20/01/09 SILAFAE-2009

Angra

Neutrino Project: Safeguards Applications

João

dos Anjos for the ANGRA Collaboration

CBPF

SILAFAE-2009

VII Latin

American

Symposium

on

High Energy

Physics, Bariloche, 20 January

2009

20/01/09

SILAFAE-2009

The

ANGRA Collaboration:

J.C. Anjos, G.L. Azzi, A.F. Barbosa, R.M.O. Galvão, H. Lima Jr, J. Magnin, H. da

Motta, M. Vaz, R. Shellard, F. Simão

Graduate students: Anderson Schilithz(PhD)Andre G. Oliveira (MSc)Arthur B. Villar

(MSc)

Wallace R. Ferreira (MSc)Undergraduate: Valdir

Salustino, Rodolfo Silva, Thamys

Abrahão

Tiago L. Rodrigues, Rosangela

S. Ten

Collaborators: Ana Amélia Bergamini (CBPF, LNGS)L.M.Andrade Filho (COPPE)P.R.Barbosa Marinho (CNEN)R. Machado da Silva (UFRRJ)

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SILAFAE-2009

The

ANGRA Collaboration:

PUC-RJH. NunokawaR. Zukanovich

Funchal

M.M. Guzzo, E. Kemp, O.L.G. Peres, P. Holanda,T. Bezerra, L. F. González, L. P.B. Lima

UFBaIuri

M. Pepe

V.L. Filardi

UEFSGermano P. GuedesPaulo Farias

UFABC

Marcelo Leigui, R. Da Maceno, P. Chimenti

Other

Brazilian

Institutions:

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SILAFAE-2009

The

ANGRA Collaboration: International

group

A. Bernstein, N. Bowden

L. Villaseñor, H. Marques Falcon, E. Casimiro Linares

D. Reyna

Thierry Lasserre

(informal support)

Walter Fulgione, M.Aglietta

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SILAFAE-2009

Motivations for ANGRA

Very interesting for the Brazilian science:

–

Possibility to do frontier experimental neutrino physics profiting from already existing facilities (Angra-I and II nuclear reactors).

–

Possibility to do neutrino applied physics: nuclear safeguards applications.

–

Relative low cost investments compared with ANGRA II reactor cost.

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Nuclear Reactors Around the World

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Neutrinos & Non-proliferation

~ 438 reactors worldwide:~ 438 reactors worldwide:The International Atomic Energy Agency -

IAEA inspects nuclear

facilities under safeguards agreements

~200kg plutonium produced at each reactor cycle (~1.5years)~200kg plutonium produced at each reactor cycle (~1.5years)~90 tons of plutonium produced every year worldwideIAEA verify that fissile materials are used for civilappliances.

IAEA is the verification authority:IAEA is the verification authority:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT):Keep track of all plutonium produced !

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How Does The IAEA Monitor Fissile Material Now ?

(1-1.5 years) (months) (forever)

1. Check Input and Output Declarations

2. Verify with Item Accountancy

3.Containment and Surveillance

1 ‘Gross Defect’

Detection2 Continue Item

Accountancy3. Containment and

Surveillance

1 Check Declarations2 Verify with Bulk

Accountancy:

(months to years)

Operators Report Fuel Burnup and Power HistoryNo Direct Pu Inventory Measurement is Made Until the Fuel is Reprocessed

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Non-proliferation in Latin-America: ABACC

–

The

BrazilianBrazilian--ArgentineArgentine

AgencyAgency

for for AccountingAccounting

andand

ControlControl

ofof

Nuclear Nuclear

MaterialsMaterials

(ABACC)(ABACC)

is a binational agency

created

by

the

governments

of

Brazil

and

Argentina (1991), responsible

for verifying

the

pacific

use of

nuclear materials

that

could be

used, either

directly

or

indirectly,

for the

manufacture

of

weapons

of mass

destruction.

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SILAFAE-2009

Why the interest in Why the interest in antineutrino detectors?antineutrino detectors?

Antineutrinos can not be shielded and are produced in very large amounts in nuclear reactors(~ 10(~ 102020

antineutrinos/s)antineutrinos/s)

Antineutrinos produced in reactors can reveal fissile composition of nuclear fuel

Non-intrusive, Real Time, Remote reactor monitoring: thermal power & fissile material

Search for new methods on safeguards verification

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The

idea

is quite old...

Kurchatov Institute, 1988

Revisited

recently

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Previous and OnPrevious and On--going experiments:going experiments: Rovno (Ukraine) (1988(1988--90) 90) San Onofre

(USA) (2004(2004--

))

•

1050 liters of liquid scintillator on mineral oil base + 0.5 g/l Gd, central volume – 510 liters• 84 PMTs

• 1 m3 Liquid scintillator centraldetector (Gd loaded)

• 8 PMTs on top-side of 4 tanks•

Passive water shield + Active muon shield

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Checking reactor activityRovno (Ukraine)

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Rea

ctor

Pow

er (%

)

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Date06/2005 10/2005 02/2006 06/2006 10/2006

Det

ecte

d A

ntin

eutr

inos

per

day

0

100

200

300

400

500

Predicted rate Reported powerObserved rate, 30 day average

Cycle 14Cycle 13outage

Cycle 13

Removal of 250 kg 239Pu, replacement with 1.5 tons of fresh 235U fuel

San Onofre (USA) - 2006

Checking reactor activity

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SILAFAE-2009

Reactor

Thermal

Power and

Antineutrino flux

Relation between delivered thermal power andantineutrino flux

Nν

= γ

· (1 + k) · Pth

Dependence on fuel composition

Dependence on detector features

Topic

of

interest

of

Eletronuclear

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SILAFAE-2009

Reactor

power

x neutrino flux Measuring of power production by neutrino method

Neu

trin

o Ra

te p

er 1

05se

c

Reactor power in % from nominal value (1375 MW)

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SILAFAE-2009

Reactor

power

x neutrino flux

Number

of

antineutrinos

Powe

r ge

nera

tion

Powe

r ν

/Po

wer

Th

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Antineutrino Emission Spectrum from Reactor Fuel

Antineutrino spectra Antineutrino spectra measured by ILL groupmeasured by ILL group

19831983--19891989

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Burn-up effect on fuel composition

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Expected spectrum distortion from burnup

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0,80

0,85

0,90

0,95

1,00

1,05

1,10n=0 n=3 n=6 n=9 n=12

S(t=

n) /

S(t=

0)

Energy [MeV]

Ratio between spectra measured at month “n”

and month “0”

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Burnup: impact on the spectrum shape with 1/3 of the fuel replaced at half-cycle

Day number

Fiss

ion

fract

ion

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8 U 235

Pu239

Pu241

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SILAFAE-2009

Expected Spectrum Distortion

Energy (MeV)

S (t

=7) /

S(t=

6)

•

t = 6 : fuel replacement month

• t = 7 : one month after

~ 2.5% variation

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SILAFAE-2009

The ANGRA Neutrino Project

• Safeguards tools development

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Angra dos Reis nuclear plant features

3 Reactors: 2 in operation + 1 planned

Reactor(starting date)

Thermal Power (GW)

Average Uptime Fuel Cycle

Angra-I(1985)

2.0 83 % ~1.5

years

Angra-II(2000)

4.0~ 1.2 x 1020 f/s

90 % ~1.3 years

Angra-IIIapproved > 2012

4.0 - -

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3-D Site View

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Sites

Near Site

Far Site

Very Near Detector (power monitor and

safeguards)

Detectors for Neutrino Oscilation Measurements

Angra

II Reactor500 mAngra III

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SILAFAE-2009

Non intrusive method to check reactor activity

Antineutrinodetector

Reactor core

Plutonium

production

chain

Angra Project

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Reactor Neutrino: Event Signature

Reaction process is inverse β-decay followed by neutron capture Two part coincidence signal is crucial for background reduction.

Positron energy spectrum implies the neutrino spectrum

In undoped scintillator the neutron will capture on hydrogen

More likely the scintillator will be doped with gadolinium to enhance capture

capturennepe

+→ν

Eν

= Evis

+ 1.8 MeV –

2me

n

+H → D*

→ D +

γ

(2.2 MeV)

n+

mGd

→ m+1Gd*

→Gd

+ γ’s (Σ

= 8 MeV)

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SILAFAE-2009

Antineutrino

Detector:Basic

concepts

νe

e+γ

γ

n

Central volume (target)scintillator

+ Gd

(~0.5 g/l)

Photomultiplier tubes

External volumeGamma catcher (liquid scintillator)

Muon

veto(plastic scintillator)

A 1-7 MeV

positronA few

keV neutron

Mean

time window

28μs

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SILAFAE-2009

Safeguards Detector site:

50 m

Selected Places for the

SAFEGUARDS DETECTOR

newcontainer

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SILAFAE-2009

Very Near Detector: Standard 3 volumes Design

A)A) TargetTarget (R1

=0.5m; h1

=1.3m)•

Acrylic vessel + lqd scintillator(+Gd)

B)B) GammaGamma--CatcherCatcher (R2

=0.8m h2

=1.9m)•

Acrylic vessel + lqd scintillator

C)C) BuffeBuffer (R3

=1.4m; h3

=3.10m)•

Steel vessel + mineral oil

D)D) Vertical Tiles of Veto SystemVertical Tiles of Veto System

E)E) XX--Y Horizontal Tiles of Veto SystemY Horizontal Tiles of Veto System•

Plastic scintillator paddlesabove and under the external steel cylinder: muon tracking through the detector

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SILAFAE-2009

Expected

Signal

& Background

Distance

(m) Signal(day-1)60 127070 93380 71490 564100 457

Depth

(mwe) Muons

(Hz)20 75530 45040 35050 24580 110

Cylindrical

Detector dimensionsR3

= 1.40m; H=3.10m target=1ton

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SILAFAE-2009

Other detector geometries

alvo gama catcher buffer PMT

(a)

(b) (c)

Simulations

to decide the

best

configuration: minimum

size

+ good

energy

resolution

4.5 x 4.5 x 4.5 m^3

2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 m^3

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SILAFAE-2009

Underground laboratory: 2 designs to ELETRONUCLEAR

H

P

P

d

M1

M2

M3

H

P

d

M1

h1h2h1

M2

M3h3

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SILAFAE-2009

FINEP -

Funding

Agency Present

Status

Project presented to the Minister of Science and Technology in September 2006, who then gave the “GO AHEAD”

Detailed project presented to funding agency FINEP in December 2006

Project Neutrinos Angra approved by FINEP Board of Directors in March 05, 2007 ~ 0.5 ~ 0.5 millionmillion dollarsdollars

Contract FINEP-CBPF finally signed in November 06, 2007

Funds available (1st installment) December 2007

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SILAFAE-2009

Reactor

Management Company Eletronuclear: present

status

Meeting September 05, 2006 with EletronuclearPresident to define cooperation agreement and nextsteps.

Eletronuclear-CBPF-UNICAMP draft Agreementsubmitted in March 2007

Agreement presently being analyzed byElectronuclear lawyers

Informal authorization to place container next to thereactor building to start background measurements.

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conteiner: 1st laboratory in Angra23/09/2008

NEUTRINOS ANGRA Project

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SILAFAE-2009

Phase

I: Setup infrastructure

at the

Angra site:

-

Measurement

of

local muon

flux: Cerenkov detector

(Auger

test

tank)

-

Remote

data acquisitio5 IP’s in Eletronuclearnetwork

- 20’

container near

reactor

building

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SILAFAE-2009

Cerenkov

muon

detector: Remote

DAQ system working

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New

detector design at

surface

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New

detector design at

surface

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SILAFAE-2009

R&D Phase

I: Setup infrastructure

at

CBPF & UNICAMP:

Started

testing

of

components

at

CBPF and

UNICAMP:

-

Central detector:

test

8”

phototubes-

Muon

veto:

test

64-channel

PMT’s

-

DAQ: design VME electronics- High Voltage: design power

supply

-

Radioactivity

background:

test

local material--

Network communications:

build infrastructure

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SILAFAE-2009

R&D Phase

I: Radioactivity

Background

(rock & sand)

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,00,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

coun

ting

rate

(Hz)

energy (MeV)

rock sand

No relevantcontent

was

found

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SILAFAE-2009 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

0

50

100

150

200

250

PMT+LED (single photoelectron)HV 1230V - 14000 eventos

Con

tage

m

Amplitude (mV)

-

Hamamatsu

R5912

(8”)

Low amplitude, wide band ⇒ needs preamplifierSampling with ADC 100MHz ⇒ needs shaping circuit

Tipical Signal, 100MHz digital osciloscoperise time ≈15ns, duration ≈30ns (FWHM)

R&D

Phase

I

at

CBPF: Photomultiplier

characterization

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SILAFAE-2009

Phase

I: Electronics

& DAQ

Input Buffer

Amplifier&

ShaperComparator

Line Driver

To ADC

To Trigger

• Front-end

electronicsinput buffer + amplifier/shaper

To ADC: + line driver

To Trigger system: + comparator

•Data Acquisition

(DAQ)VME-based

off-the-shelf high-performance devices (ADCs, FPGAs, FIFOs)

two sub-systems: neutrino signal / VETO

Neutrino: ∼ 120 input channels sampled at 250Msps / 10-bit resolution

VETO: ∼ 110 LVDS signals to a large/fast FPGA (Stratix II)

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SILAFAE-2009

MuonMuon

ElectronicsElectronics

for for thethe

Central Detector:Central Detector:

João

C. Anjos, Ademarlaudo

F. Barbosa, Ernesto Kemp*, Herman P. Lima Jr.,

Centro Brasileiro

de Pesquisas

Físicas-

CBPF•Universidade

Estadual

de Campinas –

UNICAMP

Double Double ChoozChooz

CollaborationCollaboration

MeetingMeetingMadrid 7Madrid 7--10, 10, MarchMarch

20072007

Brazilian

contribution

to the Double Chooz

experiment:

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SILAFAE-2009

Double Chooz Collaboration

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SILAFAE-2009

• 1 analog

input channel

(ADC)• sample

rate = 125 MHz• dynamic

range = 1.2 Vpp

•

8 time-measurement

channels

(TDC)• time resolution

= 81 ps• dynamic

range = 9.8 μs

• 10 input/output digital channels

• USB 1.1 compliant

(~1 MB/s)

• programmable

hardware (FPGA)

3 prototypes fully assembled

Phase

I: R&D at

CBPF: waveform

digitizer

prototype

20/01/09

SILAFAE-2009

Muon electronics conceptual diagram:

Madrid, 7-10 Mar 2007 Double-Chooz Collaboration Meeting

Front-end electronics

VME bus

PMT

ADC125 MHz

trigger

logiccontrol

and

status registers

data builder

TDC81 ps

28 bitsstop

start*

time encoding

FPGAs

* trigger

pulse from

previous

event

leading-

edge

discriminat

or

control dataaddr

signal

conditioni

ng

10 bits

FIFO

DC level-1trigger

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SILAFAE-2009

Prototype tests

Double Chooz

Collaboration

Meeting 26-28 June

2008Herman

Lima Jr

ADC tests

TDC testsSTART-STOPmeasured (ns)

START-STOPapplied

(ns)

computed

resolution

= 82.3 ps

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SILAFAE-2009

TDC results

• setup:-

testing

only

channel

1 of

the

TDC-

START&STOP

pulses generatedby

a dual-channel

generator(AFG-3252 -

Tektronix)

• errors

due

to skew

between

channelsnot

taken

into

account

• statistics: 76200 measurements

per time difference

• first

input configuration

is 5.4ns

dueto TDC lower-limit

specification

• maximum error = 1.52%(deviation

from

mean)

Linearity

in the

lowest

1ns range (steps

of

100ps)

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SILAFAE-2009

TDC results

Resolution

in the

lowest

1ns range

70ps resolution 182ps resolution

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TDC results

Linearity

in the

10ns-100ns range (steps

of

10ns)

• setup:-

testing

only

channel

1 of

the

TDC-

START& STOP pulses generatedby

a dual-channel

generator(AFG-3252 -

Tektronix)

• errors

due

to skew

between

channelsnot

taken

into

account

• statistics: 76200 measurements

per time difference

• maximum error = 2.91%(deviation

from

mean)

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SILAFAE-2009

DAQ VMEDAQ VME• VME 6U standard

• per module:

8 analog channels @ 125 MHz or

(4 analog

channels

@ 250 MHz)

buffer per channel = 64k X 32-bit words

8 time-measurement channels (TDC)

• 2 firmware versions (8 or

4 channels)

• control

and

status registers

•

CAN communication circuit

with

μC for read/write

operations

in all

on-board

registers

(slow

control)

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SILAFAE-2009

Phase

I: R&D at

CBPF: Outer

muon

veto tests

-

64-channel

photomultipliers

Hamamatsu

R8520

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SILAFAE-2009

Phase

I: R&D at

CBPF: Outer

Muon

Veto tests

-

Muon

telescope: 4 planes ( Minos

type

scintillator) built at Argonne (D. Reyna)

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Phase

II (2009 –

2010):

Preparation of the laboratory and Shielding.

Construction of detector and muon veto.

Deployment of detector parts, integrationand commissioning.

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Conclusions

Previous experiments demonstrate a good capability of using antineutrinos for nuclear reactor distant monitoring.

High precision thermal power and fuel composition measurement can be achieved.

Good opportunity to develop experimental neutrino physics in Brazil and to contribute to new safeguards techniques.

Short baseline Neutrino Oscillations : Collaboration

with

Double Chooz

High

precision

experiment

for theta13 around

2013?

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SILAFAE-2009

Good opportunity for Latin American Collaboration!

Thanks !

ANGRA III “preview”

janjos@cbpf.br

20/01/09

SILAFAE-2009

20/01/09

SILAFAE-2009

Diablo Canyon

Braidwood

Angra

PenlyChoozCruas

Krasnoyarsk

Taiwan

Kashiwasaki

Un complexe de réacteurs2 cavités @500 m & ~1-2 km

Daya

bay

2002-2004

2002-2006:

Looking

for sites

Angra

Double Chooz

Daya

bay

1st

generation: sin2(2θ13

)~0.02-0.03

2nd

generation: sin2(2θ13

) 0.01

Reno

2007

2007:

Remaining

proposals

…

20/01/09

SILAFAE-2009

Double Chooz Collaboration

20/01/09

SILAFAE-2009

The Double Chooz Goals

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SILAFAE-2009

P(ν e→

ν e) =

1-s

in2 (

2θ13

)sin

2 (Δ

m2 31

L/4E

)The -

new -

concept

Nea

r det

ecto

r

Far d

etec

tor

Nuclear power station2 cores: 4.27 GWth

Near detector Far detector

~250 m 1050 m

νe νe,μ,τ

Électron antineutrinosflux : 1021

νe

/s

Clean measurementof

θ13

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SILAFAE-2009

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