Andaluzian Art

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Andalusia,(/ n d lu s i/, /-/, /- z i/,/-/; Spanish:Andaluca[andalu i.a] ) isthe most populous and the second larest in area o! the autonomous communitiesinSpain. "he #ndalusian autonomous communit$ is o!!iciall$ reconized as anationalityo! Spain.[%]"he territor$ is di&ided into eihtpro&inces: #lmer'a,diz,

*rdo+a,ranada, uel&a, an, 0laaand Se&ille. 1ts capital is the cit$ o! Se&ille(Spanish: Sevilla).

#ndalusia is in the south o! the 1+erian peninsula,immediatel$ south o! theautonomous communities o! 23tremaduraand astile45a 0ancha; 6est o! theautonomous communit$ o! 0urciaand the 0editerranean Sea; east o! 7ortualandthe #tlantic 8cean; and north o! the0editerranean Seaand the Strait o! i+raltar."he small 9ritish o&erseas territor$o! i+raltarshares a three-uarter-mile land

+order 6ith the #ndalusianpro&ince o! dizat the eastern end o! the Strait o!i+raltar.

"he main mountain ranes o! #ndalusia are theSierra 0orenaand the9aetic S$stem,consistin o! the Su++aeticand 7eni+aetic0ountains, separated +$ the 1ntra+aetic9asin. 1n the north, the Sierra 0orena separates #ndalusia !rom the plains o!23tremadura and astile45a 0ancha on Spains 0eseta entral. "o the south theeoraphic su+reion o! ]

"he name ?#ndalusia? is deri&ed !rom the #ra+ic6ordAl-Andalus(@ABCDE). #s 6ell

as 0uslimand Fomaniin!luences, the reions histor$ and culture ha&e +eenin!luenced +$ the earlier 1+erians,arthainians/7hoenicians,reeGs,Fomans,Handals, Hisioths,9$zantines, all o! 6hom preceded the 0uslims, as 6ell as theastilianand other hristianIorth 1+erian nationalities 6ho reained and repopulatedthe area in the latter phases o! theReconquista."here 6as also a relati&el$ lareSephardic e6ishpresence.

#ndalusia has +een an economicall$ poor reion in comparison 6ith the rest o!2urope.[citation needed]o6e&er, the ro6th o! the communit$ especiall$ in the sectors o!industr$ and ser&ices 6as a+o&e a&erae in Spain and hiher than man$ com munities

in the eurozone. "he reion has, ho6e&er, a rich culture and a stron cultural identit$.0an$ cultural phenomena that are seen internationall$ as distincti&el$ Spanish arelarel$ or entirel$ #ndalusian in oriin. "hese include!lamenco,+ull!ihtin, andcertain 0oorish-in!luencedarchitectural st$les.

#ndalusias interior is the hottest area o! 2urope, 6ith cities liGe *rdo+aandSe&illea&erain a+o&e JK L (MN LO) in summer hih temperatures. 5ate e&enintemperatures can sometimes sta$ around J> L (M> LO) up close to midniht, 6ithda$time hihs o! o&er %P L (QP% LO) common.
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Contents

Q "he nameAndaluca orAndalusia

R S$m+ols J eoraph$

o J.Q 5ocationo J.R limateo J.J "erraino J.% $droraph$o J.> Soilso J.K Olorao J.N Oaunao J. 7rotected areas

% istor$o %.Q arthainians and Fomanso %.R Handals - Hisioths - 9$zantine 2mpireso %.J 1slamic 2mpire - #l-#ndaluso %.% #ndalusia - Tindom o! astile

> o&ernment and politicso >.Q #ndalusian #utonomous o&ernmento >.R udicial po6er

K #dministrati&e di&isionso

K.Q 7ro&inceso K.R 0unicipalities and local entitieso K.J omarcas and mancomunidades

N =emoraphicso N.Q 7opulation haneo N.R Structureo N.J 1mmiration

2conom$o .Q 7rimar$ sector

.Q.Q #riculture, hus+andr$, huntin, and !orestr$ .Q.R Oishin .Q.J 0inin

o .R Secondar$ sector: industr$o .J "ertiar$ sector: ser&ices

.J.Q "ourism in #ndalusia .J.Q.Q 0onuments and !eatures

M 1n!rastructureo M.Q "ransporto M.R 2ner$ in!rastructureo

M.J 2ducationo M.% ealthcare
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#The_name_Andaluc.C3.ADa_or_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#The_name_Andaluc.C3.ADa_or_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#The_name_Andaluc.C3.ADa_or_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#The_name_Andaluc.C3.ADa_or_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#The_name_Andaluc.C3.ADa_or_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Terrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Hydrographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Soilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Protected_areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Carthaginians_and_Romanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Vandals_-_Visigoths_-_Byzantine_Empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Islamic_Empire_-_Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Andalusia_-_Kingdom_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Government_and_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Andalusian_Autonomous_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Judicial_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Administrative_divisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Provinceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Municipalities_and_local_entitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Comarcas_and_mancomunidadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Population_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Primary_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Agriculture.2C_husbandry.2C_hunting.2C_and_forestryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Fishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Secondary_sector:_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Tertiary_sector:_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Tourism_in_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Monuments_and_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Energy_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Healthcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#The_name_Andaluc.C3.ADa_or_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Symbolshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Locationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Terrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Hydrographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Soilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Protected_areashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Carthaginians_and_Romanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Vandals_-_Visigoths_-_Byzantine_Empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Islamic_Empire_-_Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Andalusia_-_Kingdom_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Government_and_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Andalusian_Autonomous_Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Judicial_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Administrative_divisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Provinceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Municipalities_and_local_entitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Comarcas_and_mancomunidadeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Population_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Primary_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Agriculture.2C_husbandry.2C_hunting.2C_and_forestryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Fishinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Mininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Secondary_sector:_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Tertiary_sector:_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Tourism_in_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Monuments_and_featureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Energy_infrastructurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Healthcare


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o M.> Science and technolo$ QP 0edia

o QP.Q Ie6spaperso QP.R 7u+lic tele&ision

o QP.J Fadio QQ #rt and culture

o QQ.Q #rts QQ.Q.Q #rchitecture QQ.Q.R Sculpture QQ.Q.J 7aintin

o QQ.R 5iterature and philosoph$o QQ.J 0usic o! #ndalusiao QQ.% Oilmo QQ.> ulture

QQ.>.Q ustoms and societ$ QQ.>.R #ndalusian Spanish QQ.>.J 0$tholo$ and reliion QQ.>.% 9ull!ihtin QQ.>.> Oesti&als QQ.>.K uisine QQ.>.N 8ther traditions

QR Sportso QR.Q "eam sports

o QR.R 8l$mpicso QR.J 8ther sports

QJ Sister reion Q% See also Q> Fe!erences

o Q>.Q Iotes QK 23ternal linGs

The nameAndalucaorAndalusia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Science_and_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Public_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Art_and_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Literature_and_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Music_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Customs_and_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Andalusian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Mythology_and_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Bullfightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Festivalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Other_traditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Team_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Other_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Sister_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal_%281770%29.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Espa%C3%B1a_y_Portugal_%281770%29.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Science_and_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Newspapershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Public_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Art_and_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Literature_and_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Music_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Customs_and_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Andalusian_Spanishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Mythology_and_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Bullfightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Festivalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Other_traditionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Team_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Other_sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Sister_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#External_links


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0ap o! the 1+erian peninsuladated QNNP. "he Tindoms o! an,*rdo+aand Se&illeare collecti&el$ re!erred to under the nameAndaluca, 6hile theTindom o! ranadaappears under its indi&idual name.

#lthouh its present !orm is certainl$ deri&ed !rom the #ra+ic,[K]

the et$molo$o! thename ?#ndalusia? is disputed,[N]and the e3tent o! 1+erian territor$ encompassed +$the name has chaned o&er the centuries.[]

1n the !orm o! Vandalusia, it 6as traditionall$ +elie&ed to +e deri&ed !rom the name o!the ermanic tri+e, theHandals,[M]that +rie!l$ colonized parts o! 1+eria !rom %PM to%RM. "his proposal is sometimes associated 6ith the QMth-centur$ historian Feinhart=oz$, +ut it predates him and he reconized some o! its shortcomins. #lthouh heaccepted thatAl-Andalusderi&ed !rom Vandal,[QP]he +elie&ed that eoraphicall$ itre!erred onl$ to the har+or !rom 6hich the Handals departed 1+eria !or (Iorth) #!rica

Uthe location o! 6hich har+our 6as unGno6n.[QQ]

"he Spanish topon$m (place name)Andaluca(immediate source o! the 2nlishAndalusia) 6as introduced into the Spanish lanuaesin the QJth centur$ under the!orm el Andaluca.[QR]"he name 6as adopted to re!er those territories still under the0oorish rule until then, and enerall$ south o! astilla Iue&aand Halencia, andcorrespondin 6ith the !ormer Foman pro&ince hitherto called 9aeticain 5atinsources. "his 6as a astilianization o!Al-Andalusiya, the adVecti&al!orm o! the#ra+ic lanuae al-Andalus, the name i&en +$ the #ra+s to all o! the 1+erian

territories under 0uslim rule !rom NQQ to Q%MR. "he et$molo$ o! al-Andalusis itsel!some6hat de+ated (see al-#ndalus), +ut it entered the #ra+ic lanuae e&en +e!oresuch time as this area came under 0uslim rule.

5iGe the #ra+ic term al-Andalus, in historical conte3ts the Spanish termAndalucaorthe 2nlish termAndalusiado not necessaril$ re!er to the e3act territor$ desinated

+$ these terms toda$. 1nitiall$, the term re!erred e3clusi&el$ to territories under0uslim control; later, it 6as applied to some o! the last 1+erian territories to +ereained !rom the 0uslims, thouh not al6a$s to e3actl$ the same ones.[QJ]1n the

Estoria de Espaa(also Gno6n as thePrimera Crnica General) o! #l!onso W o!

astile,6ritten in the second hal! o! the QJth centur$, the termAndalucais used 6iththree di!!erent meanins:

Q. #s a literal translation o! the #ra+ic al-ndalus6hen #ra+ic te3ts are uoted.R. "o desinate the territories the hristians had reained +$ that time in the

uadalui&ir&alle$ and in the Tindoms o! ranadaand 0urcia. 1n adocument !rom QR>J, #l!onso W st$led himsel!Rey de Castilla !en y detoda Andaluca(?Tin o! astile, 5e*n and all o! #ndalusia?).

J. "o desinate the territories the hristians had reained +$ that time in theuadalui&ir &alle$ (the Tindoms o! an,*rdo+aand Se&ille) +ut notthe
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Tindom o! ranada. "his 6as the most common sini!icance in the 5ate0iddle #esand 2arl$ modern period.[Q%]

Orom an administrati&e point o! &ie6, ranada remained separate !or man$ $ears

e&en a!ter the completion o! theReconquista[Q%]

due, a+o&e all, to its em+lematiccharacter as the last territor$ reained, and as the seat o! the important Fealhanciller'a de ranada, a court o! last resort. Still, the reconuest and repopulationo! ranada 6as accomplished larel$ +$ people !rom the !our e3istin hristianGindoms o! #ndalusia, and ranada came to +e considered a !ourth Gindom o!#ndalusia.[Q>]"he o!ten-used e3pression ?Oour Tindoms o! #ndalusia? dates +acG inSpanish at least to the mid-Qth centur$.[QK][QN]

Symbols

0ain articles: oat o! arms o! #ndalusiaand Ola o! #ndalusia

7ortrait o! 9las 1n!ante,e3ecuted in azuleVos, located on the a&enue in erez de laOronteranamed in his honor.

"he #ndalusian coat o! arms sho6s the !iure o! erculesand t6o lions+et6een thet6opillars o! erculesthat tradition situates on either side o! the Strait o! i+raltar.

#n inscription +elo6, superimposed on an imae o! the!la o! #ndalusiareadsAndaluca por s para Espaa y la "umanidad(?#ndalusia +$ hersel!, !or Spain andumanit$?). 8&er the t6o columns is a semicircular arch in the colors o! the !la o!#ndalusia, 6ith the 5atin6ords#ominator "ercules $undatorsuperimposed.[Q]

"he o!!icial !la o! #ndalusia consists o! three eual horizontal stripes, colored reen,6hite, and reen respecti&el$;[Q]the #ndalusian coat o! arms is superimposed on thecentral stripe. 1ts desin 6as o&erseen +$ 9las 1n!ante[QM] and appro&ed in the#ssem+l$ o! Fonda(a QMQ atherin o! #ndalusian nationalistsat Fonda). "hereen s$m+olizes hope and union, and the 6hite s$m+olizes peace and dialoue. 9las

1n!ante considered these to ha&e +een the colors most used in reional s$m+ols
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-laidentidadandaluza-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-laidentidadandaluza-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_last_resorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Kingdoms_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Infantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Infantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azulejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Fronterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Fronterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Herculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-himno_y_escudo-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Infantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Infantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Infantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blas_Infante_Tiles.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blas_Infante_Tiles.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-laidentidadandaluza-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-laidentidadandaluza-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_Realhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_last_resorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Kingdoms_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Infantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azulejohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Fronterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Fronterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Herculeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Andalusiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-himno_y_escudo-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blas_Infantehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronda


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throuhout the reions histor$. #ccordin to him, the reen came in particular !romthe standardo! the


7/74

cele+rate the holida$ on % =ecem+er, commemoratin the QMNN demonstrations todemand autonom$.

"he honori!ic title o!"i(o Predilecto de Andaluca(?Oa&orite Son o! #ndalucia?) is

ranted +$ the unta o! #ndalusia to those 6hose e3ceptional merits +ene!ited#ndalusia, !or 6orG or achie&ements in natural, social, or political science. 1t is thehihest distinction i&en +$ the #utonomous ommunit$ o! #ndalusia.

Geography

"he Se&illian historian #ntonio =om'nuez 8rtiz6rote that:

Xone must seeG the essence o! #ndalusia in its eoraphic realit$ on the one hand,

and on the other in the a6areness o! its inha+itants. Orom the eoraphic point o!&ie6, the 6hole o! the southern lands is too &ast and &aried to +e em+raced as a sinleunit. 1n realit$ there are not t6o, +ut three #ndalusias: the Sierra 0orena,the Halle$[o! the uadalui&ir] and the [ordillera]7eni+ticaX[RJ]

Location

#ndalusia has a sur!ace area o! N,>MN suare Gilometres (JJ,RQ s mi), QN.J percento! the territor$ o! Spain. #ndalusia alone is compara+le in e3tent and in the &ariet$ o!its terrain to an$ o! se&eral o! the smaller 2uropean countries. "o the east is the

0editerranean Sea; to the 6est the #tlantic 8cean; to the north the Sierra 0orenaconstitutes the +order 6ith the 0eseta entral; to the south, the sel!-o&ernin [R%]9ritish o&erseas territor$o! i+raltarand theStrait o! i+raltarseparate it !rom#!rica.

Climate

5ocations o! the principal #ndalusian climate t$pes.[R>]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijo_Predilecto_de_Andaluc%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Penib%C3%A9ticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Penib%C3%A9ticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meseta_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-CMA_de_la_Junta_de_Andaluc.C3.ADa-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clima_andaluc%C3%ADa.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clima_andaluc%C3%ADa.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijo_Predilecto_de_Andaluc%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortizhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Penib%C3%A9ticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meseta_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-CMA_de_la_Junta_de_Andaluc.C3.ADa-25


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#ndalusian !irs, Sierra de las Iie&es

#ndalusia sits at a latitude +et6een JKL and JL %% I, in the 6arm-temperate reion.1n eneral, it e3periences a 0editerranean climate,6ith dr$ summers in!luenced +$the #zores ih, +ut su+Vect to occasional torrential rains and e3tremel$ hottemperatures.[R>][RK]1n the 6inter, the tropical antic$clones mo&e south, allo6in cold

polar !ronts to penetrate the reion. Still, 6ithin #ndalusia there is considera+leclimatic &ariet$. Orom the e3tensi&e coastal plains one ma$ pass to the &alle$ o! theuadalui&ir, +arel$ a+o&e sea le&el, then to the hihest altitudes in the 1+erian

peninsula in the peaGs o! the Sierra Ie&ada.1n a mere >P Gm (JQ mi) one can pass!rom the su+tropical coast o! the pro&ince o! ranada to the sno6$ peaGs o!0ulhacn. #ndalusia also includes +oth the dr$ "a+ernas =esertin the pro&ince o!#lmer'a and the Sierra de razalema Iatural 7arGin the pro&ince o! diz, 6hiche3periences Spains reatest rain!all.[RN][R][RM][JP]

#nnual rain!all in the Sierra de razalema has +een measured as hih as %,J%Kmillimetres (QNQ.Q in) in QMKJ, the hihest e&er recorded !or an$ location in 1+eria.[JQ]#ndalusia is also home to the driest place in continental 2urope, thea+o de ata,6ith onl$ QQN millimetres (%.K in) o! rain per $ear.

1n eneral, as one oes !rom 6est to east, a6a$ !rom the #tlantic, there is lessprecipitation.[JQ]?Yet #ndalusia? includes most o! the hihest points in the reion,a+o&e all the Sierra de razalema +ut also theSerran'a de Fondain 6estern 0laa."he &alle$ o! the uadalui&ir has moderate rain!all. "he "a+ernas =esertin #lmer'a,2uropes onl$ true desert, has less than N> da$s 6ith an$ measura+le precipitation, andsome particular places in the desert ha&e as !e6 as >P such da$s. 0uch o! ?dr$#ndalusia? has more than JPP ?sunn$? da$s a $ear.

"he a&erae temperature in #ndalusia throuhout the $ear is o&er QK L (KQ LO).#&eraes in the cities rane !rom Q>.Q L (>M.R LO) in 9aezato Q.> L (K>.J LO) in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_las_Nieveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores_Highhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-CMA_de_la_Junta_de_Andaluc.C3.ADa-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Grazalema_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Grazalema_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-rain-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-rain-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-rain-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-rain-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-rain-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_de_Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_de_Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_de_Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baezahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sierra_de_las_Nieves.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sierra_de_las_Nieves.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_las_Nieveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores_Highhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-CMA_de_la_Junta_de_Andaluc.C3.ADa-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_de_Grazalema_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-rain-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-rain-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_de_Rondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeza


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0laa.[JR]0uch o! the uadalui&ir &alle$ and the 0editerranean coast has ana&erae o! a+out Q L (K% LO). "he coldest month is anuar$ 6henranadaat the!oot o! the Sierra Ie&ada e3periences an a&erae temperature o! K.% L (%J.> LO). "hehottest are ul$ and #uust, 6ith an a&erae temperature o! R.> L (J.J LO) !or

#ndalusia as a 6hole. *rdo+ais the hottest pro&incial capital, !ollo6ed +$Se&ille.[JJ]

"he uadalui&ir &alle$ has e3perienced the hihest temperatures recorded in2urope, 6ith a ma3imum o! %K.K L (QQ>.M LO) recorded at *rdo+a and Se&ille.[J%]"he mountains o! ranada and an ha&e the coldest temperatures in southern 1+eria,

+ut do not reach continental e3tremes (and, indeed are surpassed +$ some mountainsin northern Spain). 1n the cold snap o! anuar$ RPP>, Santiao de la 2spada(an)e3perienced a temperature o! ZRQ L (ZK LO) and the sGiresort at Sierra Ie&ada

Iational 7arGUthe southernmost sGi resort in 2uropeUdropped to ZQ L (P LO).Sierra Ie&ada Iatural 7arG has 1+erias lo6est a&erae annual temperature, (J.M L or

JM.P LO at 7radollano) and its peaGs remain sno6$ practicall$ $ear-round.

Terrain

5ocations o! the principal !eatures o! the #ndalusian terrain.

0ulhacen peaG, north !ace

0ountain ranes a!!ect climate, the net6orG o! ri&ers, soils and their erosion,+ioreions, and e&en human economies inso!ar as the$ rel$ on natural resources.[J>]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_la_Espadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mulhacen_north_face.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mulhacen_north_face.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relieve_andalucia.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relieve_andalucia.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_la_Espadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-35


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"he #ndalusian terrain o!!ers a rane o! altitudes and slopes. #ndalusia has the1+erian peninsulas hihest mountains and nearl$ Q> percent o! its terrain o&er Q,PPPmetres (J,JPP !t). "he picture is similar !or areas under QPP metres (JJP !t) (6ith the9aetic =epression), and !or the &ariet$ o! slopes.

"he #tlantic coast is o&er6helminl$ +each and raduall$ slopin coasts; the0editerranean coast has man$ cli!!s, a+o&e all in the 0alaan #3aru'aand inranada and #lmer'a.[JK]"his as$mmetr$ di&ides the reion naturall$ into


11/74

#ndalusia has ri&ers that !lo6 into +oth the #tlantic and the 0editerranean. Olo6into the #tlantic are the uadiana,8diel-"into,uadalui&ir, uadalete, and 9ar+ate.Olo6in to the 0editerranean are the uadiaro, uadalhorce,uadalmedina,uadal!eo, #ndara3(also Gno6n as the #lmer'a) and #lmanzora.8! these, the

uadalui&iris the lonest in #ndalusia and !i!th lonest on the 1+erian peninsula, atK>N Gilometres (%P mi).[JM]

"he uadalui&ir as it passes throuh *rdo+a.

"he ri&ers o! the #tlantic +asin are characteristicall$ lon, run throuh mostl$ !latterrain, and ha&e +road ri&er &alle$s. #s a result, at their mouths areestuariesand6etlands, such as the marshes o!=oanain the delta o! the uadalui&ir, and6etlandso! the 8diel. 1n contrast, the ri&ers o! the 0editerranean 9asin are shorter,more seasonal, and maGe a precipitous descent !rom the mountains o! the 9aetic

ordillera. "heir estuaries are small, and their &alle$s are less suita+le !or ariculture.#lso, +ein in the rain shado6o! the 9aetic ordillera means that the$ recei&e alesser &olume o! 6ater.[JN]

"he !ollo6in h$droraphic +asins can +e distinuished in #ndalusia. 8n the #tlanticside are the uadalui&ir +asin; the #ndalusian #tlantic 9asin6ith the su+-+asinsuadalete-9ar+ate and "into-8diel; and the uadiana +asin. 8n the 0editerraneanside is the #ndalusian 0editerranean 9asinand the &er$ upper portion o! the +asin o!the Seura.[%P]

Soils

"he soils o! #ndalusia can +e di&ided into three lare areas: the Sierra 0orena,ordillera Su++tica, and the 9aetic =epressionand theSurco 1ntra+tico.[%Q]

"he Sierra 0orena, due to its morpholo$ and the acidic content o! its rocGs,de&eloped principall$ relati&el$ poor, shallo6 soils, suita+le onl$ !or !orests. 1n the&alle$s and in some areas 6here limestoneis present, deeper soils allo6ed !armin o!cereals suita+le !or li&estocG. "he more complicated morpholo$ o! the 9aeticordillera maGes it more heteroeneous, 6ith the most heteroeneous soils in

#ndalusia. Her$ rouhl$, in contrast to the Sierra 0orena, a predominance o!+asic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Tintohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadaletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbate_(river)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalhorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalhorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalmedinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalfeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanzora_(river)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanzora_(river)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-fisicoambiental-37http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andalusian_Atlantic_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andalusian_Atlantic_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andalusian_Mediterranean_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Subb%C3%A9ticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetic_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surco_Intrab%C3%A9ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surco_Intrab%C3%A9ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%ADo_Guadalquivir_Cordoba.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%ADo_Guadalquivir_Cordoba.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Tintohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadaletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbate_(river)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadiarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalhorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalmedinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalfeohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanzora_(river)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-fisicoambiental-37http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andalusian_Atlantic_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andalusian_Mediterranean_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Morenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Subb%C3%A9ticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetic_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surco_Intrab%C3%A9ticohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(chemistry)


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(alGaline) materials in the ordillera Su++tica, com+ined 6ith a hill$ landscape,enerates deeper soils 6ith reater aricultural capacit$, suita+le to the culti&ation o!oli&es.[%R]

Oinall$, the 9aetic =epression and the Surco 1ntra+tico ha&e deep, rich soils, 6ithreat aricultural capacit$. 1n particular, the allu&ialsoils o! the uadalui&ir&alle$and plain o! ranadaha&e a loam$te3ture and are particularl$ suita+le !or intensi&eirriated crops.[%J]1n the hill$ areas o! the countr$side, there is a dou+le d$namic: thedepressions ha&e !illed 6ith older lime-rich material, de&elopin the deep, rich, darGcla$soils the Spanish call %u(eo, or tierras ne)ras andalu&as, e3cellent !or dr$land!armin. 1n other zones, the 6hiter al%ari&apro&ides an e3cellent soil !or&ine$ards.[%%]

=espite their marinal ualit$, the poorl$ consolidated soils o! the sand$ coastline o!

uel&a and #lmer'a ha&e +een success!ull$ used in recent decades !or hothouseculti&ation under clear plastic o! stra6+erries, rasp+erries, +lue+erries, and other!ruits.

Flora

Oloristic pro&inceso! #ndalusia

9ioeoraphicall$, #ndalusia !orms part o! the Yestern 0editerranean su+reion o!

the 0editerranean 9asin, 6hich !alls 6ithin the 9oreal Tindom. Oi&e !loristicpro&inceslie, in 6hole or in part, 6ithin #ndalusia: alon much o! the #tlantic coast,the 5usitanian-#ndalusian littoral or #ndalusian #tlantic littoral; in the north, thesouthern portion o! the 5uso-23tremaduran !loristic pro&ince; co&erin rouhl$ hal!o! the reion, the 9aetic !loristic pro&ince; and in the e3treme east, the #lmerian

portion o! the #lmerian-0urcian !loristic pro&ince and (coincidin rouhl$ 6ith theupper Seura +asin) a small portion o! the astilian-0aestrazan-0anchean !loristic

pro&ince. "hese names deri&e primaril$ !rom past or present political eoraph$:?5uso? and ?5usitanian? !rom 5usitania, one o! three Foman pro&incesin 1+eria, mosto! the others !rom present-da$ Spanish pro&inces, and 0aestrazo+ein a historical

reion o! northern Halencia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluviumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestrazgohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestrazgohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andalucia_flora.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andalucia_flora.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluviumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalquivirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochorionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestrazgohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community


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8aGs, rhododendrons and !erns in the 5os #lcornocales Iatural 7arG.

1n +road terms, the t$pical &eetation o! #ndalusia is 0editerranean 6oodland,characterized +$ lea!$3erophilicperennials, adapted to the lon, dr$ summers. "hedominant species o! the clima3 communit$is the oll$ 8aG (*uercus ile+). #lso

a+undant are orG 8aG (*uercus su%er), &ariouspines,and Spanish Oir (A%iespinsapo). =ue to culti&ation, oli&e(,lea europaea) and almond(Prunus dulcis) treesalso a+ound. "he dominant understor$is composed o! thorn$ and aromatic 6ood$species, such as Fosemar$(Rosmarinus oicinalis), "h$me(.'ymus), and Cistus. 1nthe 6ettest areas 6ithacidic soils,the most a+undant species are the 8aG and orG8aG, and the culti&atedEucalyptus. 1n the 6oodlands, lea!$ hard6oodso! enus

Populus(poplars, aspens, cotton6oods) and /lmus(elms) are also a+undant; poplarsare culti&ated in the plains o! ranada.[%>]

"he #ndalusian 6oodlands ha&e +een much altered +$ human settlement, the use o!nearl$ all o! the +est land !or !armin, and !reuent 6ild!ires. "he deraded !orests+ecome shru++$ and com+usti+le arriue. 23tensi&e areas ha&e +een planted 6ithnon-clima3trees such as pines. "here is no6 a clear conser&ation polic$ !or theremainin !orests, 6hich sur&i&e almost e3clusi&el$ in the mountains.

Fauna

"he 1+erian 5$n3(!yn+ pardinus)

"he+iodi&ersit$o! #ndalusia e3tends to its !auna as 6ell. 0ore than %PP o! the KJP

&erte+rate species e3tant in Spain can +e !ound in #ndalusia. Spannin the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alcornocales_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_ilexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_suberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_pinsapohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_pinsapohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garriguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linces12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linces12.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rododendron.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rododendron.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alcornocales_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_ilexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_suberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_pinsapohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_pinsapohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pHhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garriguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity


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0editerranean and #tlantic +asins, and adVacent to the Strait o! i+raltar, #ndalusia ison the mirator$ route o! man$ o! the numerous !locGs o! +irds that tra&el annuall$!rom 2urope to #!rica and +acG.[%K]

"he #ndalusian 6etlands host a rich &ariet$ o! +irds. Some are o! #!rican oriin, suchas the Fed-Gno++ed oot($ulica cristata), the 7urple S6amphen(Porp'yrio

porp'yrio), and the reater Olamino(P'oenicopterus roseus). 8thers oriinate inIorthern 2urope, such as the re$la oose(Anser anser).9irds o! pre$(raptors)include the Spanish 1mperial 2ale(also Gno6n as #dal+erts 2ale,Aquila adal%erti,the ri!!on Hulture(Gyps ulvus), and +oth the 9lacGand Fed Tite(0ilvus mi)ransand0ilvus milvus).

#ndalusian horse

#mon the her+i&ores,are se&eral deer(er&idae) species, nota+l$ the Oallo6 =eer(#ama dama) and Foe =eer(Capreolus capreolus); the2uropean 0ou!lon(,visorientalis musimon), a t$pe o! sheep; and the Spanish 1+e3(Capra pyrenaica, 6hichdespite its scienti!ic name is no loner !ound in the 7$renees). "he Spanish 1+e3 hasrecentl$ +een losin round to the9ar+ar$ sheep(Ammotra)us lervia), an in&asi&especies!rom #!rica, introduced !or huntin in the QMNPs. #mon the small her+i&oresare ra++itsUespeciall$ the 2uropean Fa++it(,ryctola)us cuniculus)U6hich !orm

the most important part o! the diet o! the carni&orous species o! the 0editerranean6oodlands.

"he lare carni&oressuch as the 1+erian Yol!(Canis lupus si)natus) and the1+erian5$n3(!yn+ pardinus) are uite threatened, and are limited to the Sierra de #nd\Var,inside o! Sierra 0orena, =oana and =espeaperros. StocGs o! the 6ild +oar(Sus

scroa), on the other hand, ha&e +een 6ell preser&ed +ecause the$ are popular 6ithhunters. 0ore a+undant and in &aried situations o! conser&ation are such smallercarni&ores as otters, e3tremel$ a+undant dos, &er$ a+undant !o3es, the 2uropean9ader(0eles meles), the 2uropean 7olecat(0ustela putorius), the 5east Yeasel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-knobbed_Coothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Swamphenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Flamingohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylag_Goosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_Preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_Preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Imperial_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallow_Deerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_Deerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mouflonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mouflonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Ibexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Ibexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyreneeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rabbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Wolfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Badgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Badgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Polecathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Weaselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andalusierhengst_93c.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andalusierhengst_93c.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-knobbed_Coothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Swamphenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Flamingohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greylag_Goosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_Preyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Imperial_Eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Kitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_horsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallow_Deerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_Deerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mouflonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Ibexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyreneeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_sheephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rabbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Wolfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Badgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Badgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Polecathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Weasel


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(0ustela nivalis), the Yildcat($elis silvestris), the ommon enet(Genetta )enetta),and the 2$ptian 0onoose("erpestes ic'neumon1.[%N]

8ther nota+le species areAc'erontia atropos, a &ariet$ o! =eaths-head a6Gmoth,

Vipera latasti, a &enomous snaGe, and the endemic (and endanered) !ishAp'anius%aeticus.

Protected areas

Iationalsand natural parGsin #ndalusia.

#ndalusia has man$ uniue ecos$stems. 1n order to preser&e these areas in a mannercompati+le 6ith +oth conser&ation and economic e3ploitation, man$ o! the mostrepresentati&e ecos$stems ha&e +een i&en protected status.[%][%M]

"he &arious le&els o! protection are encompassed 6ithin the Iet6orG o! 7rotectedIatural Spaces o! #ndalusia (Fed de 2spacios Iaturales 7roteidos de #ndaluc'a,F2I7#) 6hich interates all protected natural spaces located in #ndalusia, 6hetherthe$ are protected at the le&el o! the local communit$, the autonomous communit$ o!#ndalusia, the Spanish state, or +$ international con&entions. F2I7# consists o! Q>P

protected spaces, consistin o! t6onational parGs,R% natural parGs, RQ periur+anparGs (on the !rines o! cities or to6ns), JR natural sites, t6o protected countr$sides,

JN natural monuments, R nature reser&es, and !our concerted nature reser&es (in6hich a o&ernment aenc$ coordinates 6ith the o6ner o! the propert$ !or itsmanaement), all part o! the 2uropean


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2urope, the Sierra Ie&ada Iational 7arG, =oana Iational 7arG and Iatural 7arG, the"a+ernas =esert, and thea+o de ata-I'Var Iatural 7arG, the larest terrestrial-maritime reser&e in the 2uropean Yestern 0editerranean Sea.

History

5ad$ o! 9aza, ancient 1+eriansculpture. 8riin: 9aza. 1n theIational #rchaeoloical0useum o! Spain, 0adrid.

"he eostrateic position o! #ndalusia in the e3treme south o! 2urope, pro&idin

(alon 6ith 0orocco) a ate6a$ +et6een 2urope and #!rica, added to its position+et6een the #tlantic 8ceanand the 0editerranean Sea,as 6ell as its rich deposits o!minerals and its aricultural 6ealth, ha&e made #ndalusia a temptin prize !orci&ilizations since prehistoric times. #dd to this its area o! N,RK suare Gilometres(JJ,KM% s mi) (larer than man$ 2uropean countries), and it can +e no surprise that#ndalusia has !iured prominentl$ in the histor$ o! 2urope and the 0editerranean.

i&en that the oriin o! humanit$ 6as almost certainl$ in #!rica, se&eral theoriespostulate that the !irst hominidsin 2urope 6ere in #ndalusia, ha&in passed acrossthe Strait o! i+raltar; the earliest Gno6n paintins o! humanit$ ha&e +een !ound in

the a&es o! IerVa, 0laa. "he !irst settlers, +ased on arti!acts !rom thearchaeoloical sites at 5os 0illares, 2l #rar, and "artessos, 6ere clearl$ in!luenced

+$ cultures o! the 2astern 0editerranean 6ho arri&ed on the #ndalusian coast.#ndalusia then 6ent throuh a period o!protohistor$, 6hen the reion did not ha&e a6ritten lanuae o! its o6n, +ut its e3istence 6as Gno6n to and documented +$literate cultures, principall$ the 7hoenicians(adir, 0alaGa) and #ncient reeGs.=urin the second millennium 92, the Gindom o! "artessosde&eloped in#ndalusia.[QM]

Carthaginians and Romans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_Bazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza,_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Nerjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_M%C3%A1lagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Millareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Argarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartessoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protohistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartessoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dama_de_Baza_ampliada.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dama_de_Baza_ampliada.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_National_Park_(Spain)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernas_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_Bazahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza,_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Nerjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_M%C3%A1lagahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Millareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Argarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartessoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protohistoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartessoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19


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7artial &ie6 o! the !orum; ruins o! 9aelo laudia

Yith the !all o! the 7hoeniciancities, arthae+ecame the dominant sea po6er o! the6estern 0editerranean and the most important tradin partner !or the 7hoenicianto6ns alon the #ndalusian coast. 9et6een the OirstandSecond 7unic Yars,

arthae e3tended its control +e$ond #ndalucia to include all o! 1+eria e3cept the9asue ountr$. #ndalusia 6as the maVor stain round !or the 6ar 6ith Fome led

+$ the anni+al9arca. "he Fomans de!eated the arthainians and conuered#ndalucia, the reion +ein renamed9aetica.[QM]1t 6as !ull$ incorporated into theFoman 2mpire, and !rom this reion came man$ Foman maistrates and senators, as6ell as the emperors "raVanand (most liGel$) adrian.

Vandals - Visigoths - y!antine "mpires

"he Handalsmo&ed +rie!l$ throuh the reion durin the >th centur$ #= +e!oresettlin in Iorth #!rica, a!ter 6hich the reion !ell into the hands o! the HisiothicTindom. "he Hisiothsin this reion 6ere practicall$ independent o! the Hisiothicatholic Tindom o! "oledo. "his is the era o! Saints 1sidore o! Se&illeandermeneild. =urin this period, around >>> #=, the 2astern Foman 2mpireconuered #ndalusia under ustinian 1, the2astern Foman 2mperor."he$ esta+lishedSpania, a pro&ince o! the9$zantine 2mpire!rom >>R until KR%. "houh theirholdins 6ere uicGl$ reduced, the$ continued to ha&e interests in the reion until it6as lost altoether in KR%.

#slamic "mpire - Al-Andalus

0ain articles: #l-#ndalusand "imeline o! the 0uslim presence in the 1+erianpeninsula
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baelo_Claudiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom#Catholic_Kingdom_of_Toledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom#Catholic_Kingdom_of_Toledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermenegildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAELO_CLAUDIA.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAELO_CLAUDIA.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baelo_Claudiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoeniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Gill-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom#Catholic_Kingdom_of_Toledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom#Catholic_Kingdom_of_Toledohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermenegildhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Emperorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_peninsula


18/74

"he aliphate o! *rdo+ac. QPPP, at the apoee o! #lmanzors rule

"he Hisiothic era came to an a+rupt end in NQQ 6ith the


19/74

hristian Gindoms #l-aGams death achie&ed militar$ successes, +ut at the e3penseo! unitin the hristian Gins o! the north aainst him.

9iest and +est conser&ed #ra+ic +aths in 2urope located in an

1nternal di&isions a!ter the death o! #lmanzor(QPPR) led to the !irst o! se&eraldecompositions o! the aliphate (QPJQ). Ie6 centers o! po6er arose, each rulin a

taia(and o!ten 6ith multiple le&els o! nominal !ealt$ and relati&e independence,accordin to the patterns o! !eudalism). "he taiao! Se&ille 6as especiall$ in!luential,

+ut the 2mirate o! ranada6as the last to sur&i&e, lastin !rom QRR until Q%MR.

#!ter the conuest o! "oledo in QPK +$ #l!onso H1, hristian rule dominated thepeninsula. "he main .aiasthere!ore had to resort to assistance !rom &arious 0uslimpo6ers across the 0editerranean. # num+er o! di!!erent 0uslim d$nasties o! Iorth#!rican oriinUnota+l$ #lmora&id d$nast$and #lmohad d$nast$Udominated aslo6l$ diminishin #l-#ndalus o&er the ne3t se&eral centuries.[>R]

#!ter the 0uslim &ictor$ at the 9attle o! SaraVas(QPK) put a temporar$ stop tohristian e3pansion, the #lmora&id d$nast$constructed a uni!ied #l-#ndalus 6ith itscapital in ranada, rulin until mid-QRth centur$. "he &arious .aiaGindoms 6ereassimilated. the #lmohad d$nast$e3pansion in Iorth #!rica 6eaGened #l-#ndalus,and in QQNP the #lmohads trans!erred their capital !rom 0arraGeshtoSe&ille. "hehristian &ictor$ at the 9attle o! 5as Ia&as de "olosa(QRQR) marGed the +einnin o!the end o! the #lmohad d$nast$.

Andalusia - $ingdom o% Castile

"he 6eaGness caused +$ the collapse o! #lmohad po6er and the su+seuent creationo! ne6 .aias, each 6ith its o6n ruler, and led to the rapid hristian reconuest o! the&alle$ o! the uadalui&ir. *rdo+a 6as reained in QRJK and Se&ille in QR%. "he!all o! ranadain Q%MR put an end to 0uslim rule in the 1+erian peninsula.[>J]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanzorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanzorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Robinson37-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Robinson37-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sagrajashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-linehan-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ja%C3%A9n_Ba%C3%B1os_%C3%81rabes.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ja%C3%A9n_Ba%C3%B1os_%C3%81rabes.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanzorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-Robinson37-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sagrajashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Granadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-linehan-53


20/74

Hie6 o! Se&ille and its port in the QKth centur$, +$ #lonso Snchez oello.

8n J #uust Q%MR hristopher olum+usle!t the to6n o! 7alos de la Orontera, 6iththe !irst e3pedition that resulted in the2uropeans learnin o! the e3istence o!#merica.[>%]0an$ #ndalusians participated in the e3pedition that 6ould end the0iddle #es and sinal the +einnin o! modernit$. ontacts +et6een Spain and the#mericas, includin ro$al administration and the shippin trade o!Spanish colonies

!or o&er three hundred $ears, came almost e3clusi&el$ throuh #ndalusia.[>>]#s aresult, the reion +ecame the 6ealthiest and most in!luential in Spain and one o! themost in!luential in 2urope. o6e&er, a+s+uram+itions else6here in 2uropedi&erted much o! the colonial 6ealth to 6ar. =iscontent 6ith this situation culminatedin QK%Q, 6hen the #ndalusian no+ilit$ staed an unsuccess!ul conspirac$ to ainindependencein QK%Q !rom the pro&incial o&ernment o! the aspar de uzmn,ount-=uGe o! 8li&ares.

1n the !irst hal! o! the QKth centur$plaue6as still pre&alent in Spain. #ccordin to

eore . Tohn, ?8ne o! the 6orst epidemics o! the centur$, 6hose miseries 6ereaccompanied +$ se&ere drouht and !ood shortae, started in Q>P>; +$ Q>PN, a+outQPP,PPP people had died in #ndalusia alone... #ndalusia 6as strucG once aain inQK%K. Oor three $ears,plauehaunted the entire reion, causin perhaps as man$ asRPP,PPP deaths, especiall$ in 0laa and Se&ille.?[>K]

Oollo6in the Second Fe+ellion o! the #lpuVarrasin Q>K-Q>NQ, the 0oorishpopulationUthat is, uncon&erted 0oriscosU6ere e3pelled !romTindom o! astile(and #raon). o6e&er, +$ order o! the Spanish cro6n, t6o 0oorish !amilies 6erereuired to remain in each &illae in order to demonstrate to the ne6 inha+itants,

introduced !rom northern Spain, the 6orGins o! the terracinand irriation s$stemson 6hich the districts ariculture depends.[citation needed]

1n QQP-QR the people stronl$ resisted the Orench occupation durin the 7eninsularYar(part o! the Iapoleonic Yars).[>N]

#ndalusia pro!ited !rom the Spanish o&erseas empire, althouh much trade and!inance e&entuall$ came to +e controlled +$ other parts o! 2urope to 6here it 6asultimatel$ destined. 1n the Qth centur$, commerce !rom other parts o! Spain +ean todisplace #ndalusian commerce 6hen the Spanish o&ernment ended #ndalusias

tradin monopol$ 6ith the #merican colonies. "he loss o! the empire in the QRPs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palos_de_la_Fronterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-stein-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_independentist_conspiracy_(1641)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_independentist_conspiracy_(1641)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco_Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palos_de_la_Fronterahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-stein-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_independentist_conspiracy_(1641)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_independentist_conspiracy_(1641)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morisco_Revolthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia#cite_note-57


21/74

hurt the econom$ o! the reion, particularl$ the cities that had +ene!ited !rom thetrade and ship +uildin. "he construction o! rail6a$s in the latter part o! the QMthcentur$ ena+led #ndalusia to +etter de&elop its aricultural potential and it +ecame ane3porter o! !ood. Yhile industrialisation 6as taGin o!! in the northern Spanish

reions o! atalonia and the 9asue countr$, #ndalusia remained traditional anddispla$ed a deep social di&ision +et6een a small class o! 6ealth$ lando6ners and a

population made up larel$ o! poor aricultural la+ourers and tradesmen.

Go&ernment and politics

#ndalusia is one o! the QN autonomous communities o! Spain. "he #ndalusian#utonomous o&ernment(Spanish:2unta de Andaluca) includes the 7arliament o!#ndalusia, its chosen president,a onsultati&e ouncil, and other +odies.

"he #utonomous ommunit$ o! #ndalusia 6as !ormed in accord 6ith a re!erendumo! R Oe+ruar$ QMP[>]and +ecame an autonomous communit$ under the QMQ Statuteo! #utomon$ Gno6n as theEstatuto de Carmona. "he process !ollo6ed the Spanishonstitution o! QMN, still current as o! RPPM, 6hich reconizes and uarantees theriht o! automon$ !or the &arious reions and nationalities o! Spain. "he process toesta+lish #ndalusia as an autonomous reion !ollo6ed #rticle Q>Q o! the onstitution,maGin #ndalusia the onl$ autonomous communit$ to taGe that particular course."hat article 6as set out !or reions liGe #ndalusia that had +een pre&ented +$ the

out+reaG o! the Spanish i&il Yar!rom adoptin a statute o! autonom$ durin theperiod o! the Second Spanish Fepu+lic.

#rticle Q o! the QMQ Statute o! #utonom$ Vusti!ies autonom$ +ased on the reions?historical identit$, on the sel!-o&ernment that the onstitution permits e&er$nationalit$, on outriht eualit$ to the rest o! the nationalities and reions thatcompose Spain, and 6ith a po6er that emanates !rom the #ndalusian onstitution and

people, re!lected in its Statute o! #utonom$?.[>M]

1n 8cto+er RPPK the constitutional commission o! the ortes enerales(the national

leislature o! Spain), 6ith !a&ora+le &otes !rom the le!t-o!-centerSpanish SocialistYorGers 7art$(7S82), the le!tist


22/74

U#ndalusian Statute o! #utonom$ on YiGisource,in Spanish

8n R Io&em+er RPPK the Spanish ham+er =eputies rati!ied the te3t o! theonstitutional ommission 6ith JPK &otes in !a&or, none opposed, and R a+stentions.

"his 6as the !irst time a Spanish 8ranic 5a6adoptin a Statute o! #utonom$ 6asappro&ed 6ith no opposin &otes. "he Senate, in a plenar$ session o! RP =ecem+erRPPK, rati!ied the re!erendum to +e &oted upon +$ the #ndalusian pu+lic Q Oe+ruar$RPPN.

"he Statute o! #utonom$ spells out #ndalusias distinct institutions o! o&ernmentand administration. hie! amon these is the #ndalusian #utonomous o&ernment(2unta de Andaluca). 8ther institutions speci!ied in the Statute are the =e!ensor del7ue+lo #ndaluz (literall$ ?=e!ender o! the #ndalusian 7eople?, +asicall$ anom+udsperson), the onsultati&e ouncil, the ham+er o! #ccounts, the #udio&isual

ouncil o! #ndalusia, and the 2conomic and Social ouncil.

"he #ndalusian Statute o!

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Andaluzian Art