1

Review on the STATUS SURVEY OF

HIMALAYAN GORAL (Nemorhaedus goral)

AND ITS BREEDING PROGRAMME AT

PADMAJA NAIDU HIMALAYAN ZOOLOGICAL

PARK

SUBMITTED BY: Ms. Nisam Mang Luxom

3rd Year Zoology (Hons)

Hans Raj College

Delhi University

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the Director of Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Mr. Piar Chand,

I.F.S, for providing me with the opportunity to work as an Intern at the Park. I am also grateful

towards my supervisor Ms. Upashna Rai (Zoo Biologist) for her constant guidance and help

without which I would be lost, Mr. Bhupen Roka (Education Officer) and Dr. Uttam Pradhan

(Veterinary Officer). Many thanks extended to the rest of the Zoo staffs who have been very

helpful and welcoming during my stay at the Park.

Date: 18.06.2016

Nisam Mang Luxom

IIIrd Year B.Sc. Zoology (Hons.)

Hansraj College

Delhi University

E-mail: nisam.mang@yahoo.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Serial No. Title Page No.

1. Introduction

1.1 Ecology of Himalayan Goral

1.2 Status of H. Goral in Aaptivity

1.3 Distribution of H. Goral in Protected Areas

2. Conservation Status and Threats

3. H. Goral in Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park

3.1 Enclosure details

3.2 Feed and Feeding Habits

3.3 Record Keeping

3.4 Veterinary Issues

3.5 Behavioural Observation

3.5 (a) Animal Behavior and the Environment, Conservation and Resource

Management

3.5 (b) Importance of Understanding Animal Behaviour

3.5 (c) Importance of Behaviour

3.6 Behavioural Study of H. Goral (Nemorhaedus goral) at PNHZP

3.7 Role of H.Goral in the Himalayan Ecosystem

3.8 Breeding of H.Goral at PNHZP

3.8 (a) How is the Breeding Programme of the H.Goral conducted?

4. Conclusion and Recommendations

5. References

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1.Introduction:

1.1 Ecology of Himalayan Goral (Nemorhaedus goral)

Gorals are alpine-dwelling herbivores which are found across Asia.1 They are related to the chamois,

serow and mountain goats. Gorals tend to live singly or in small groups of four or five, with older males

usually leading a solitary existence.

Two sub-species such as Nemorhaedus goral goral (Hardwicke) and Nemorhaedus goral hodgsoni

Pocock , occur within Indian limit. The Nemorhaedus goral goral is known to occur in Jammu & Kashmir,

Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and northeastern states of India (Alfred et al., 2002). The

other sub- species Nemorhaedus goral hodgsoni is found in Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim state of India.2

The Nemorhaedus Goral (Himalayan Goral) is endemic to the Himalayas and Hindukush ranges and

the species is found in Bhutan, China (Southern Tibet), Northern India (including Sikkim), Northern

Pakistan (Grubb 2005) and in Northeast India - East and South of the Brahmaputra.3

Gorals usually measure 81-130cm in body length and weigh 25-30kg. Male and females are similar in

size and both genders have short, sharp horns that curve posteriorly. The stocky build of gorals assist

in navigating the craggy terrain of their habitat. Himalayan gorals are dark grey or brown with a darker

colored dorsal stripe and a lighter patch of hair on the throat. The hair is short and coarse and males

have manes from their necks to their chests.

They feed on grassy ridges and steep rocky slopes with a diet that consists of grasses, leaves, twigs,

fruits and nuts. Studies carried out by observing the fecal samples and field observation of Pakistan and

Azad Kashmir suggest that gorals consume foliage of a minimum of 28 plant species. The same study

found that Himalayan gorals graze primarily on several grasses that are endemic to the Himalayas. If

Himalayan gorals become more seriously endangered, human cultivation of these grasses could

provide surviving Himalayan gorals with a reliable and preferred food source. The gorals are diurnal

animals; mostly active during early mornings and late evenings, while opting to rest or remain stationary

during the day.

Their gestation length is 170-218 days, with single births. Male and females reach sexual maturity at

three, sometimes two years, with a lifespan of up to 14-15 years in the wild.

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1.2 STATUS OF H. GORAL IN CAPTIVITY

Numerous zoos across the country houses H. Goral, however the total number of the H.goral still

remains low. Successful exchange and transfer programmes have been carried out between national

zoos which ensure diversifying the gene pool of the existing Gorals present in captivity.

According to the Central Zoo Authority, the current inventory of Himalayan Gorals in zoos across India,

for the year 2015-16, is:

Zoo Name State Name M/F/U Total

Manda Deer Park (Ram Nagar Sanctuary) Jammu & Kashmir

3/0/0 3

Mahendra Chaudhury Zoological park Punjab 1/2/6 9

Himalayan Zoological Park, Bulbuley Sikkim 6/5/0 11

Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant High Altitude Zoo Uttarakhand 5/1/0 6

Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological West Bengal 6/2/0 8

Total 38

1.3 Distribution of H. Goral in the Protected Areas

Some 50 protected areas in India are reported to include some goral (Singh, 1985; Rodgers and

Panwar, 1988; Pandey 2002), including:

State Locations

Jammu and Kashmir

Kishtwar National Park, Nandni and Surinsar Mansar Wildlife Sanctuaries, possibly in Limber Game Reserve and Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary

Himachal Pradesh

Great Himalayan National Park, Bandi Churdar, Chail, Daranghati, Darlaghat, Gamgul Siahbehi, Kalatop-Khajjiar, Kanawar, Khokhan, Kugti, Lippa Asrang, Majathal, Manali, Naina Devi, Nargu, Raksham Chitkul, Renuka, Rupi Bhaba, Sangla valley, Sechu Tuan Nala, Shikari Devi, Shilli (locally threatened), Simbalbara, Simla Water Catchment, Talra, Tirthan and Tundah (locally threatened) Wildlife Sanctuaries

Uttaranchal (Negi 2002)

Corbett, Nanda Devi, Rajaji and Valley of Flowers National Parks, Askot, Sonanadi, Binsar, Musorriie, Govind Pashu Vihar and Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuaries

Sikkim Kangchendzonga National Park

Megahalaya Balphakram National Park

Assam possibly in Buxa Tiger Reserve

West Bengal Singalila National Park, possibly in Neora Valley National Park

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2 CONSERVATION STATUS and THREATS

In India, the Himalayan Gorals are listed as Near Threatened/Low as of 2008 by the IUCN. They are

also on Appendix I of CITES. The hunting of Gorals is allowed in most states, except in Himachal

Pradesh and Nagaland, where the Goral is completely and legally protected.

The Goral is a prolific animal; well-adapted to its environment, but there are several factors that come

into play when broaching the subject of the decline in Goral population.

Habitat destruction and fragmentation brought about by human intervention is the biggest threat

to the Goral population. Alteration of the natural Himalayan landscape, which increases in scale

along with the human population, causes major habitat destruction and displacement of the

Goral. Animals have no sense of political and physical boundaries set by humans. The borders

divide the species population leading to lessening of the number of potential mates on each side

of the border. Thus, interbreeding occurs and as a result, genetic depressions are observed.

Agricultural practices require stripping down the evergreen forests and leveling the rocky rugged

terrain, which rids the Goral of its natural habitat.

They are also hunted for their meat, wool and hide; poaching being another big factor when it

comes to decrease in Goral population.

3. H.GORAL IN PNHZP

Himalayan goral was earlier found in Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling district of West Bengal, now it is

restricted to Himalayan foot hills of Darjeeling district, West Bengal (Inglish 1919, Mitra 1957).

The Himalayan Goral is one of the species amidst the collection Plan of animals of PNHZP. The Park

started its breeding programme for the species in 2010. A wild caught female was brought from

Itanagar Zoo, Arunachal Pradesh and a wild caught male was acquired from Himalayan Zoological

Park, Sikkim in 2009.

PNHZP has initiated several exchange programmes with other national zoos for new bloodline:

Date M:F Ratio From

27.08.12 1:0 Kunjanagar

15.03.14 1:1 Nainital Zoo

31.10.14 1:1 Sikkim Zoo

All individuals present in the ex-situ housing programme of the PNHZP have been tagged for proper

identification and tracking. History sheets are carefully maintained for each individual

2 individuals (a female Goral and her offspring) are housed in the display area and the rest of them are

housed in the Conservation Breeding Centre for Herbivores and Pheasants, Dow Hill, Kurseong.

There have been no illnesses so far and the health of the Gorals is regularly monitored with extra

precautions taken to see to it that the individuals remain healthy and potent.

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Medicines are being added to the Goral feeding plan to prolong the breeding age to approx. 14 years

(normal breeding age = 11-12 years).

3.1 Enclosure details: It is an open air enclosure with 7-8 ft. high moat wall on all the sides. The night

shelter consists of a 3m x 2m cell attached with 2.5m x 2.5m verandah for feeding, etc. It is the first

herbivore enclosure located down the road to HMI. Viewing is done from the road to HMI. All the four

sides of the enclosure are with boulder/concrete walls with natural finishing. Keeper’s gate is in the

back. Total open air area of the enclosure is 500-600sq. mts. There is one big concrete shelter in the

middle of the enclosure facing downward. General slope is steep to medium.

Fig 1. H. Goral enclosure

3.2 Feed and Feeding Habits:

The Gorals are fed twice a day (7:30am and 8:30pm) on all the days of the week. Their diet has been

formulated after medical deliberation and careful consideration of their in-situ dietary habits and

consists of:

Food Amount per individual (a)

Total amount required (a*8)

Crushed Maize 200g 200g x 8 = 1600g

Gram 400g 400g x 8 = 3200g

Crushed Wheat 100g 100g x 8 = 800g

Barley 100g 100g x 8 = 800g

Salt 20g 20g x 8 = 160g

Wheat Bran 200g 200g x 8 = 1600g

Molasses 400g 400g x 8 = 3200g

Turmeric 30g 30g x 8 = 240g

Pulses (Musur) 300g 300g x 8 = 2400g

Green Fodder 7.5kg 7.5kg x 8 = 60kgs

3.3 Record keeping:

Maintenance of Individual History cards.

Individual tagging for proper identification.

Medical History card.

Feeding record.

ISIS/ZIMS record.

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Fig 2. Tagging of H. Goral for individual identification.

3.4 Veterinary issues

Regular deworming

Routine health checkup

Hand rearing of fauns if required

3.5 Behavioural observations

Animal behavior is the bridge between the molecular and physiological aspects of biology and the

ecological. Behavior is the link between organisms and environment and between the nervous system,

and the ecosystem. Behavior is one of the most important properties of animal life. Behavior plays a

critical role in biological adaptations. The beauty of an animal includes its behavioral attributes.

3.5 (a) ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT, CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

1. The behavior of animals often provides the first clues or early warning signs of environmental degradation. Changes in sexual and other behavior occur much sooner and at lower levels of environmental disruption than changes in reproductive outcomes and population size. If we wait to see if numbers of animal populations are declining, it may be too late to take measures to save the environment. Studies of natural behavior in the field are vital to provide baseline data for future environmental monitoring..

2. Basic research on how salmon migrate back to their home streams started more than 40 years ago by Arthur Hasler has taught us much about the mechanisms of migration. This information has also been valuable in preserving the salmon industry in the Pacific Northwest and applications of Hasler's results has led to the development of a salmon fishing industry in the Great Lakes. Basic animal behavior research can have important economic implications.

3. Animal behaviorists have described variables involved in insect reproduction and host plant location leading to the development of non-toxic pheromones for insect pest control that avoid the need for toxic pesticides. Understanding of predator prey relationships can lead to the introduction of natural predators on prey species.

4. Knowledge of honeybee foraging behavior can be applied to mechanisms of pollination which in turn is important for plant breeding and propagation.

5. An understanding of foraging behavior in animals can lead to an understanding of forest regeneration. Many animals serve as seed dispersers and are thus essential for the propagation of tree species and essential for habitat preservation.

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6. The conservation of endangered species requires that we know enough about natural behavior (migratory patterns, home range size, interactions with other groups, foraging demands, reproductive behavior, communication, etc) in order to develop effective reserves and effective protection measures. Relocation or reintroduction of animals (such as the golden lion tamarin) is not possible without detailed knowledge of a species' natural history. With the increasing importance of environmental programs and human management of populations of rare species, both in captivity and in the natural habitat, animal behavior research becomes increasingly important. Many of the world's leading conservationists have a background in animal behavior or behavioral ecology.

7. Basic behavioral studies on reproductive behavior have led to improved captive breeding methods for whooping cranes, golden lion tamarins, cotton-top tamarins, and many other endangered species. Captive breeders who were ignorant of the species' natural reproductive behavior were generally unsuccessful.

3.5 (b) Important to Understand Animal Behaviour ?

“Animals should be housed with a goal of maximizing species-specific behaviors and minimizing stress-

induced behaviors” (NRC 1996, p 22)--a laudable goal, but can it be achieved? The answer is perhaps,

but doing so will necessitate addressing some difficult questions. How do we maximize behaviors in an

environment that is so different from the one in which the animal evolved its species-typical behaviors?

Should the animal be allowed to perform all of its species-typical behaviors or only certain ones? If the

latter, how do we choose which ones? How can we recognize and minimize stress-induced behaviors?

3.6 (c) Why is behavior important?

It is worth remembering that behavior is what animals do to interact with, respond to, and control their environment. Behavior is generally the animal's “first line of defense” in response to environmental change. As such, careful observations of behavior can provide us with a great deal of information about animals' requirements, preferences and dislikes, and internal states (Mench and Mason 1997), provided that our interpretation of those observations is firmly grounded in a knowledge of species-typical behavior patterns. An approach to management or housing design that focuses primarily on behavioral needs is too narrow (Mench 1998b) and does not adequately consider the beneficial effects a behavior can have on welfare even when that behavior might not be defined typically as a need. simple behavioral preferences, and indeed species-specific behaviors in general, and identify the consequences for an animal performing particular behaviours should be considered. . The association between potential welfare benefits and an animal's performance of certain behaviors is further discussed below. This, however, is an area in which much additional research is needed. The importance of understanding behaviour in animals leads to Maintaining Physical Health or Physiological Normality, Preventing or Reducing Illness, Fear, Stress, Pain, or Tension and Behaviour As an Indicator,Designing housing environments based on behaviour. 3.6. Behavioural study of Himalayn Goral (Nemorhaedus goral) at PNHZ Park Duration: Observation of the Nemorhaedus goral 1:1 enclosure was conducted from 13.06.2016 – 18.06.2016. Study Area: H. Goral Enclosure of beat No. 5 at the display area of PNHZ Park Total Hours: 49 hours (9:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m. for 7 days)

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Methodology: Continuous Focal Sampling Sample No: 2 The following chart depicts the % of activities observed during the period:

DATE TIME GRAZING/FORAGING

STANDING

SITTING EATING WALKING

PLAYING INTERACTION W EACH OTHER

13.06.16 – 18.06.16 (Female Adult)

10am-11am

19.16% 33.33% 38.33% 8.3% 0.08%

11am-12pm

13.39% 11.60% 65.17% 0.04% 0.05%

12pm-1pm 31.66% 53.33% 0.05% 0.06% 0.03%

4pm-5pm 15.25% 22.03% 54.23% 0.02% 0.02% 0.04%

13.06.16 – 18.06.16 (Male Fawn)

10am-11am

45% 24.5% 13.93% 0.02% 0.04% 0.09% 0.08%

11am-12pm

39.47% 8.77% 35.96% 6.14% 2.63% 7.6% 0.05%

12pm-1pm 15% 13.33% 55% 6.66% 6.66% 3.33%

4pm-5pm 29.95% 15% 51.66% 6.66% 1.66% 0.04%

Inferences drawn:

No observation of any abnormal activities by the pair.

The major activities observed were sitting, standing and grazing/foraging.

Both have been accepting the feed given normally to the other herbivores in the collection.

3.7 ROLE OF H.GORAL IN HIMALAYAN ECOSYSTEM:

As one of the most prominent herbivores of the Himalayan ecosystem, the H. Goral plays a crucial role

as a keystone species in maintaining ecosystem balance and stability. They act as the carriers of

natural selection by feeding upon the plants of the most abundant species, thus promoting genetic

diversity and species diversity in the local flora. Genetic diversity plays a prominent role in the survival

of a species.

The population of H. Goral in the Himalayan ecosystem depends on the biotic and abiotic

environmental stresses acting on the species during a given period. The feeding relationships present

between Gorals and other species within a complex food web of the Himalayan ecosystem regulate the

drastic fluctuations that may be present in the population status of a given species. However, even with

said fluctuation, the stability of the ecosystem is directly proportional to the biodiversity spectrum. As an

herbivore, the H.Goral serves as a source of food for regional predators (snow leopards, Eurasian lynx,

wolves, wild dogs4) as well as acts as a primary consumer when feeding on leaves and grasses.

Species diversity provides stability to the Himalayan ecosystem. If the Nemorhaedus goral population is

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wiped out then this stability is affected and it causes severe damage to the balanced state of the

ecosystem in the long run.

Thus, it is important that the population status of the H.Goral is maintained above a critical level

locally and that breeding programmes are carried by the Park so as to restore the number of Gorals in

captivity as well as the wild to further stabilize the delicate balance of the Himalayan ecosystem.

3.8 BREEDING OF H.GORALS AT PNHZP

Breeding of Himalayan Goral has already been a success (initiated in 2010, with continued success in

the consecutive years: 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014) but the replenishment of the Goral in-situ

population requires conservation-targeted breeding practices and for the breeding programme to be

carried out on a larger scale with greater genetic variability.

The Park aims to work towards restoring local endemic species population, alongside carrying out

several successful breeding programmes for priority species including the Snow Leopard, the Hangul

Deer and the Red Panda. If the H. Goral population wipes out, it would result in further extinction of

other dependent species and ultimately, breakdown of the local ecosystem stability.

The PNHZP has three separate breeding centers: Conservation Breeding Centre for Snow Leopards

and Red Pandas in Topkedara, Conservation Breeding Centre for Snow Leopards and Red Pandas in

3rd Mile and Conservation Breeding Centre for Herbivores and Pheasants in Dow Hill (Kurseong) for

better accommodation of the animals. They are located away from the city area so that human

interaction is limited and the animals are nearer to the wild. This is essential for breeding centers whose

main concern is restocking the in-situ stock status of the species. Hand-rearing is kept to a minimum

and the individuals are not allowed to get domestic. However, for easier management purposes, the

animal is tamed sometimes during veterinary checkups, to avoid being sedated. Newborns are reared

in a manner closest to how they would have been brought up in their wild habitats for an easier

transition into their lifestyle when they are released into the wild, eventually.

It is important for the regional public to be aware of the current declining status of the endemic species

which play an important role in ecosystem maintenance. However, literature review concludes that in-

depth studies have not been done on the Gorals and thus there is limited knowledge for research

purposes. Its biology is largely unknown and most information of the species comes from anecdotal

reports of early hunters and travelers. Mountain undulates, in general, have not been extensively

studied because of the numerous risks involved in carrying out research and gathering information in

high altitude conditions.

Significant increase in the H.Goral population can only be brought about by ex-situ conservation.

PNHZP has the potential to carry out successful H. Goral breeding programmes on a large scale,

thereby replenishing the In-Situ Population Status of the locally threatened Himalayan Goral. This

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would further help carry out in-depth studies on the Goral and expand the slim knowledge base that is

present on the Goral to help understand them further.

3.8 (a) How is the breeding programme for the Himalayan Goral conducted?

An efficient conservation breeding management plan is set up to promote better coordination between

the in-situ and ex-situ wildlife conservation activities.

The strategy of breeding programmes includes “analyzing suitability of the wild habitat for the

targeted species, the number of animals left in the habitat, assessing and analyzing the cause of

decline/loss of number of animal species and the inputs required for the improvement of the

habitat in the form of habitat manipulation to make it more suitable for the target species and

protection required in case the cause is found to be hunting, trapping, etc.”

At first, the number of individuals of the species in the wild as well as in captivity is taken into account.

Coordinating and participating zoos are identified and checked for the presence appropriate enclosures

that can house the individuals.

The founders among the prospect group of individuals are then identified. They are marked with the

help of transponders, ear tags or rings. If no founders can be identified in the already present group of

individuals, then they are acquired from foreign zoos. The founders undergo physical health check-ups

at the veterinary hospital of the Zoo as well as the National Referral Centre (Indian Veterinary Institute,

Bareilly). History sheets and observation sheets of the identified Zoos are prepared and studied to

check for any complications and predict any barriers to carrying out the programme. To weed out

abnormalities in the genetic make-up of the founders, genetic analysis is conducted using blood

samples or body parts with help from LACONES, Hyderabad.

An appropriate housing facility in the form of an Off-Display Conservation Breeding Centre Facility as

well as Project Offices in coordinating Zoos are constructed using funds provided by the Central Zoo

Authority.

Present stock of wild animals of the commoner species from unplanned breeding of unknown lineage or

prolific breeding species in Indian Zoos again of doubtful lineage will be phased out and replaced by the

individuals of the desirable species bred and kept in more planned and scientific ways, which are

physically, genetically, behaviourally healthy and can be used as future insurance for the cases of

exigencies.

The conservation breeding programme is focused on both reintroduction of H.Gorals in the wild as well

as to have proper stock for display in Zoos and to have individuals as insurance in case of exigencies

and experimental release in the wild.

Individuals released into the wild are tagged with radio collars which a durable for a fixed duration of

time (e.g: 1/5/7 years) depending on how long the Zoo wants to monitor the animal after release into

the wild.

The transition of the animal from ex-situ to in-situ locations is made easier by preparing the individual

for their wild lifestyle while being reared in the breeding programme. Inconspicuous objects are placed

inside the enclosure to increase predator awareness. Wild feeding is encouraged and enrichments are

hidden in the feed to develop proper feeding habits.

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It has been inferred that the animals introduced into the wild via conservation breeding programmes

also produce stronger progeny than those that are already present in the in-situ habitats.

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4. CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS

Having carried out several successful breeding programmes for many species over the course of its

existence, the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park has the resources and expert experience

required to move forward with the breeding programme for H.Gorals on a larger scale. No other

national zoos have taken up the initiative of breeding the Himalayan Goral. The research and education

department also runs efficiently and is able to oversee the success of the scientific side of the

programme. Additional manpower, if needed, is available at hand. The staffs at the Conservation

Breeding Centers have been properly trained and are able to assist in carrying out the project to

fulfillment. Medical facilities are also available with regular health check-ups being conducted to ensure

that the individuals remain healthy and viable.

Investment of time and energy by the personnel involved plays a large role in the success of the

Conservation Breeding programme. The individuals are to be seen, not as mere specimens but, as

fellow living beings that require care and support. The management practices should be modified to

match the physiological and psychological state of the individuals.

A breeding programme is a long, complicated process which requires the involvement of numerous

personnel as well as the use of expensive technology which requires proper funding. The Govt. of West

Bengal and the Central Zoo Authority have the means to provide financial support for this essential

project targeted to save the local endemic species and preserve the stability of the Himalayan

ecosystem. With the help of sufficient economical means, the breeding programme at Padmaja Naidu

Himalayan Zoological Park targeting H.Goral conservation has the possibility of becoming a great

success.

.

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Marshall Cavendish.

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Fig 3. Himalayan Goral (Nemorhaedus goral) at Darjeeling Zoo

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