Angie A.

Owais A.

Caleb S.

Dustin C.

Pavlo D.

Long molecules containing similar building blocks linked together by covalent bonds.

Monomers: The subunits that serves as the building blocks of polymers.Created by a condensation, or dehydration,

reaction. Prefix: Poly means many so polymers mean

many monomers.

Condensation reaction (Dehydration Synthesis): A covalent bond is formed between two molecules when a water molecule is lost.

Hydrolysis: Molecules spilt with the addition of water molecules. (opposite of condensation reaction.)

Glycosidic Linkage: The covalent bond between two monosaccharides formed by a dehydration reaction. These links are usually formed between carbon-1 and carbon-4

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sugar and their polymers Composed of carbon and water.Three main types:

MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides

Simplest carbohydrates formed by single or simple sugars.

The molecular formula consists mostly of CH2O molecules and variants.Variants: If carbon is double, so are all other

elements: CH2O → C2H4O2Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common

monosaccharide.

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm

Two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic linkage to form double sugars.Glycosidic linkage: The removal of a water

molecule forms a covalent bond.Most common types of disaccharides:

Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose.Maltose (Malt Sugar): Two glucose moleculesSucrose (Table Sugar): Glucose and fructose

moleculesLactose (Milk Sugar): Glucose and galactose

molecules (Isomers)

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm

What chemical mechanism is

used?C12H22O11

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm

What chemical mechanism is

used?

C12H22O11

What chemical mechanism is

used?

http://www.wlass.user.icpnet.pl/sucrose.gif

C12H22O11

StarchPolymer consisting of only glucose monomers.Most monomers are joined by 1-4 linkages (#1

carbon, which starts with the hydroxyl group, to #4 carbon)

Amylose: The simplest form of starchAmylopectin: A more complex form with 1-6

linkages. Glycogen

A polymer of glucose that is extensively branched.

More complex than amylopectin.

CelluloseA polymer of glucose with different glycosidic

linkages because of the two slightly different ring structures.

Glucose monomers are all in the β-configuration, turning every other glucose monomer upside down.

ChitinSimilar to cellulose except it has nitrogen.

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the body.

When digested carbohydrates turn into sugars and travel into your blood stream, where cells take in sugar.

Monosaccharides, especially glucose, provide cells with much needed nutrition.

Glucose is the major cellular fuel.During cellular respiration, the production of

ATP when oxygen is taken in, cells take the energy kept in glucose molecules.

Main function: Store and provide sugar for cells.

Other polysaccharides protect cells or entire organisms.

Starch, stored energy, provides plants with an abundance of glucose.

Cellulose helps strengthen the cell’s walls within a plant and smoothens the digestive tract food takes in our bodies.

Chitin is used in building the exoskeleton of many organisms (spiders).

Consuming too much carbohydrates can cause serious effects to the human body including:

Diabetes, which is too much sugar in the blood.Obesity, carbohydrates that are not used turn

into fat.High Cholesterol, which in turn can lead to a

heart attack or blocked arties. But if not enough carbohydrates are consumed,

organism can become sick from malnutrition.

Foods filled with carbs.

Exoskeleton

Sugar in blood

http://health-club.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Carbohydrate-food.jpg

http://www.backyardnature.net/pix/ecdysis.jpg http://server2.myebiz.com/johnnymurray/library/blood_sugar_2.jpg

First Slide http://dietsindetails.com/userfiles/carbs.jpg http://getfitnesstogether.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/glucose-

molecule4.gif

References: Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. AP Biology. 7th ed. San

Francisco: Pearson, 2005. 69-74. Pearson, Owen. "What Are the Consequences of Eating Too Many

Carbohydrates?." LIVESTRONG. N.p., 31 Oct. 2010. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/293219-what-are-the-consequences-of-eating-too-many-carbohydrates/>.

Carter, Stein J. Carbohydrates. N.p., 1996. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. <http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/carbohydrates.htm>.

http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104