Android Application Development

Akanksha Singh ( 1236310005 )

Deveki Nandan Shukla ( 1236310027 )

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

What actually ANDROID is ??

Android architecture,

Android versions,

Features of android,

Software development,

Components,

Advantages & Disadvantages,

Special about android,

Conclusion,

References

What is ANDROID ??

Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV) to develop, in Rubin's words,

“Smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences“.

In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million.

At Google, the team led by Rubin continued their work.

On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, unveiled itself.

That day, Android was unveiled as its first product, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.25.

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.

It is based on the Linux operating system.

What is Open Handset Alliance ??

On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.

Develop technologies that will significantly lower the cost of developing and distributing mobile devices and services.

Architecture of Android

Dalvik Virtual Machine

Dalvik Virtual Machine is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially designed and optimized for Android.

The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management and multi-threading, which is intrinsic in the Java language.

Android Versions

Alpha

There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released in November 2007.

various releases code-named "Astro Boy", "Bender" and "R2-D2“.

Beta

The beta was released on November 5, 2007, while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.

The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's "birthday".

Android 1.0 (API level 1)

Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on September 23, 2008.

The first commercially available Android device was the HTC Dream.

Android marketWeb browserCamera supportGmailGoogle contactGoogle calendar

Google maps with street view & GPSGoogle syncGoogle searchGoogle talkInstant messaging

Text messagingMedia playerYoutubeWifi and Bluetooth with hotspot

Android 1.0 incorporated the following features:

Android 1.1 (API level 2)

On February 9, 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only.

Android 1.1 was known as "Petit Four" internally, though this name was not used officially.

The update resolved bugs, changed the Android API and added a number of features:

Details and reviews available when a user searches for businesses on Maps

Longer in-call screen timeout default when using the speakerphone, plus ability to show/hide dial pad

Ability to save attachments in messages

Support added for marquee in system layouts

Android 1.5 Cupcake (API level 3)

On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.

The update included several new features and UI amendments:

Copy and paste features in web browser.

Animated screen transitions

Auto-rotation option

New stock boot animation

Ability to upload videos to YouTube

Ability to upload photos to Picasa

Support for Widgets

Android 1.6 Donut (API level 4)

On September 15, 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.

Included in the update were numerous new features:

Gallery, camera and camcorder more fully integrated, with faster camera access.

Support for WVGA screen resolutions.

Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a string of text.

Android 2.0, 2.0.1, & 2.1 Éclair (API level 5,6,& 7)

On October 26, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK – codenamed Éclair – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.

Changes included:

Expanded Account sync.

MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events

Addition of live wallpapers

Bluetooth 2.1 support

Improved Google Maps 3.1.2

Android 2.2, 2.2.3 Froyo (API level 8)

On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.

Changes included:

Speed, memory, and performance optimizations

Adobe Flash support

Gallery allows users to view picture stacks using a zoom gesture

Support for installing applications to the expandable memory

Android 2.3-2.3.2,& 2.3.3-2.3.7 Gingerbread (API level 9 & 10)

On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.

Changes included:

Google Wallet support

Support for voice or video chat using Google Talk

Improved Gmail application

Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions

Support for Near Field Communication (NFC)

New Download Manager.

Android 3.0,3.1,& 3.2-3.2.6 Honeycomb (API level 11,12,& 13)

On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.

The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.

The update's features included:

Resizable Home screen widgets

Hardware acceleration

Simplified, more intuitive copy/paste interface

Optimized tablet support with a new “holographic” user interface

Connectivity for USB accessories

Android 4.0-4.0.2,& 4.0.3-4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich (API level 14,& 15)

The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1, was publicly released on October 19, 2011.

The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011. Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe System’s Flash player.

The update introduced numerous new features:

Integrated screenshot capture

Improvements to graphics, databases, spell-checking and Bluetooth functionality

Smoother screen rotation

facial recognition software

Built-in photo editor

Improved camera application

Android 4.2-4.2.2 & 4.3-4.3.1 Jelly Bean(API level 17 & 18)Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27, 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface.

Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface.

4K resolution support

Geofencing

Wi-Fi scanning APIs - Background Wi-Fi location still runs even when Wi-Fi is turned off.

Audio chaining (also known as gapless playback)

Android 4.4-4.4.4 & 4.4W-4.4W.2 KitKat (API level 19 & 20)

Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under the "Key Lime Pie" ("KLP") codename, the name was changed because "very few people actually know the taste of a key lime pie.

Optimizations for performance on devices with lower specifications, including zRAM support and "low RAM" device API.

WebViews now based on Chromium engine .

Wi-Fi and mobile data activity (TX/RX) indicators are moved to quick settings.

New framework for UI transitions

Initial release of Android Wear platform for smartwatches:

The same as Android 4.4 "KitKat", but with wearable extensions added.

Android 5.0-5.0.2 & 5.1-5.1.1 Lollipop(API level 21 & 22)Android 5.0 "Lollipop" was unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014, during Google I/O.

Vector drawables, which scale without losing definition

Support for print previews

Material design, bringing a restyled user interface.

Device protection: if a device is lost or stolen it will remain locked until the owner signs into their Google account, even if the device is reset to factory settings.

High-definition voice calls, available between compatible devices running Android 5.1

Android 6 Marshmallow ( API level 23 )

Android 6.0 "Marshmallow" is an update to the Android mobile operating system, Preview released on 19th August 2015.

Native support for fingerprint recognition

New power management scheme

Marshmallow will primarily focus on incremental improvements and other feature additions

Features of Android

Beautiful UI

Connectivity

Storage

Media support

Messaging

Web browser

Multi-touch

Multi-tasking

Resizeable widgets

Multi-Language

Wi-fi direct

Backward compatibility

Technologies & Knowledge Requirement

Java

Xml

MySql

Sqlite

Php

Json

Image Creation

File handling

Application components

Activity

Services

Broadcast/Intent receivers

Content providers

Activity Lifecycle

Service life cycle

Environment setup

Anatomy

Special about android.

While some of its features have appeared before, android is the first environment that combines:

A truly open, free development platform based on linux and open source.

A component-based architecture inspired by internet mashups

Automatic management of the application cycle

Android is optimized for low-power

High quality graphics and sound.

Advantages

Open,

All application are equal,

Breaking down limitation and boundaries,

Fast and easy development.

Disadvantages

Security

Open source

Login

Incompetence

Problem faced by Android.

Various proxy wars have been waged against Android indirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market.

On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language.

Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion.

Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik.

Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.

Both Apple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement

In October 2011, Microsoft said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device manufacturers,

These include Samsung and HTC.

Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft includes an agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketing phones running Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system.

Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States,

Accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services.

In 2011–12, Google purchased Motorola Mobility for US$12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola Mobility held more than 17,000 patents.

In December 2011, Google bought over a thousand patents from IBM.

Conclusion and future scope

The Android operating system has seen applications on

Laptops and netbooks, smartbooks,

smart TVs (Android TV, Google TV),

cameras (E.g. Galaxy Camera),

smart glasses (Google Glass),

smartwatches, headphones,

car CD and DVD players, portable media players,

Voice over IP phones.

Ouya, a video game console running Android, became one of the most successful Kickstarter campaigns, crowdfunding US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based consoles, such as Nvidia's Shield Portable – an Android device in a video game controller form factor.[

The first android based official device was launched sometime in the early half of 2008. Obviously, that’s an age away when it comes to handset design, and android have already found itself competing against the Nokia(Microsoft) touchscreen phones and maybe even the iphones.

References

google.com

developers.android.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.youtube.com

www.stackoverflow.com

Any queries ??

Thank you