quality facilities. facilities.

Poverty in the Future (2)Poverty in the Future (2)Future poverty/ well-being in Anguilla will also be Future poverty/ well-being in Anguilla will also be affected by how it addresses regional and international affected by how it addresses regional and international social trends such as:social trends such as:- - Reduced support for parents from their adult childrenReduced support for parents from their adult children- Unsafe sexual practices amongst the young which can - Unsafe sexual practices amongst the young which can lead to lead to teenage pregnancy and, potentially, HIV/AIDS. teenage pregnancy and, potentially, HIV/AIDS.

- - Increasing levels of single-parenthood and family Increasing levels of single-parenthood and family breakdownbreakdown- A subculture, especially among adolescent males, - A subculture, especially among adolescent males, resulting in educational under-achievement, resulting in educational under-achievement, unemployment, and deviant behaviour.unemployment, and deviant behaviour.

Ensuring that non-Anguillians, who make up over 1/3Ensuring that non-Anguillians, who make up over 1/3rdrd of of total employment are not subject to discriminatory total employment are not subject to discriminatory practices.practices.

EXISTING INSTITUTIONS AND EXISTING INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMMES RELATED TO PROGRAMMES RELATED TO

POVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION

Anguilla Economic Anguilla Economic Development InstitutionsDevelopment Institutions

Poverty alleviation over the long term involves Poverty alleviation over the long term involves the creation of sustainable employment and the creation of sustainable employment and income earning opportunities for all Anguilliansincome earning opportunities for all Anguillians

The Government has a role in facilitating and The Government has a role in facilitating and encouraging the private sector to provide such encouraging the private sector to provide such opportunities.opportunities.

Anguilla Development BoardAnguilla Development Board

Established to provide financial, Established to provide financial, entrepreneurial and technical assistanceentrepreneurial and technical assistance

Provides financing for housing and Provides financing for housing and education as well as businesses in the education as well as businesses in the tourism, fishing and agricultural sectorstourism, fishing and agricultural sectors

Assist low income nationals to achieve Assist low income nationals to achieve and sustain higher income levelsand sustain higher income levels

Anguilla Development Board (2)Anguilla Development Board (2)

Small Enterprise Development Unit:Small Enterprise Development Unit:

provides consultancy and provides consultancy and management management training to existing and training to existing and potential potential businesses and the self-businesses and the self-employed. employed.

Economic Diversification FundEconomic Diversification Fund

Low interest loans to fishing, agriculture, Low interest loans to fishing, agriculture, arts and crafts and the tradesarts and crafts and the trades

Funded by Foreign & Commonwealth Funded by Foreign & Commonwealth Office, operated by Anguilla Dev. BankOffice, operated by Anguilla Dev. Bank

Goals:Goals: generate employmentgenerate employment increase exports increase exports decrease importsdecrease imports

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Social development programmes are Social development programmes are necessary to:necessary to:Ensure that the population is healthy and has Ensure that the population is healthy and has the skills to take up new employment the skills to take up new employment opportunitiesopportunities

Address the social issues which could lead to Address the social issues which could lead to poverty in the future.poverty in the future.

Provide for those who are poor and cannot help Provide for those who are poor and cannot help themselves.themselves.

Social Development Social Development Programmes (1)Programmes (1)

Anguilla is fortunate to have almost universal Anguilla is fortunate to have almost universal provision of primary education, health care and provision of primary education, health care and basic infrastructure (water, electricity and roads). basic infrastructure (water, electricity and roads). These are programmes that benefit poor and not These are programmes that benefit poor and not poor alike. poor alike. Anguillian agencies have proved themselves Anguillian agencies have proved themselves responsive to dealing with the needs of the poor and responsive to dealing with the needs of the poor and the vulnerable.the vulnerable.There is also good co-ordination between the Social There is also good co-ordination between the Social Development (SDD), Education and Public Health Development (SDD), Education and Public Health Departments and NGOs in dealing with those in Departments and NGOs in dealing with those in greatest need. greatest need.

Social Development Social Development Programmes (2)Programmes (2)

SDD and the magistracy operate a child support SDD and the magistracy operate a child support system which currently ‘benefits’ around 250 system which currently ‘benefits’ around 250 households.households.

A domestic violence forum has recently been A domestic violence forum has recently been established.established.

Programmes are in hand to provide a free water Programmes are in hand to provide a free water allowance to the poorest families.allowance to the poorest families.

Improvements to education are in hand: TVEC, Improvements to education are in hand: TVEC, TEFL, special needs, readingTEFL, special needs, reading

Non-contributory pensions have been introduced.Non-contributory pensions have been introduced.

Social Development Programmes (3)Social Development Programmes (3)

Current problems/ issues are:Lack of staff resources in SDD to undertake the administration of public assistance and child support, as well as routine social work

Increasing financial pressures on the provision of health services coupled with increasing demand for medical exemptions and the high cost of medical emergencies

Public Assistance: the current grant is below the indigence line; there are no transparent criteria and the legal framework is obsolete.

TOWARDS A POVERTY REDUCTION TOWARDS A POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY FOR ANGUILLASTRATEGY FOR ANGUILLA

ObjectivesObjectives

The overall objectives of any poverty reduction The overall objectives of any poverty reduction strategy are:strategy are:The promotion of economic growth and job creation. The promotion of economic growth and job creation. The development of the skills and health conditions that The development of the skills and health conditions that will enable current and future households to achieve and will enable current and future households to achieve and maintain a sustainable and fulfilling life.maintain a sustainable and fulfilling life.The betterment of the conditions of those currently in The betterment of the conditions of those currently in poverty though a combination of direct income support poverty though a combination of direct income support and other measures.and other measures.The elimination or reduction of potential causes of future impoverishment.

ApproachApproach

This study has concentrated on identifying short-term This study has concentrated on identifying short-term priority poverty reduction measures using the following priority poverty reduction measures using the following general principles:general principles: They promote economic growth and job creationThey promote economic growth and job creation

They do not require substantial additional government They do not require substantial additional government expenditures (given that there is limited potential for expenditures (given that there is limited potential for increasing government expenditures at present)increasing government expenditures at present)

They improve the targeting of existing activitiesThey improve the targeting of existing activities

They have a major potential for reducing future poverty.

PrioritiesPriorities

Priorities have been grouped into 4:Priorities have been grouped into 4:Economic Growth and Job CreationEconomic Growth and Job CreationImproving the condition of those already in Improving the condition of those already in povertypovertyEnhancing the health and education Enhancing the health and education potential of the populationpotential of the populationPromoting long term social and family Promoting long term social and family well-being.well-being.

Economic Growth: TourismEconomic Growth: Tourism

Tourism is engine of growth for Anguilla Tourism is engine of growth for Anguilla and so requires:and so requires:Ongoing private sector investment Ongoing private sector investment supported by Government action to supported by Government action to maintain and improve infrastructuremaintain and improve infrastructureGood management – labour relationsGood management – labour relationsDevelopment of hospitality school. Development of hospitality school. Training Anguillians to take management Training Anguillians to take management rolesroles

Other Economic Opportunities Other Economic Opportunities

Development and production of crafts for stay-Development and production of crafts for stay-over as well as excursionist tourist marketsover as well as excursionist tourist markets

Provision of household services (gardening, Provision of household services (gardening, house repair) with micro-loanshouse repair) with micro-loans

Small-scale hydroponicsSmall-scale hydroponics

Small-scale agricultureSmall-scale agriculture

Financial services – bring to internat’l standardsFinancial services – bring to internat’l standards

Improving the conditions of those Improving the conditions of those already in povertyalready in poverty

Public Assistance / Welfare: review level of public Public Assistance / Welfare: review level of public assistance (implementation may not be feasible in short-assistance (implementation may not be feasible in short-term), draft new legislation including transparent eligibility term), draft new legislation including transparent eligibility criteria.criteria.

Undertake needs assessments of those on welfare to Undertake needs assessments of those on welfare to identify possibilities for income generation and non-income identify possibilities for income generation and non-income support, e.g. home visits for the elderly, day care for single support, e.g. home visits for the elderly, day care for single parent households, medical exemptions, assistance with parent households, medical exemptions, assistance with text books, etc.text books, etc.

Increase involvement of NGOs in identifying needy Increase involvement of NGOs in identifying needy households.households.

Develop links between SDD and Labour Department.Develop links between SDD and Labour Department.

Improving the long term health and Improving the long term health and

education of the populationeducation of the population Increase TVEC (technical and vocational Increase TVEC (technical and vocational educational courses) opportunities for children educational courses) opportunities for children and adults, with emphasis on the tourist industry and adults, with emphasis on the tourist industry

Improve teaching of mathematics and numeracy Improve teaching of mathematics and numeracy skills.skills.

Enhance special education programmes, Enhance special education programmes, especially TEFL and reading at secondary level.especially TEFL and reading at secondary level.

Review of health care financing with particular Review of health care financing with particular emphasis on catastrophic health insurance.emphasis on catastrophic health insurance.

Promote improved nutrition and personal health.Promote improved nutrition and personal health.

Social and Family Well-beingSocial and Family Well-being

Education in life skills/ parenting: teenage pregnancy/ Education in life skills/ parenting: teenage pregnancy/ drug abuse/ parenting/ HIV/AIDS/ financial budgeting.drug abuse/ parenting/ HIV/AIDS/ financial budgeting.

Particiaption and intervention-focussed research into Particiaption and intervention-focussed research into adolescent and young adult malesadolescent and young adult males

Strengthen child support procedures (establishing Strengthen child support procedures (establishing paternity).paternity).

Introduce new labour code with strengthened procedures Introduce new labour code with strengthened procedures for the resolution of disputes.for the resolution of disputes.

Ensure that minimum standards are met in low income Ensure that minimum standards are met in low income rental properties.rental properties.

Ensure that immigrants are aware of their rights and Ensure that immigrants are aware of their rights and publicise their importance to the economic well-being of publicise their importance to the economic well-being of the island.the island.

Medium/ Long-Term ActionsMedium/ Long-Term ActionsEstablishment of compulsory national health Establishment of compulsory national health insurance scheme and graduated health charges. insurance scheme and graduated health charges. Medium term assessment of the requirements for Medium term assessment of the requirements for the care of the elderlythe care of the elderlyDrafting and enactment of anti-discrimination Drafting and enactment of anti-discrimination legislationlegislationReview of minimum wage and trade union Review of minimum wage and trade union legislationlegislationEstablishment of safe house for victims of domestic Establishment of safe house for victims of domestic violenceviolenceImprove treatment facilities for substance abusers.Improve treatment facilities for substance abusers.

ResourcingResourcing

Little requirement for capital expenditure in the Little requirement for capital expenditure in the short-term.short-term.Several involve improving/ expanding existing Several involve improving/ expanding existing programmes or implementing proposals already programmes or implementing proposals already under considerationunder considerationSeveral involve proposals, reviews, and Several involve proposals, reviews, and feasibility studies with negligible short-term feasibility studies with negligible short-term financial implicationsfinancial implicationsSDD will need to be expandedSDD will need to be expandedIncreasing level and scope of PA will require Increasing level and scope of PA will require additional finance.additional finance.

Potential Candidates for Potential Candidates for External AssistanceExternal Assistance

Likely to be limited due to Anguilla’s relative Likely to be limited due to Anguilla’s relative affluence. Potential candidates for technical affluence. Potential candidates for technical assistance are:assistance are:Redrafting of welfare legislationRedrafting of welfare legislationReview of health care financingReview of health care financingPublic awareness campaigns related to AIDS/ Public awareness campaigns related to AIDS/ unsafe sexual practices/ drug abuse.unsafe sexual practices/ drug abuse.Research into young menResearch into young menMedium term assessment of the needs of the Medium term assessment of the needs of the elderly.elderly.

Summary (1)Summary (1)

The current level and severity of poverty in Anguilla The current level and severity of poverty in Anguilla is not high. The situation regarding education, is not high. The situation regarding education, health, housing and infrastructure is good for poor health, housing and infrastructure is good for poor and not poor alike. Tourism is well-established and and not poor alike. Tourism is well-established and barring major upheavals will remain the mainstay of barring major upheavals will remain the mainstay of the economy. the economy.

The great majority of the issues related to poverty The great majority of the issues related to poverty and well-being discussed in this report were and well-being discussed in this report were identified by the NAT in the initial workshop.identified by the NAT in the initial workshop.

Many are already being addressed by government Many are already being addressed by government departments and NGOs.departments and NGOs.

Summary (2)Summary (2)

Future poverty reduction will depend on: Future poverty reduction will depend on:

- - maintaining the buoyancy of the tourism sectormaintaining the buoyancy of the tourism sector

- targeting these programmes more effectively.[A - targeting these programmes more effectively.[A point repeatedly made in comments from the NAT]point repeatedly made in comments from the NAT]

- reforming the public assistance system- reforming the public assistance system

- tackling the longer term issues of the care of the - tackling the longer term issues of the care of the elderly, male adolescent disaffection, increasing elderly, male adolescent disaffection, increasing single parenthood and unsafe sexual practices single parenthood and unsafe sexual practices

amongst the young.amongst the young.