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222 American Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,

ANDREW CRAIGIE AND THE SCIOTOASSOCIATES.

BY ARCHER B. HULBERT.

The American Antiquarian Society is fortunate inpossessing in its archives three large volumes containingthe correspondence of Andrew Craigie of New Yorkand Cambridge with a large circle of business acquaint-ances, especially during the first years of the life of theRepublic, 1787-1790. The most important of thesecorrespondents were William Duer, the speculatingfriend of Hamilton's, who may be called, in modernphraseology, the first American plunger, William Con-stable, Christopher Gore, Joel Barlow, Fisher Ames,Brissot de Warville, the French traveller and financier,and a score of less well-known men active in the financiallife of the country at this interesting period. These"Craigie Papers," as they are called, are the morevaluable because they constitute a very mine of infor-mation regarding the details which occupied the atten-tion of an alert investor and speculator in the early daysof our economic and financial history at the time whenHamilton was establishing the financial basis of ourNation. Possibly the correspondence of no other manof the period engaged actively on the market (not occu-pying official position) equally voluminous exists today.

Andrew Craigie was the typical speculator and rep-resents accurately the New England attitude toward theHamilton scheme of funding the national debt and thecreation of the powerful United States Bank. He hadthe shrewdness of the Yankee, all the versatility ofresource, all the far-sightedness and with this the ardent

1913.] Andrew Craigie and the Scioto Associates. 223

desire to be true to his friends and fair to all with whomhe dealt. You will remark that I said he had the"desire" to be true and fair; it is easy to criticize, espe-cially at a distance of a century and in matters of whichwe can at best have but a very imperfect knowledge.

The "Craigie Papers" contain very few letters to orfrom William Duer; living together in New York, theoffice of Duer was the scene of their relationship andCraigie was at home in the house and family of thefirst noted New York speculator. Their relationshipmust have begun soon after the close of the Revolution,for we find Craigie in the summer of. 1787 going to Lon-don as Duer's confidential agent to Daniel Parker. Hisletter of August, 1787 is more valuable in showing hisrelation with Duer than Parker's relations with Duer." I hope you have written to me," reads this letter,"fully respecting the several Objects of Speculation whichwe have so often conversed on. You and I have gonesome great lengths in giving each other proofs of Con-fidence and I do not believe either of us will ever haveoccasion to repent of it. I do not pretend however to beanswerable for the success of my conduct but only forthe principles which govern it, these being always con-sistent with the assurances I have made you will secureme your friendship whatever be the Event of our Oper-ations—but it is with great satisfaction I inform youthat every thing appears favorable to our views. Domy friend devote as much of your time as you canpossibly spare to the Objects we have in viewr—give meclearly the plans you have digested—and then blameme if from inattention they are not executed." Thisletter is of commanding interest because showing thelack of information Craigie had; it portrays very clearlythe kind of a man William Duer was and his secretivemethods even with intimate business acquaintances.

The "Craigie Papers" give us little knowledge con-cerning the Duer-Parker combination, but Craigie'sacquaintance with Parker resulted in the meeting inAmerica of Craigie and the French traveller and financier


Brissot, whose investments in American securities werefinanced by Craigie with abihty if not without greatdifficulty and anxiety. The papers relating to theBrissot investments in the United States LiquidatedDebt seem to hé between the American AntiquarianSociety archives and the New York Historical SocietyLibrary; some of the latter seem to have been takenfrom the Craigie letter books. As a specimen of specu-lation in the exciting days when the funding of our debtwas a great national question, these letters and mem-oranda are of great value and it is fortunate, in view ofthe fact that Duer died in jail, and Craigie and Flintboth failed and Brissot lost his head in the days ofguillotine activity in Paris, that these are not more scat-tered than they are.

Again, Craigie had important relations with RobertMorris and Phelps and Gorham concerning the purchaseof New York lands. It is unfortunate that only a fewof the "Craigie Papers" relate to these notable landspeculations; those which do are of priceless value.There are a mass of letters between Craigie and hisbrother-in-law Foster concerning the purchase andfurnishing of the now famous Craigie house in Cam-bridge, where the almost penniless speculator spenthis last years and from which, rumor still has it in Cam-bridge, he often dared not stir because of the lynx-eyedsheriff s careful watch. This interesting house hasbeen carefully described, evidently with these papersas the basis of investigation, in the American Antiqua-rian Society Proceedings for April, 1900.

About 1784 Craigie was. turning from the wholesaleapothecary trade to the general field of speculation.In the year following, for instance, he was sendinggunpowder tea to China and elsewhere and broadeninghis interests generally until by 1790 his account books,also fortunately preserved, show a multitudinous busi-ness connection and a con-espondence with upwards offifty persons, of which some six hundred letters stillexist. The bulk of this correspondence may be divided

1913.] Andrew Craigie and the Scioto Associates. , 225

into three classes: first, private business and familyletters; second, letters concerning speculations carriedon by the Trustees to the Proprietors of the Sciotolands; and third (really a sub-division of the second),letters relating to the French emigrants en route fromFrance to the Scioto lands.

I have elsewhere treated the general speculations ofthe Trustees in a paper entitled "The Methods andOperations of the Scioto Group of Speculators," fullyone-third of the facts being derived from the "Craigie .Papers." In the present paper I wish to point out thevalue of the Craigie letters concerning the Frenchemigrants; for although hundreds of articles, books andpamphlets have covered their unique story, a new seriesof concrete facts are to be found in the " Craigie Papers. "The national service which the American AntiquarianSociety offers to perform in historical fields is wellillustrated in the present instance, for a true history ofone of the unique phases of Ohio history can only bewritten within these walls.

One hundred and twenty-seven years ago last Jan-uary in a Worcester County farm house, that of GeneralRufus Putnam in Rutland, General Putnam and Gen-eral Benjamin Tupper issued a call for a meeting ofRevolutionary soldiers holding Continental certificatesto elect representatives who should meet and form anAssociation to purchase from the United States a greattract of land on the Ohio River. On March 1, i 786,the meeting of delegates took place at the Bunch ofGrapes Tavern in Boston, where on March 3, was formedthe Ohio Company of Associates. By July of the yearfollowing, the agents of this Association, notably theRev. Manasseh Cutler of Ipswich, secured both the con-tract for the purchase of western lands and an organiclaw, the Ordinance of 1787, to govern the region betweenthe Ohio and Mississippi rivers and the Great Lakes.This was a diplomatic feat of no small magnitude and itcould not have been accomplished without the aid ofthe shrewd New York speculator, William Duer. The


Associates could not agree to purchase more than amillion and a half acres at 66 3^ cents per acre. TheCommittee of Congress held that the policy to sell theceded western lands to pay the Revolutionary debtneeded the éclat of a more notable transaction than thesale of a paltry one-and-one-half million acres. Dueragreed, however, (provided the Associates would contractfor six million acres) to take the residue, four and one-half millions, as a speculation, paying for it at the samerate in six installments. Two contracts therefore weresigned by Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, onefor the lesser acreage on behalf of the Ohio Companyof Associates, and one on behalf of themselves and un-named associates for four and one-half million acres.

Thus there came into existence what has withoutauthority been called the Sciioto Company from the factthat the acreage called for in the option included richScioto Valley prairie lands. All that had existence infact was the option on the lands. The Trustees to the 'Proprietors of the Scioto Lands owed the long termsof payment secured to the high character and knownhonesty of the men who represented the Ohio Companyof Associates who signed the original contract and whopaid half a million dollars down, a quarter of which Duersupplied. These trustees were William Duer andcertain of his friends, notably, Andrew Craigie andRoyal Flint, also a Boston merchant living in New York.

Selling western lands to foreigners or securing foreignlabor to clear and till western land was a popular policy.From the time of William Penn the colonies and theeddying frontier had heard alien tongues; Washingtonseriously considered the importation of Palatines topeople his own western lands. The speculation enteredinto by Cutler and Sargent in co-operation with Duer,Flint and Craigie as the active partners, was originallyplanned as a colonization scheme; a European agencywas mentioned prior to the securing of the contract ofsale from Congress.^ The Scioto speculation was, of

1 Life of Uanatseh, Cuäer, I, ch. zii.


course, one of the schemes familiarly discussed betweenDuer and Craigie, and Parker participated not only inthe tricky plan of borrowing money abroad by givingtitle to unpaid-for-lands as security, but in securingemigrants. Flint first, then Joel Barlow, was suggestedas agent to Europe, and Barlow at length sailed in thespring of 1788. The leading facts of Barlow's experi-ences have been brought out by Belote, Todd, Sibleyand others; by dint of exceeding his instructions throughlack of proper advice from America, some six hundredFrench emigrants were crossing the Atlantic in thespring of 1790, arriving at Philadelphia, Alexandria,Va., and elsewhere, from March to May. Undoubtedlya quantity of false sjonpathy has been wasted on theseemigrants. It is probable that the Compagnie duScioto, formed in Paris, exaggerated the prospects ofemigrants to the Scioto region, but those who haveexamined the information have done so with the purposeof exposing exaggeration; the result being equal exagger-ation. For instance, few or no accounts spare patheticadjectives in commenting on the fact that the emigrantshad invested their earthly all in their adventure, where-as, we have absolute proof that little or no actual moneywas needed to purchase the land-claims which theyacquired.^

Barlow did not seem to grasp the idea that he rep-resented speculators who only desired to turn over theirmoney; Duer never for an instant had the notion of co-operating in good faith with the Ohio Company ofAssociates by developing his purchase. It is a verypretty illustration of the age to see on the one hand theplain Worcester County farmers composing the OhioAssociates go ahead and send their ox-teams across theAllegheny snows, fioat their boats on the ice-filled Ohio,found their city of Marietta and organize a governmenton the basis of their option on a million and a half acresand make a reasonable success of their venture, while,on the other hand, the New York speculator, not intend-

• Patriote Fronçait, Apr. 29, 1790.


ing to create a dollar of wealth, schemes his schemes likean 18th century Get-Rich-Quick-Wallingford and ñoun-ders about in the net of his selfish speculations untilthe prison cell and death complete his gigantic failure.

Barlow decided that if he could not sell the optionen bhc he had better make a lodgment of Frenchmenat any price on the lands in question. If the oppor-tunity offered that likelihood of success which its pro-motors prophesied, the result of the experiment wouldprove it instantly once and for all. If the six hundredemigrants were once settled happily on the Scioto soiland were satisfied, he estimated that their report toFrance would inaugurate an emigration the like of whichthe Old World had never seen—and he was right. Iam holding no brief for Joel Barlow, nor do I seek excuseor palliation for his eccentricities of a business natureor his misjudgment of men. But I do hold that hiscourse proves that he believed in the honesty andpracticability of the scheme of colonization which herepresented to the French people; he was willing tosubmit the whole project to a test; he was sure that ifthe test was met and resulted favorably there was. noend to the profit to be realized. You may think whatyou may of Barlow, but you cannot believe that heknew he was foisting a hoax on the French people andyet at the same time was willing to put the whole thingto the only real test possible, actual emigration. Norcan we hold the oft-repeated opinion that he was animpracticable visionary in dew of the proof that in onlyfour years after giving up the Scioto land scheme hemade and safely invested a fortune equivalent in ourday to more than three hundred thousand dollars. Atany rate the French six hundred sailed from Havre tomeet theb Balaklava in America.

I will not venture on the resiliency of your imaginationto ask you to consider William Duer's amazement tofind six hundred excitablei French men and women onhis hands, each carrying a deed to Scioto lands of whichDuer did not own a single inch. In his alarm, chagrin.


and amazement, he lost sight of the poetic Barlow'svision. In point of fact he had an opportunity such asis granted to few men. His contract with Congress wasinvaluable. Those Scioto lands were as rich as anyexaggerated account of them ever printed. Instead ofrising to his opportunity Uke a man of genius, Duer sankto the depths of pettifogging procrastination. Oddlyenough the story of this extraordinary episode is con-tained in good part in the "Craigie Papers," supple-mented by the "Gallipolis Papers" in the archives ofthe Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio.

Craigie's connection with the land speculation side ofthe operations of the Scioto Group and Barlow's missionwas very slight, although his participation on thegeneral speculation side had been active. He had goneinto "the concern," he wrote Parker, for the purpose ofstrengthening his "union with Duer."^ I find nothingrelating to Barlow or his mission in Craigie's corre-spondence until the expected arrival of the French inAmerica; he then wrote Barlow (in reply to a letterupbraiding him for failure to keep Barlow advised)typically denying any sense of responsibility in theaffair. But the arrival of the French brought amazingresponsibilities to the whole coterie of Scioto speculators.Why Craigie should suddenly have become so involvedin their affairs I am at a loss to explain; it may be heagreed to act the rôle of a foil for Duer; it is more likelythat the actual agents on the spot. Major Guion, Franksand Porter, found Craigie a more responsive and con-sciencious trustee than anyone else and acted accord-ingly. The choosing of this latter alternative does notnecessarily preclude the partial acceptance of theformer.

Barlow had recognized the crux of the situation andfelt an instinctive fear that all would not be well. Herealized at once that for practical emigration purposesthe Marietta pioneers were his main hope. As earlyas November 29, he wrote Duer advising what directions

•Craigie Papers, I, 11.


should be sent to the Ohio colonists under Putnam.*Early in December he wrote beseeching letters to Duerand Flint, enclosing an open letter to any of the prom-inent members of the Ohio Company of Associates.^But the Ohio Company itself was in great straits to meetthe second payment due on its contract with Congressat this moment, having no legal right to the landsalready settled until complete payment was made.Craigie's letter to John Holker of March IP shows thata compromise effort was being made with members ofCongress. To Frazier ou the same date Craigie warnshis correspondents to secrecy pending the "arrange-ments" being "made here" [New York]. Already thevanguard of some eighteen who sailed from Havre latein the previous year* were in Philadelphia and Col.David S. Franks was engaged to go to Alexandria withsome of these and prepare for the arrival of the remain-der. Holker is urged to secrecy. Each emigrant, heis told,.is in possession of "a book or map of the land";these he is to secure if possible lest "impertinent people"get hold of them. Certainly this was a justifiablecuriosity on the part of the Scioto Trustees to learn whatlands these foreigners had bought from them, especiallyin view of the fact that they possessed none at all. Thereference here is doubtless to the pubUcation issuedby the Compagnie du Scioto and which is described bynumerous writers as an exaggerated account of the rich-ness and desirability of the Scioto region. Members ofthe Antiquarian Society will recall the article on Dr.Anthony Saugrain in the Proceedings oí April, 1897.Saugrain, who had toured the Ohio Valley, was a mem-ber of the Scioto emigration party. That deceptioncould have influenced such a man and his friends isunreasonable. And surely no exaggeration could exceedthe preposterous letter sent to Clavière by Brissot from

» Barlow to Duer, Scioto Papers in N. Y. Public Library.» Craigie Papers, II, 42.• Idem, I, 50.TIdem, I, 52.«GallipoUs Papers, I, 49, 13S.


Philadelphia, stating that 80,000 families in Americaby making 1,500 lbs. of maple sugar per year each couldruin the sugar trade of slave-ridden St. Domingo bysupplanting it.

By. March 17, Franks had gotten all but two of hisFrenchmen off for Baltimore; the Musician and theSaddler preferred Philadelphia and Franks had had diffi-culty already reconciling disputes among themselvesand disengaging some who had boimd themselves tomaster tradesmen.^ Members of the French colony inPhiladelphia took pains to decry the swindling that theCompagnie du Scioto h&d been guilty of in France. ButBrissot's scathing criticisms of the French in Phila-delphia, a year previous, inclines one to believe thatFranks and Porter were dealing with an unruly crew,itself under the bad influences of acclimated Frenchvery much opposed to things American. "

At the same time, the Craigie correspondence showsthe New York speculating trustees, Duer, Craigie andFlint in a remarkable light. Could access be had toDuer's correspondence with Franks the matter wouldappear more plainly; the reader is dumbfounded ratherthan informed by the Craigie-Porter letters. Frankswas engaged by Duer, and Porter, the Alexandria mer-chant, acted rather as a representative of Craigie.Business relations between him and Daniel Parker &Co. of London made it useful to him to befriend Craigiein the matter of the emigrants in order to deserve afriend at Court in the adjustment of Parker's affairs.Porter's experience with Craigie, as Craigie's must havebeen with Duef, is beyond explanation. For instance,the endeavor was made to cover the entire transactionwith a veil of secrecy. The emigrants, even in Phila-delphia, were sworn to secrecy as to destination, pricespaid for lands, relationship with the Compagnie du Scioto,etc. This, of course, became a jest and made mattersmore awkward for Franks and Porter. More success

• Craigie Papers, III, 27.» Id«» III, 28.


was attained in shielding Duer and Craigie. Writingto Craigie of his disappointment over the circulation inPhiladelphia of copies of the prospectus issued to theemigrants at Paris, Franks adds: "One thing whichmay take off from the disagreeableness of the abovementioned Circumstance is, that no Man, io whom I holdmyself accountable at New York is known or even sur-mised. Mr. Barlow's name and agency are also utterlyunknown to the Public."" Though Craigie may nothave been concerned financially with Duer in the SciotoAssociation, there can be no question that he would haveprofited largely had the speculation succeeded; he hadeverything to gain and nothing to lose. The moralobligation he owed, at least to Porter who bore thebrunt of exasperating labors at Alexandria, he verylargely ignored. He let numerous letters lie unansweredwhen circumstances made inaction on Porter's partmorally impossible. Porter was Craigie's prospectorat the end of the rope over the cliff; if he found gold hewould be pulled up, if not he would be dropped. Duertreated Franks with the same inconsequentiality thatwas given Barlow in France. Throughout March hereceived not a line of advice or direction from NewYork; "every post," he writes, "has brought me nothingbut disappointment. "^^ The silence extended over April12, in all some 42 days without a line of advice.'* Duer'streatment of General Putnam was flagrantly inconse-quential even while the latter was advancing fourthousand dollars which he was never refunded. It isexasperating to know that Duer was even now promotinga Maine land speculation and putting into it seventeenthousand dollars for a three hundred per cent, profit,while Putnam was sinking four thousand dollars andPorter and Franks were left to be sued by waggonersfor transportation of the emigrants." This showsDuer's character. Craigie was not a partner in the

" Franks to Craigie, 26 March, 1790. Craigie Papers, III, 28.« Franks to Craigie, 31 March. Idem, III, 29." Franks to Craigie, 12 April. Idem, III, 30" Franks to Craigie, 20 April, 1792. Idem, HI, 31.


Maine land scheme and evidently knew nothing of it;Flint, however, was an active agent. Franks plainlytook all steps to shield the Trustees from discovery;whether because the latter feared to be held responsiblefor the terms of sale granted by the Compagnie du Sciotoor because they feared being compelled to fulfill theFrench company's promise concerning placing theimmigrants on their land, or both, is not perfectly clear.In Franks' letter of the 9th we learn for the first tirhethat the character of the mysterious negotiations beingcarried on with Congress was in the form of a Memorialfrom Franks himself to Congress which was in the handsof Colonel Wadsworth. No copy of this document orany committee report on it appears in the Papers of theContinental Congress.

Porter's and Franks' difficulties were two-fold: tokeep the company intact and to aid Guion in forwardingthe emigrants across the mountains. In a number ofcases Franks had to employ "douceur" to disengage someof the emigrants from agreements made with master-tradesmen. As to the moving westward, Franks, andPorter finally, effected an agreement. The emigrantshad demanded that the Company pay their board atAlexandria until the day of departure; that they andtheir baggage be transported to the Scioto, board andlodging to be included en route at the rate of twenty-oneshillings per head; that the women and children be tran^ported in carriages and the sick taken in ambulancesaccompanied by physician and nurse ; that all proprietorsbe furnished with two horses, two cows, and a plough, for250 livtfes. With unimportant exceptions Franks agreedto the stipulation; the einigrants were granted anotheryear in which to inake their second payment on theirlands; extra lots and the pacification of the Indians werepromised. Major Guion left Alexandria with thevanguard (150) on June 29. ^

" Sibley affirms that on the acceptance of the terms of treaty with Franks all claimsagainst the Company, made in Paris, were annulled. The French Five Hundred andOtherPapers, 38; Craigie Papers, II, 153.


The usual statement made that the French emigrantswere not met on their arrival in America by represen-tatives of the Scioto Trustees is modified by a study ofthe "Craigie Papers"; we have seen that Franks met theadvance party in Philadelphia and conducted themsouthward; by Porter's letter of May 5, we learn of hisassiduity in caring for the shiploads that came up thePotomac to Alexandria. Putting the facts together itis plain that the French were met and provided for, butthat the agents obeyed their employers in New York bykeeping their names and sponsorship secret. Porter'sanxiety appears in his remark to Craigie, " 'Tis eno'[enough] to say that they are here and that if some per-son is not immediately exhibited to them who will under-take to conduct them the design of the Company willbe extremely injured. " With reference to my previousstatement concerning Barlow's faith in the result of asuccessful trial of the emigration experiment, I quoteagain from Porter to Craigie on May 5: "I t onlyremains for the Company to effect a good settlement ofthese and those coming, to bring out as many as arewished for." Several side-Ughts are thrown on thecharacter of the French emigrants; some are said to havebeen taken out of jails; Count Du Barth desired to securesome formal protection of himself and property by Con-gress nominally against the Indians but really againstthe emigrants themselves. "You must smother thisidea," writes Porter to Craigie, "and let the Indiansbe the ostensible reason of granting the aid." Thecorrespondence under review shows the Scioto emigrantscame in smaller parties and a larger number of ships thanhas been reported. The following ships are not men-tioned in previous accounts: the "Endeavor," "Re-covery," "Patriot," and "Liberty." At least fiftyemigrants came bound for three years to the Companyand numbers were bound for a year to the ship owners.Misrepresentations regarding the length and cost of thejourney from the Potomac to the Scioto in the printeddocviments put in their hands in Paris first aroused the


ire of the emigrants, and the fact that they sensed theinconsistency of not being met by official representativesis shown by their suspicious treatment of the interpreterprovided. No wonder Porter wrote that the "Englishtongue" makes "but a miserable figure among 500French Men. "

On the 14th day of May, Porter learns finally thatGeneral Putnam is not coming to lead the emigrantsto the Ohio. As early as March 26th a letter to Portershows that Putnam was promised as the leader of theColony and there is nothing to show in the whole rangeof Ohio or Scioto correspondence an intention of hisleading the Company; yet the emigrants had hardlylanded ere he was held out to them as the cure-all fortheir troubles and the Moses of their pilgrimage. Thecorrespondence for this month of May is a very comedy.Porter, who assumed at Craigie's request the office ofgeneral factotima at Alexandria out of friendship forCraigie, writes seven letters, some three pages in length,imploring that an authorized agent be sent there, thatmeasures be taken to quell the rebellious spirit of theemigrants by meeting their demands half-way, that thepromised leader in the migration be sent on, that ar-rangements be made for the wilderness voyage to theOhio—and every letter begs for a reply to the last. 'In theface of all this Craigie writes Joel Barlow on the 24thof the month : " Every exertion has been made to realizein the fullest manner the expectations of the Settlers andthey are generally as happy as men can be. The treat-ment thay have received here has not in any respectbeen short of what your most sanguine wishes couldhave aimed at."*® No wonder Porter should writeCraigie in the next fortnight; " I declare to you, myfriend, that my present situation is extremely unpleasant

and my not hearing from youspeaks a certain something that mortifies and woimdsme to the very Soul. " And on the last day of the monthPorter sends the following frank statement which sums

>> Craigie Papers, I, 60.

236 Am^ican Antiquarian Society. [Oct.,

up the point I wish to make in this paper. After chidingCraigie for sending cautious advice not to become tooinvolved in the Scioto affair (which, if sent at all, shouldhave reached Porter three months earlier) Porter re-marks, "How far the Conduct of the agents in Francehas been marked with regularity or propriety—I knownot—but in this Country the business has been conductedin a very improper manner." Thirty-five days laterCraigie writes Porter: "You wonder that my cautionshould come so late—it was as I thought in season, assoon as I discovered the arrangements you were enteringinto I wrote you—enough is said—the least said isenough to the wise and I am happy in writing to such. . . . . 1 thank you for j- our good opinion of myprudence. I wish it may carry me through and fix medown at least in a tranquil situation—I was not madeto battle— it is high time I was in port."

The "Craigie Papers" prove conclusively that theancient claim that Barlow's irregularities and thealleged embezzlement of his Paris confrères cannot longershield the American trustees from behavior as atrociousas that attributed to any European representatives.Either Duer, Craigie and Flint should have disownedthe actions of the Compagnie du Scioto frankly and fairlybefore the world, or should have acted as Craigie rep-resented to Barlow in the letter of May 24th that theyhad acted. Craigie's letters put the whole Scioto fiascoin a new light which is interesting and valuable so faras it illustrates the conscience of the American speculat-ors of the eighteenth century.

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ANDREW CRAIGIE AND THE SCIOTO · PDF filetion of an alert investor and speculator in the early days ... pamphlets have covered their unique story, ... Andrew Craigie and the Scioto