Andriod Progemming All in One

8/12/2019 Andriod Progemming All in One

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Android (operating system)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Android

Android 4.4.2 home screen

Company

/developer

oogle

!pen "andset Alliance

Written in C (core),C##,$ava (%&)'

!* family %ni+like

Working state C-rrent

*o-rce model !pen so-rce'2 and in most

devices ith

proprietarycomponents'

&nitial release *eptem0er 2, 211'4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-philosophy-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars-irongrip-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-philosophy-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars-irongrip-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-4


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3atest release 4.4.4 itat/ $-ne 5, 2146 2

days ago'7

3atest previe Android 3 developer previe /

$-ne 28, 2146 2 days ago'8 '9

:arketing target *martphones

;a0let comp-ters

Availa0le in :-ltiling-al (48 lang-ages)

*@'2

@efa-lt-ser

interface

raphical(:-ltito-ch)

3icense Apache 3icense2.1

:odified 3in-+ kernel -nder

?%


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0illion active monthly Android -sers (that have 0een active for 1

days), -p from 7 million in $-ne 21.'21

Androids so-rce code is released 0y oogle -nder open so-rce

licenses, altho-gh most Android devices -ltimately ship ith a

com0ination of open so-rce and proprietary softare.' &nitially

developed 0y Android, &nc., hich oogle 0acked financially and later

0o-ght in 2117,'2 Android as -nveiled in 2119 along ith the

fo-nding of the !pen "andset AllianceGa consorti-m ofhardare,

softare, and telecomm-nication companies devoted to advancing

open standardsfor mo0ile devices.'22

Android is pop-lar ith technology companies hich reH-ire a ready

made, locost and c-stomia0le operating system for hightech

devices.'2Androids open nat-re has enco-raged a large comm-nity

of developers and enth-siasts to -se the openso-rce code as a

fo-ndation for comm-nitydriven proects, hich add ne feat-res for

advanced -sers'24or 0ring Android to devices hich ere officially

released r-nning other operating systems. ;he operating systems

s-ccess has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the socalled

Ismartphone arsI 0eteen technology companies.'27'28

Contents

"istory

2 Feat-res

2. &nterface

2.2 Applications

2. :emory management

"ardare

4 @evelopment

4. %pdate sched-le

4.2 3in-+ kernel

4. *oftare stack

4.4 !penso-rce comm-nity

7 *ec-rity and privacy

8 3icensing

8. 3everage over man-fact-rers

9 =eception
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars-irongrip-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-AndroidInc-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-AndroidInc-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-AndroidAnnouncement-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-AndroidAnnouncement-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-techhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars5th-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars5th-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-apolroms-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-cnet2011-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-cnet2011-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-tomsguide-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Memory_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Update_schedulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Software_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Open-source_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Security_and_privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Licensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Leverage_over_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Receptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars-irongrip-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-AndroidInc-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-AndroidAnnouncement-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-techhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars5th-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-apolroms-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-cnet2011-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-tomsguide-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Memory_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Update_schedulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Software_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Open-source_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Security_and_privacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Licensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Leverage_over_manufacturershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#Reception


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9. ;a0lets

9.2 :arket share

9.


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resem0lance to a >lack>erryphone, ith no to-chscreen, and a

physical, MWJ=;Nkey0oard, 0-t as later reengineered to s-pport a

to-chscreen, to compete ith other anno-nced devices s-ch as the

21183


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From 211 to 21, "-go >arra served as prod-ct spokesperson for

the Android team, representing Android at 0oth press conferences and

oogle &/!, oogleOs ann-al developerfoc-sed conference. >arraOs

prod-ct involvement incl-ded the entire Android ecosystem of

softare and hardare, incl-ding "oneycom0, &ce Cream *andich,$elly >ean and itat operating system la-nches, the ?e+-s 4 and

?e+-s 7smartphones, the?e+-s 9'49and?e+-s 1ta0lets,'4and

other related prod-cts s-ch as oogle ?o'45 and oogle Boice

*earch, oogleOs speech recognition prod-ct compara0le to AppleOs

*iri.'45&n 21 >arra left the Android team for Chinese smartphone

makerPiaomi.'71

Feat-res

*ee alsoK 3ist of feat-res in Android

&nterface

?otifications are accessed 0y sliding from the top of the display6

individ-al notifications can 0e dismissed 0y sliding them aay, and

may contain additional f-nctions (s-ch as on the Imissed callI

notification seen here).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Barrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/Ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/Ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KitKat_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-Wired-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-Wired-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-Wired-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_in_Androidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Barrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/Ohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KitKat_(operating_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-Wired-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice_Searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-Wired-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android


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Androids defa-lt -ser interface is 0ased on direct manip-lation,'7

-sing to-ch inp-ts, that loosely correspond to realorld actions, like

siping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manip-late on

screen o0ects, and a virt-al key0oard.'7;he response to -ser inp-t is

designed to 0e immediate and provides a fl-id to-ch interface, often-sing the vi0ration capa0ilities of the device to provide haptic

feed0ack to the -ser. &nternal hardare s-ch as accelerometers,

gyroscopesandpro+imity sensors'72are -sed 0y some applications to

respond to additional -ser actions, for e+ample ad-sting the screen

from portrait to landscape depending on ho the device is oriented, or

alloing the -ser to steer a vehicle in a racing game 0y rotating the

device, sim-lating control of a steering heel.'7

Android devices 0oot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and

information point on the device, hich is similar to thedesktopfo-ndon


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the -ser interface.'81

Applications

*ee alsoK Android softare developmentand oogle


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*ince Android devices are -s-ally 0atterypoered, Android is

designed to manage memory (=A:) to keep poer cons-mption at a

minim-m, in contrast to desktop operating systems hich generally

ass-me they are connected to -nlimited mains electricity. When an

Android app is no longer in -se, the system ill a-tomatically s-spendit in memory D hile the app is still technically IopenI, s-spended

apps cons-me no reso-rces (for e+ample, 0attery poer or processing

poer) and sit idly in the 0ackgro-nd -ntil needed again. ;his has the

d-al 0enefit of increasing the general responsiveness of Android

devices, since applications do not need to 0e closed and reopened from

scratch each time, and also ens-ring that 0ackgro-nd applications do

not cons-me poer needlessly.'9'94

Android manages the apps stored in memory a-tomaticallyK hen

memory is lo, the system ill 0egin killing apps and processes thathave 0een inactive for a hile, in reverse order since they ere last

-sed (oldest first). ;his process is designed to 0e invisi0le to the -ser,

s-ch that -sers do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps

themselves.'97'98 "oever, conf-sion over Android memory

management has res-lted in thirdparty task killers 0ecoming pop-lar

on oogle of =A:'1(ith 41 :> as a reH-irement'), and reH-ire

a 20it A=:v9, :&l-e*tacks'4'7or Andy.'8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-phonedogtask-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-phandroidtask-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Playhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-lifehackertask-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-lifehackertask-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_hardware_requirementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMv7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-freescale1-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMv7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_EShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_EShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-android-opengl-2.0-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-android-opengl-2.0-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_SDKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_SDKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueStackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-phonedogtask-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-phandroidtask-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Playhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-lifehackertask-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_hardware_requirementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMv7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-freescale1-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARMv7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL_EShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-android-opengl-2.0-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-android-opengl-2.0-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_SDKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueStackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-86


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Android devices incorporate many optional hardare components,

incl-ding still or video cameras,


11/46

every si+ to nine months, hich most devices are capa0le of receiving

over the air.'5;he latest maor release is Android 4.4 IitatI.'7

Compared to its chief rival mo0ile operating system, namely i!*,

Android -pdates are typically slo to reach act-al devices. For devices

not -nder the?e+-s0rand, -pdates often arrive months from the time

the given version is officially released.'52 ;his is partly d-e to the

e+tensive variation in hardare of Android devices, to hich each

-pgrade m-st 0e specifically tailored, as the official oogle so-rce

code only r-ns on their flagship ?e+-s devices.


12/46

changes, foc-sing more on minor changes and platform improvements.

' '5

3in-+ kernel

Android consists of a kernel 0ased on the 3in-+ kernel longterm

s-pport (3;*)0ranch. As of $an-ary 214, c-rrent Android versions

are 0-ilt -pon 3in-+ kernel .4 or neer,'55'110-t the specific

kernel version n-m0er depends on the act-al Android device and

chipset.'1'12'1Android has -sed vario-s kernels since its first

2.8.27.'41

Androids 3in-+ kernel has f-rther architect-ral changes that are

implemented 0y oogle o-tside the typical 3in-+ kernel development

cycle, s-ch as the incl-sion of components like >inder, ashmem,

pmem, logger, akelocks, and different o-tofmemory (!!:)

handling.'14'17'18 Certain feat-res that oogle contri0-ted

0ack to the 3in-+ kernel, nota0ly a poer management feat-re called

IakelocksI, ere reected 0y mainline kernel developers partly

0eca-se they felt that oogle did not sho any intent to maintain its

on code.'19'1'15oogle anno-nced in April 211 that they

o-ld hire to employees to ork ith the 3in-+ kernel comm-nity,

'10-t reg roah"artman, the c-rrent 3in-+ kernel maintainer

for the sta0le 0ranch, said in @ecem0er 211 that he as concerned

that oogle as no longer trying to get their code changes incl-ded in

mainstream 3in-+.'1*ome oogle Android developers hinted thatIthe Android team as getting fed -p ith the process,I 0eca-se they

ere a small team and had more -rgent ork to do on Android.'

&n A-g-st 21, 3in-s ;orvalds said that Ievent-ally Android and

3in-+ o-ld come 0ack to a common kernel, 0-t it ill pro0a0ly not

0e for fo-r to five yearsI.'2 &n @ecem0er 21, reg roah

"artman anno-nced the start of Android :ainlining


13/46


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Androids standard C li0rary, >ionic, as developed 0y oogle

specifically for Android, as a derivation of the >*@s standard C

li0rary code. >ionic has several maor feat-res specific to the 3in-+

kernel, and its development contin-es independently of other Androids

so-rce code 0ases. ;he main 0enefits of -sing >ionic instead of the?% C 3i0rary (gli0c) or -Cli0care its different licensing model,

smaller r-ntime footprint, and optimiation for lofreH-ency C


15/46

softare has gron more pop-lar, and folloing a statement 0y the

3i0rarian of Congress in the %nited *tates that permits the

Iail0reakingI of mo0ile devices,'7man-fact-rers and carriers have

softened their position regarding third party development, ith some,

incl-ding ";C,'4 :otorola,'8 *ams-ng'9' and *ony,'5providing s-pport and enco-raging development. As a res-lt of

this, over time the need to circ-mvent hardare restrictionsto install

-nofficial firmare has lessened as an increasing n-m0er of devices

are shipped ith -nlocked or -nlocka0le0ootloaders, similar to?e+-s

series of phones, altho-gh -s-ally reH-iring that -sers aive their

devices arranties to do so.'4"oever, despite man-fact-rer

acceptance, some carriers in the %* still reH-ire that phones are locked

don, fr-strating developers and c-stomers.'41'41

*ec-rity and privacy

*ee alsoK :o0ile sec-rity

efore installing an application,


16/46

permissions, the -ser can choose to accept or ref-se them, installing

the application only if they accept.'4 ;he sand0o+ing and

permissions system lessens the impact of v-lnera0ilities and 0-gs in

applications, 0-t developer conf-sion and limited doc-mentation has

res-lted in applications ro-tinely reH-esting -nnecessary permissions,red-cing its effectiveness.'42oogle has no p-shed an -pdate to

Android Berify Apps feat-re, hich ill no r-n in 0ackgro-nd to

detect malicio-s processes and crack them don.'4

;he IApp !psI privacy and application permissions control system,

-sed for internal development and testing 0y oogle, as introd-ced

in oogles Android 4. release for the ?e+-s devices. &nitially hidden,

the feat-re as discovered p-0licly6 it alloed -sers to install a

management application and approve or deny permission reH-ests

individ-ally for each of the applications installed on a device.'44Access to the App !ps as later restricted 0y oogle starting ith

Android 4.4.2 ith an e+planation that the feat-re as accidentally

ena0led and not intended for end-sers6 for s-ch a decision oogle

received criticism from the Jlectronic Frontier Fo-ndation.'47'48

'49 &ndivid-al application permissions management, thro-gh the

App !ps or thirdparty tools, is c-rrently only posssi0le ith root

access to the device.'4'45

=esearch from sec-rity company ;rend :icro lists premi-m service

a0-se as the most common type of Android malare, here te+t

messages are sent from infected phones to premi-mrate telephone

n-m0ersitho-t the consent or even knoledge of the -ser.'71

!ther malare displays -nanted and intr-sive adverts on the device,

or sends personal information to -na-thorised third parties.'71

*ec-rity threats on Android are reportedly groing e+ponentially6

hoever, oogle engineers have arg-ed that the malare and vir-s

threat on Android is 0eing e+aggerated 0y sec-rity companies for

commercial reasons,'7'72and have acc-sed the sec-rity ind-stry

of playing on fears to sell vir-s protection softare to -sers. '7

oogle maintains that dangero-s malare is act-ally e+tremely rare,

'72and a s-rvey cond-cted 0y F*ec-re shoed that only 1.7E of

Android malare reported had come from the oogle


17/46

as ell, and an alert system hich notifies the -ser hen an app tries

to send a premi-mrate te+t message, 0locking the message -nless the

-ser e+plicitly a-thorises it.'78*everal sec-rity firms, s-ch as

3ooko-t :o0ile *ec-rity,'79AB ;echnologies,'7and :cAfee,

'75 have released antivir-s softare for Android devices. ;hissoftare is ineffective as sand0o+ing also applies to s-ch applications,

limiting their a0ility to scan the deeper system for threats.'81

Android smartphones have the a0ility to report the location of WiFi

access points, enco-ntered as phone -sers move aro-nd, to 0-ild

data0ases containing the physical locations of h-ndreds of millions of

s-ch access points. ;hese data0ases form electronic maps to locate

smartphones, alloing them to r-n apps likeFo-rsH-are, oogle

3atit-de, Face0ook irds, hich collect personal

information of their -sers for advertising and other commercial

reasons. C"M has, according to ;he -ardiana ikistyle g-ide of

different apps and advertising netorks, and the different data that can

0e siphoned from each.'913ater that eek, the Finnish Angry >irds

developer=ovioanno-nced that it as reconsidering its relationships
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-157http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-157http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-159http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-159http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-extremetech-160http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Placeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-161http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-162http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-163http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars-googleplayservices-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-verge-adm-164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-verge-adm-164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-165http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-165http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-166http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-167http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-168http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_mass_surveillance_disclosureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-spiegel20130907-169http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-spiegel20130907-169http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-angrybirdsatgchq-170http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovio_Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-157http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-159http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-extremetech-160http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Placeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-161http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-162http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-163http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-ars-googleplayservices-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-verge-adm-164http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-165http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-166http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-167http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-168http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_mass_surveillance_disclosureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-spiegel20130907-169http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)#cite_note-angrybirdsatgchq-170http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovio_Entertainment


18/46

ith its advertising platforms in the light of these revelations, and

called -pon the ider ind-stry to do the same.'9

;he doc-ments revealed a f-rther effort 0y the intelligence agencies to

intercept oogle :aps searches and H-eries s-0mitted from Android

and other smartphones to collect location information in 0-lk. '91

;he ?*A and C"M insist their activities are in compliance ith all

relevant domestic and international las, altho-gh the -ardian stated

Ithe latest disclos-res co-ld also add to mo-nting p-0lic concern a0o-t

ho the technology sector collects and -ses information, especially for

those o-tside the %*, ho enoy feer privacy protections than

Americans.I'91

3icensing

From left to rightK";C @ream (),?e+-s !ne,?e+-s *, ala+y

?e+-s

;he so-rce codefor Android is open so-rce6 it is developed in private

0y oogle, ith the so-rce code released p-0licly hen a ne version

of Android is released. oogle p-0lishes most of the code (incl-ding

netork and telephony stacks) -nder the noncopyleftApache 3icense

version 2.1. hich allos modification and redistri0-tion.'92'9

;he license does not grant rights to the IAndroidI trademark, so device

man-fact-rers and ireless carriers have to license it from oogle

-nder individ-al contracts. Associated 3in-+ kernel changes are

released -nder the copyleft ?% eneral


19/46

"oneycom0 as r-shed for prod-ction of the :otorola Poom,'97

and they did not ant third parties creating a Ireally 0ad -ser

e+perienceI 0y attempting to p-t onto smartphones a version of

Android intended for ta0lets.'98

While all of Android itself is open so-rce softare, most Android

devices ship ith a large amo-nt of proprietary softare, s-ch as

oogle :o0ile *ervices, hich incl-des apps s-ch as oogle


20/46

of Android and have recommended the -sage of alternatives s-ch as

=eplicant, 0eca-se drivers and firmare vital for the proper

f-nctioning of Android devices are -s-ally proprietary, and 0eca-se

oogle


21/46

Android+8r-nning on an A*%*Jee


22/46

devices 0y their oners and apps are freely availa0le from nonoogle

app stores and third party e0sites. ;hese have 0een cited as among

the main advantages of Android phones over others.'2'57

@espite Androids pop-larity, incl-ding an activation rate three times

that of i!*, there have 0een reports that oogle has not 0een a0le to

leverage their other prod-cts and e0 services s-ccessf-lly to t-rn

Android into the money maker that analysts had e+pected.'58 ;he

Berge s-ggested that oogle is losing control of Android d-e to the

e+tensive c-stomiation and proliferation of nonoogle apps and

servicesGAmaons indle Fire line -ses Fire !*, a heavily modified

fork of Android hich does not incl-de or s-pport any of oogles

proprietary components, and reH-ires that -sers o0tain softare from

its competing Amaon Appstoreinstead of


23/46

potential reard.'211

;a0lets

;hefirstgeneration ?e+-s 9ta0let

@espite its s-ccess on smartphones, initially Android ta0let adoption

as slo.'212 !ne of the main ca-ses as the chicken or the eggsit-ation here cons-mers ere hesitant to 0-y an Android ta0let d-e

to a lack of high H-ality ta0let apps, 0-t developers ere hesitant to

spend time and reso-rces developing ta0let apps -ntil there as a

significant market for them.'21'214 ;he content and app

IecosystemI proved more important than hardare specsas the selling

point for ta0lets. @-e to the lack of Android ta0letspecific apps in

21, early Android ta0lets had to make do ith e+isting smartphone

apps that ere ills-ited to larger screen sies, hereas the dominance

of Apples i


24/46

@espite app s-pport in its infancy, a considera0le n-m0er of Android

ta0lets (alongside those -sing other operating systems, s-ch as the "erry ook) ere r-shed o-t to market in an

attempt to capitalie on the s-ccess of the i


25/46

=esearch company Canalys estimated in the second H-arter of 2115

that Android had a 2.E share of orldide smartphone shipments.

'2 >y the fo-rth H-arter of 211 this had gron to E of the

market, 0ecoming the topselling smartphone platform,'22

overtaking *ym0ian.'2 >y the third H-arter of 21

artnerestimated that more than half (72.7E) of the smartphone sales0elonged to Android.'24>y the third H-arter of 212 Android had a

97E share of the glo0al smartphone market according to the research

firm &@C.'27

&n $-ly 21, oogle said that 771,111 ne Android devices ere

0eing activated every day,'28-p from 411,111 per day in :ay,'29

and more than 11 million devices had 0een activated '2ith 4.4E

groth per eek.'28 &n *eptem0er 212, 711 million devices had

0een activated ith . million activations per day.'25'221&n :ay

21, at oogle &/!, *-ndar


26/46

21, its devices also sell more than Windos, i!* and :ac !*

devices com0ined.'4'7'8'9 &n the third H-arter of 21,

Androids share of the glo0al smartphone shipment market as .E,

the highest ever.'227As of $-ly 21 the oogle


27/46

4.4 itat !cto0er ,

21

5 .8E

4. $elly >ean $-ly 24, 21 1.E

4.2.+ ?ovem0er ,212

9 5.E

4..+ $-ly 5, 212 8 25.1E

4.1.D4.1.4 &ce Cream

*andich

@ecem0er 8,

21

7 2.E

2..D2..9 inger0read Fe0r-ary 5,

21

1 4.5E

2.2 Froyo :ay 21, 211 1.E

?oteK ;he a0ove gives an inacc-rate distri0-tion of A


28/46

over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the $ava

programming lang-age.'28!racle originally so-ght damages -p to

L8. 0illion,'290-t this val-ation as reected 0y a %nited *tates

federal -dge ho asked !racle to revise the estimate.'2 &n

response, oogle s-0mitted m-ltiple lines of defense, co-nterclaimingthat Android did not infringe on !racles patents or copyright, that

!racles patents ere invalid, and several other defenses. ;hey said

that Android is 0ased on Apache "armony, a clean room

implementation of the $ava class li0raries, and an independently

developed virt-al machine called @alvik.'25&n :ay 212, the -ry

in this case fo-nd that oogle did not infringe on !racles patents, and

the trial -dge r-led that the str-ct-re of the $ava A


29/46

%se o-tside of smartphones and ta0lets

!-ya, avideo game consolehich r-ns Android, as one of the

most s-ccessf-l crodf-ndingcampaigns on the e0site

ickstarter.

;he open and c-stomia0le nat-re of Android allos it to 0e -sed on

other electronics aside from smartphones and ta0lets, incl-ding laptops

and net0ooks, smart0ooks,'245smart ;Bs(Android ;B, oogle ;B)

and cameras (J.g. ala+y Camera).'271 &n addition, the Android

operating system has seen applications on smart glasses (oogle

lass),smartatches,'27 headphones,'272 car C@ and @B@

players,'27mirrors,'274porta0le media players,'277landline'278

andBoice over &< phones.'279 !-ya,a video game console r-nning

Android, 0ecame one of the most s-ccessf-l ickstartercampaigns,

crodf-nding%*L.7m for its development,'27'275and as later

folloed 0y other Android0ased consoles, s-ch as ?vidias


30/46

0ased platform specifically intended for smartatches and other

eara0le devices6 only a developer previe as made p-0licly

availa0le.'28 ;his as folloed 0y the -nveiling of to Android

WearD0ased devices, the3 Watchand :oto 81.'285

!n $-ne 27, 214, at oogle &/!, it as anno-nced Android ;B, a

*mart ;Bplatform, is replacing the previo-sly released oogle ;B.

!n $-ne 28, 214, oogle anno-ncedAndroid A-tofor the car.

*ee also

oogle portal

Free softare portal

Android rooting

Android version history

Comparison of mo0ile operating systems

&nde+ of Android !* articles

3ist of


31/46

3icense, 2.1. ... Why Apache *oftare 3icenseV ... For -serspace (that is, nonkernel)

softare, e do in fact prefer A*32.1 (and similar licenses like >*@, :&;, etc.) over other

licenses s-ch as 3


32/46

>-sinesseek. >loom0erg. =etrieved ?ovem0er , 212.

2 U>lock, =yan (A-g-st 2, 2119). Ioogle is orking on a mo0ile !*, and its d-e o-t

shortlyI. Jngadget. =etrieved 212129.

U*harma, Amol6 @elaney, evin $. (A-g-st 2, 2119). Ioogle


33/46

7 U I=eal =acing 2 *peeds &nto ;he Android :arket D 3eaves


34/46

9 UWarman, :att ($-ne 9, 212). I!range *an @iego &ntel Android mo0ile phone revieI.

.telegraph.co.-k (3ondonK ;elegraph :edia ro-p 3imited). =etrieved $-ne 5, 21.

95 UIAndroid !* for i.:P Applications


35/46

214121.

1 U IAndroid 4.4.2 on a ala+y ?ote (screenshot)I . mo0ilesyr-p.com. 21412.

=etrieved 214121.

14 UAndroidology D


36/46

24 U a0ypasses $ava :J in Favor

of $ava 3ite and Apache "armonyI. &nfoM. =etrieved April 29, 214.

28 Ua0>-rnette, Jd ($-ne 4, 211). Irady dissects AndroidI.Q@?et.=etrievedApril 29, 214.

29 U;oom0s, Cody (?ovem0er 8, 21). I:eet A=;,


37/46

49 U=osen0latt, *eth (2125).IWhy Android ont 0e getting App !ps anytime soon

:o0ile C?J; ?esI. ?es.cnet.com. =etrieved 214125.

4 U$ohn Freml. I;ipK et App !ps 0ack on Android 4.4 itatI .


38/46

91 U a0c$ames >all.IAngry >irds and leaky phone apps targeted 0y ?*A and C"M for

-ser data World nesI. theg-ardian.com. =etrieved 2141212.

9 U$ames >all (21412). IAngry >irds firm calls for ind-stry to respond to ?*A spying

revelations World nesI. theg-ardian.com. =etrieved 2141212.

92 U >o-lton, Clint (!cto0er 2, 211). Ioogle !pen*o-rces Android on Jve of 3a-nchI.eWeek. =etrieved 212129.

9 U=yan i;ech D ;echnologyI . smh.com.a-. Fe0r-ary 2,

211. =etrieved 21215.

5 Ua0I*ym0ian, ?okia, :icrosoft and Apple donplay Android relevanceI . Jngadget.

=etrieved 21215.52 UI!n its fifth 0irthday, Android is Icloser to o-r act-al visionI for mo0ile s-premacyI .
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