Examples and Case studiesPaper 1

AQA Geography (8035)

GUIDANCE ON CASE STUDIES and examples

Paper 1 - Physical GeographySection A - The Challenge of Natural Hazards

Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard [earthquake] vary between two areas of contrasting levels of Wealth.

Chile Earthquake, Chile - HIC - 27th February 2010 Chile is highly vulnerable to earthquakes as it is situated on the

Pacific "Ring of Fire", on the edge of the Pacific and South American plates.

It happened 325km S-W of the capital, Santiago It measured 8.8 on the Richter scale The average income in 2017 was about $24,000 (£18,280). This makes it

a HIC (high income country). The country lies along the Nazca – South American margin (destructive

margin - oceanic and continental plates meet)

Effects● Around 500 people killed and 12,000 injured –

800,000 affected● 220,000 homes, 4,500 schools, 53 ports, 56

hospitals and other public buildings destroyed● Several coastal towns devastated by tsunami waves● 1500km of roads damage, mainly by landslides –

remote communities cut off for many days● Several Pacific countries were struck by tsunami ● Cost of the earthquake estimated at US$30 billion● Much of Chile lost power, water supplies and

communications e.g. phones and internet went down● Port of Talcahuanao and Santiago airport badly

damaged● A fire was caused at a chemical plant near

Santiago – the area had to be evacuated

Evaluation● There was less deaths in Chile

as there are stricter building codes. collapsing or catching fire

● Tsunami warning systems in Chile prevented a loss of life

● Damaged airports and port prevented aid coming quickly

Responses Solutions

-Taxes were raised temporarily -North-south highway was repaired -Water and electric was restored to homes within 10 days -More than 200,000 houses were reconstructed -Drew on past experiences to plan for future earthquakes

-Prediction – Chile has tsunami warning systems which meant that lives were saved during this earthquake -Preparation - earthquake drills train people - they have earthquake survival kits and children go under desks which have pads to pull down to reduce injuries-Protection – buildings have been rebuilt earthquake proof and in 2014 the impacts were reduced

Nepal, Asia - LIC - January 12th 2010● Nepal is a landlocked country located between China and India in

South Asia.● Its capital city is Kathmandu. The quake epicentre was about 10

miles from the capital.It has a population of 29 million.

Effects● Landslides and avalanches blocked roads and

hampered relief efforts● 9,000 people died and 20,000 injured – over

8 million (a third of Nepal’s population) were affected

● 50% of shops destroyed, affecting supplies and livelihoods

● International airport congested as aid arrived

● 7000 schools destroyed; hospitals overwhelmed

● 3 million left homeless when homes collapsed

● Avalanches on Mount Everest killed 19 people – the greatest loss of life in a single incident on the mountain

● 1.4 million people needed food, water and shelter in the immediate aftermath

● A landslide blocked the Kali Gandaki River, 140 miles north west of Kathmandu – many people evacuated in case of flooding

●

Evaluation● People were in temporary accommodation a

year later ● Many of the building are not earthquake

proof so many old building collapsed● The economy did not recover for many

years as so many clothing factories were damaged so they could not export goods

● Rescuing people and aid for the country was difficult as the roads were damaged from landslides and there were a lot of villages in remote areas

Responses Solutions

-India and China provided over $1 billion of international aidburied in mass graves.-Temporary housing was provided, including ‘Tent city’ in Kathmandu.-Many countries donated aid. £73 million was donated by the UK (£23 million by the government and £50 million by the public). In addition to this, the UK provided 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and eight tonnes of equipment.-Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross came to help.

-Prediction - not enough seismometers have been placed in the country so again the country will not be able to predict a large earthquake-Preparation – Nepal had not had an earthquake in 80 years so were not prepared for a disaster for this magnitude-Protection - building are generally not earthquake proof

Why do people live with Natural hazards?

Iceland, Europe - area that is at risk from earthquakes and volcanoes

Some settlements have grown into enormous cities and would be hard to move anywhere else

Iceland is well prepared for hazards sopeople feel safe

A good job and way of life may keep you in a danger zone, Iceland has a high standard of living

Hot springs, which are created by groundwater flowing near magma (underground lava) provide areas attracts many visitors to use the water to relax and improve their health

Volcanoes provide cheap geothermal power, 28 % of all its energy. This is even used to heat pavements in winter in Reykjavik.

In farming areas around Reykjavik (Iceland), geothermal energy is used to heat greenhouses enabling the growing of fruit, vegetables and flowers.

Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses.Tropical storm/Typhoon Haiyan - LIC - November 2013

Effects:● Typhoon Haiyan is one of the most devastating storms of recent

history. It killed approximately 7400 people (6,340 confirmed, 1,061 missing) and affected 9 million people.

● 6,000,000 displaced - forced from their homes and communities● It caused a storm surge – a wall of water – that was 25 feet high in

some areas, including in the town of Tacloban.● Five million people saw their homes severely damaged or destroyed

(550,000 houses destroyed and an additional 580,000 houses were severely damaged).

●● The economy was affected, with estimated losses at $2.9billion with much of

this in agriculture.● Rice and sugar producing areas for the Philippines were destroyed. A total

of 131,611 tons of rice was lost● Tacloban airport terminal building was also completely destroyed by a 5m

storm surge ● Socially people were affected; they became refugees in less affected areas

and migrated there.Also, fishing communities were affected with the storm destroying boats and associated equipment.

Responses:

Immediate responses:● Asked for international support within 48hours● The Royal Navy delivered food, water, medical

aid, rents and blankets to the worst affected areas

● Difficult to deliver water, food and other aid as the roads were badly damaged

● Also there were so few workers left in places there was no one help with distributing and supporting the aid effort e.g. the Tacloban city government was decimated, with just 70 workers

Red Cross [https://app.icrc.org/app/2014-6-months-haiyan/index.html]● Red Cross helped people with grants to rebuild

their businesses or repair fishing boats so they can continue to have an income

● Red Cross re-stoked hospital and community health centres with essential medication and provided 100 medical staff to support the worst hit hospitals

● Red Cross repaired 65 water system to ensure 85 000 people had long term clean water

Long term responses:Predict - install better early warning systems to ensure people are able to evacuate to shelters or leave the area

Prepare - educate people on how to prepare for disasters such as store food, move to higher ground.-faster delivery of emergency food packages

Protect-Concrete homes, with tempered glass windows - the concrete is much more durable and less likely to collapse or be washed away. The tempered glass is covered in a see through sticker so that window can be smashed.

An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Somerset Floods, 2014• causes

Environmental In January 2014 there was 200% more rain than any other previous January, the wettest since 1910.

A second cause was that the ground was saturated from prolonged rainfall so the soil could no longer hold any more water

A third cause is the high tide from the Bristol Channel to the north west prevents water from entering the sea keep the flood water on land

A fourth cause is the low lying land which allows storm surges to flood the land easily as it is only a few metres above sea level.

Human

One human cause is that the river has not been dredged for many years so the additional sediment in the river keeps the river artificially high.

The local farming industry has changed; the original growing grassland to maize (food crop for animals) which means it cannot hold as much water which then flows over the ground into rivers causing the river to rise quickly.

• Impacts of the Somerset floodsSocialMore than 600 homes and6880 hectares of

EconomicFlood-hit home owners arelikely to see their insurancecosts increase in the future.

EnvironmentalAfter nearly three monthsunder millions of

farmlandwere flooded. Flood damage to homes, possessions and farmland. Manypeople were evacuated and had to seek temporary accommodation elsewhere.

900 litres of fuel was stolen from a pumping station in Westonzoyland. By early February, there were reports of stolen heating oil and quad bikes from homes of flood victims.

tonnes of water, much of the soil wasdamaged. It may take up totwo years to restore the soil so that crops can be grown.

• how management strategies can reduce risk.The government spent £26 million on flood defences

Types of defence

Soft engineering Restored the banks so they are higher allowing the river to hold more water therefore reducing the chances of flooding.

Flood warning system to help people evacuate quickly reducing injuries or at risk groups from becoming trapped

Hard engineeringRaising the road above possible flood levels ensures that transport flow is still possible as well as evacuation points

Steel walls around Westonzoyland stop water reaching the houses reducing the cost of damages and evacuation

Dredging the river reduced the sediment in the river so that river levels stayed generally low and therefore can hold more water

Positive

A natural method so the area keeps looking natural. The river holds much more water so less chance of flooding

Makes no change to the environment and not as expensive as all the other methods

Ensures people can still use certain roads to evacuate and cars will not get stuck so emergency services spend less time rescuing people from cars

The most effective method as even a large flood will not be able to get past steel walls so homes and land will be protected

This method has generally led fewer river flooding and the Somerset levels only flooded because the government had stopped paying for this to occur

Negative

The mud may become saturated and fall into the river which would increase water levels. Also the water force may easily break through the bank

Some people ignore warning and stay in their homes and get stuck.Some people may not get warnings and do not leave their homes on time

The method is expensive and the does not guarantee that a large flood will still not cover roads

Very expensive and also changes the the look of the area to maker it look more unattractive

The removal of rocks is expensive and if the rain is heavy this may not prevent the land being flooded.

Section B: The living world

An example of a small scale UK ecosystemPonds in Lambeth Parks

● They contain a VARIETY of habitats for plants and animals;● Animals and plants living in deeper water at the bottom of the pond

will have less light and Oxygen to cope with and ADAPT to.● Living things at the edges of a pond (the margins) have more light

and Oxygen, but also have to cope with more wind etc.● Producer – An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from

the sun through photosynthesis.● Consumer – Creature that eats

herbivores and/or plant matter.● Decomposer – An organism such as a

bacterium or fungus, that breaks downdead tissue, which is then recycled to the environment.

●

A case study of a tropical rainforest - Amazon Rainforest, Brazil

Causes of deforestationSubsistence and commercial farming – subsistence farming is where poor farmers occupy plots of the forest to grow food to feed themselves and their families. They clear forest and then burn it, hence the name slashand burn. They grow crops until the soil is exhausted and then move on. This contributes to deforestation-commercial farming (Farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies).Fields for grain and cattle. The land is also flat and easy to farm. It also has high temperatures and lots of rainfall.

Logging – This involves cutting down trees for sale as timber or pulp. The timber is used to build homes, furniture, etc. and the pulp is used to make paper and paper products. Logging can be either selective or clear cutting

Road building – trees are also clear for roads. Roads are an essential way for the Brazilian government to allow development of the Amazon rainforest. However, unless they are paved many of the roads are unusable during the wettest periods of the year.

Mineral extraction – forests are also cleared to make way for huge mines. The Brazilian part of the Amazon has mines that extract iron, manganese, nickel, tin, bauxite, beryllium, copper, lead, tungsten, zinc and gold!

Energy development – This has focussed mainly on using Hydro Electric Power.Dams displace many people and the reservoirs they create flood large area of land, which would previously have been forest. They also alter the hydrological cycle and trap huge quantities of sediment behind them.

Settlement & population growth – populations are growing within the Amazon forest and along with them settlements. Many people are migrating to the forest looking for work associated with the natural wealth of this environment. Settlements like Parauapebas, an iron ore mining town, have grown rapidly, destroying forest and replacing it with a swath of shanty towns.

Impacts of deforestation ● Every time forest is cleared species are lost – so we lose

BIODIVERSITYClimate Change - Burning the forest releases greenhouse gasses like CO2. This contributes to the warming of our planet via climate change and global warming.

● In addition, the loss of trees prevents CO2 being absorbed, making the problem worse. The Amazon also helps to drive the global atmospheric system.

● There is a lot of rainfall there and changes to the Amazon could disrupt the global system.

● Economic development – Brazil has used the forests as a way to develop their country. The forest has many natural riches that can be exploited.

● In addition, Brazil has huge foreign debt and lots of poor people tofeed, so they want to develop the forest. May Brazilians see deforestation as a way to help develop their country and improve people’s standard of living.

● Soil erosion - the soils of the Amazon forest are not fertile and are quickly exhausted once the forest is cleared.

● The farmers now artificially fertilise the soil when in the past the nutrient cycle would have done this naturally.

● In addition, the lack of forest cover means that soils are exposed to the rainfall. This washes huge amounts of soil into rivers in the process of soil erosion.

A case study of a hot desert - Sahara Desert, North Africa

Development opportunities in hot desert environments are challenging but there are opportunities in some of the countries.

-Mineral extraction - natural minerals such as phosphates are found in MOROCCO which are dug up and used in fertilisers. They are exported around the world which make the country money.

-Energy - In TUNISIA one of the world’s biggest solar farms has been built; the 12 hours of sunlight from cloudless skies create electricity to power 2 million homes in Western Europe by the end of 2018.

-Farming - In EGYPT dams (a wall to hold back water to be used generating electricity or for freshwater) are built which will provide water for agriculture. They are able to grow a range of food products which they export to Europe helping their economy.

-Tourism - the remote and exotic desert locations bring in thousands of tourist every year to countries like MOROCCO and TUNISIA. Tourist activities like sandboarding, treks and riding Camels are very popular. Many people do not stay in the desert but travel of 1-2 days from cities nearby.

Challenges of developing hot desert environments: the reasons below show why even at the edge of the desert it is a challenge to find and exploit resources.

Extreme temperatures - the average temperature is close to 40 degrees celsius during the day and close to 0 degrees at night. This may cause illness and death especially as healthcare is far away.-Most people will not visit for these reasons and it is difficult to work in temperatures like this.

-Water supply - the Sahara has low annual rainfall, less than 70mm (UK is 885mm),which means that water is valuable and difficult to find due to few rivers most of the year. This means that workers, farmers and industry find it difficult to get water-Boreholes are dug to get water from deep underground but this eventually runs out because the rain does not replenish it regularly-In Morocco for the phosphate mines they transfer through pipes from a dam in central Morocco

-Inaccessibility - The Sahara is huge - people and minerals travel long distances (mostly by air) which is expensive

-It is difficult to provide healthcare so few people want to live there

-There are very few roads of high quality transporting goods from the mines or farms takes time

Section C: Physical landscapes in the UK – River and Coasts

Coastal landscapes in the UK

An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK to show:

Lyme Regis, Dorset• The reasons for management

Mudeford Spit, Northwest DorsetSpits are extensions of a beach jutting out to sea made from sand/shingleLSD moves material along the beach because of the prevailing winds moving the wavesThe land changes directionThe material is deposited in the seaOver time material build up and extends until a spits is formedThe wind changes direction and the spit curvesSometimes saltmarsh form behind spits

Much of the town has been built on unstable cliffs. The coastline is eroding more rapidly than any in Europe due to the powerful waves from the south west.• The management strategy-Rock armour (large piles of rocks) at the Cobb Harbour which absorb the power of waves therefore they have less energy to erode, -Beach nourishment (soft engineering) to raise the beach and to protect the sea wall so that waves find it harder to get over the higher beach and erode the sea wall or the land behind. The beach also attracts more tourist as the weather is pleasant for much of the year-Sea wall to protect the town and shops on the beach front. The wall prevents sea water reaching the town and land behind so reduces flooding and erosion-Soil nailing and piling to make unstable ground firmer on the cliff area.large steel poles put buried in the soil to prevent it slumping so the houses do not collapse or the beach below is not buried-two large groynes to protect the beach from longshore drift, so that material is not moved along and the beach remains high and wide to protect the land behind

• The resulting effects and conflicts.See answer below:A project was put in place to improve the coastal management including renovating groynes, extra sand and shingle and rock armour at the end of the Cobb. Also a sea wall was constructed with a promenade.Advantages include that the new defences have stood up to winter storms and are affective at protecting the coast leading to 480 homes being safe. The new beaches have increased visitor numbers meaning sea front businesses are thriving which has meant more money has been generated into the local economy meaning people’s standard of living has increased showing a clear success.Also the harbour is now better protected benefiting boat owners and fishermen. The fishermen no longer have to repair their boats as regularly and costs are saved again being a financial positive.However, some people think the new defences have spoilt the natural coast line and were a waste of money (Over 16 million just for phase 4). They see them as ugly and have suggested that some tourists will be put off coming to the area. This may mean a loss of capital to the area in the future. This money could also have been spent on education or the NHS.Furthermore increased visitor numbers have led to conflicts about traffic congestion and litter. This has meant socially there has been tension in the area between the different groups who use it. The new groynes may also interfere with coastal processes and affect neighbouring stretches of coastline in the future meaning longer term negative impacts as the council will have to re-invest in coastal management in the area.In summary, although having both positives and negatives, the scheme will protect the eastern side of Lyme Regis and 480 homes are now protected and the implemented promenade will add considerably to the area increasing visitor number and generating money. Therefore it can be seen as a success.

An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition.River Tees, North England with 5 river landforms

Lower course

● Near Yarm, the meanders in the lower course are much larger, and oxbow lakes have formed. In this area there are also levees which have formed when the river has flooded.

● The River Tees has a very large estuary with mudflats and sandbanks which supports wildlife in the area. Sites such as Seal Sands are protected areas.

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK Somerset Floods, 2014• why the scheme was required

Environmental In January 2014 there was 200% more rain than any other previous January, the wettest since 1910.

A second cause was that the ground was saturated from prolonged rainfall so the soil could no longer hold any more water

A third cause is the high tide from the Bristol Channel to the north west prevents water from entering the sea keep the flood water on land

A fourth cause is the low lying land which allows storm surges to flood the land easily as it is only a few metres above sea level.

Human

One human cause is that the river has not been dredged for many years so the additional sediment in the river keeps the river artificially high.

The local farming industry has changed; the original growing grassland to maize (food crop for animals) which means it cannot hold as much water which then flows over the ground into rivers causing the river to rise quickly.

• the management strategy and the social, economic and environmental issues – The government spent £26 million on protecting Somerset

Types of defenceSoft engineering Restored the banks so they are higher allowing the river to hold more water therefore reducing the chances of flooding.

Flood warning system to help people evacuate quickly reducing injuries or at risk groups from becoming trapped

Hard engineeringRaising the road above possible flood levels ensures that transport flow is still possible as well as evacuation points

Steel walls around Westonzoyland stop water reaching the houses reducing the cost of damages and evacuation

Dredging the river reduced the sediment in the river

Positive

A natural method so the area keeps looking natural. The river holds much more water so less chance of flooding

Makes no change to the environment and not as expensive as all the other methods

Ensures people can still use certain roads to evacuate and cars will not get stuck so emergency services spend less time rescuing people from cars

The most effective method as even a large flood will not be able to get past steel walls so homes and land will be protected

This method has generally led fewer river flooding and the Somerset levels only flooded

Negative

The mud may become saturated and fall into the river which would increase water levels. Also the water force may easily break through the bank

Some people ignore warning and stay in their homes and get stuck.Some people may not get warnings and do not leave their homes on timeThe method is expensive and the does not guarantee that a large flood will still not cover roads

Very expensive and also changes the the look of the area to maker it look more unattractive

The removal of rocks is

so that river levels stayed generally low and therefore can hold more water

because the government had stopped paying for this to occur

expensive and if the rain is heavy this may not prevent the land being flooded.

Examples and Case studies

Paper 2 – Human Geography

AQA Geography (8035)

Paper 2- Section A- UrbanisationGUIDANCE ON CASE STUDIES and examples

Questions about NEE – Case study LagosSocial factor questions for a NEE (Related to people)

1.) To what extent do urban areas in lower income countries (LICs) or newly emerging economies (NEEs) provide social and economic opportunities for people? [6] (1 paragraph on social, second on economic)

2.) Explain how the social challenges and opportunities have led to great inequalities in a NEE you have studied. [6]

3.) Explain how two of the social challenges can be changes into opportunities in a NEE you have studied. [4]

4.) Outline one social challenge in a NEE you have studied. [2]

Social factors to include in answersSocial factor Challenge OpportunityCrime 58,566 crimes in 2016 3 new helicopters Education 4 out of 10 students don’t attend

school, mostly girlsRetraining teachers and head teachers, programs to increase number of girls in school

Energy 40% of population don’t have access to main power grid

2030 everyone have access to energy, at least 20% from renewable sources

Economic factor questions in a NEE (related to money)1.) To what extent do urban areas in lower income countries (LICs) or newly

emerging economies (NEEs) provide social and economic opportunities for people? [6] (1 paragraph on social, second on economic)

2.) Describe one or more economic challenges faced by an LIC/NEE city you have studied. [4]

3.) Explain one or more economic opportunities in an LIC/NEE city you have studied. [4]

4.) ‘A city of great contrasts’ Explain why this fact makes it difficult for Lagos to overcome its economic challenges. [6]

Challenge Opportunity Work in the dump which is dangerous as

gas can start fires electrical waste is treated with chemicals

which releases toxic fumes

500 people sort through 3000 tonnes of waste picking out valuables to make money

There is bars, cinemas and a mosque at the dump providing industry for people

Environmental factor questions in a NEE (waste and pollution)

1.) Use Figure 3 and a case study of a city in a LIC/NEE to assess the challenge of providing services to the city’s population. [6]

2.) For a NEE/LIC city you have studied outline the ways in which the environment for the population can be improved to reduce the problems. [6]

3.) Explain one environmental problem of a NEE/LIC city you have studied. [4]4.) Explain the environmental opportunities that have been created in a NEE/LIC

city you have studied. [4]

Problem Challenge Solution/improvements

Waste disposal

Only 40% officially collected It’s not sorted into recyclable

materials

planning to build a power station to use methane from the dumps to generate electricity

introducing household waste sorting disposing of the waste at 4 landfill sites

Water pollution 10% of population access to piped water

Sewage is dumped in open drains = cholera

Vendors have to get a license to sell water Treatment plant being set up to provide a

further 10% with piped water

Air pollution 40% of new cars are registered to Lagos

average commuter spends 3hours in traffic a day

New light railway from west to east through CBD

Better walking and cycling facilities Integrated transport system where road,

rail and waterways link

Squatter settlements/Improving the lives of the urban poor 1.) Explain how the problems in squatter settlements can lead to people having a

poorer quality of life in a LIC or NEE city you have studied. [6]2.) Explain one challenge for those living in squatter settlements have [4]3.) Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban planning strategy in helping to improve

the quality of life for the urban poor. Use an example of a city in a lower income country (LIC) or newly emerging economy (NEE). [9] [3 SPAG]

4.) For an NEE/LIC city studied outline the strategy used to improve the lives of the poor. To what extent has this strategy been successful? [9] [3 SPAG] (Question 3 and 4 need to discuss problems and improvements)

Problem in squatter settlements Solutions to problems in settlements/Improvements to people’s lives

(floating communities)75% of people live in just one room Floating school was three stories high33% of people pour their sewage into the river

Rainwater collection system through barrels

Mokoko one of the settlements in Lagos has extended to the water and is built on stilts

Floats so won’t be affected by sea level rise

Questions about HIC – Case study LondonMigration and cultural change

1.) Explain how the growth and character of a HIC city you have studied has been affected by migration. [4]

2.) Outline one cultural mix change that has taken place in a HIC city you have studied.

3.) Explain the impact of the cultural changes on the demographics in a HIC city you have studied.

4.) Outline one way that international migration has led to change in the character of a named UK city. [2]

5.) To what extent has urban change created opportunities in a UK city you have studied? [9] [3]

New shops and building style Chinatown Migrants live near each other for support – may hear new languages, see new

religions and churchs Shoreditch – used to be Bangladeshi families, now young students or people working

in the tech industry (Shoreditch is the new silicon valley of London)

Economic change – London docklands 1.) To what extent has urban change created opportunities in a UK city you have

studied? [9] [3]2.) To what extent has urban change created employment opportunities in a HIC

you have studied [9] [3]3.) Using a case study of a HIC city you have studied describe the economic

opportunities that have been created [6]

Failure of regeneration Successes of regeneration1988 52000 locals unemployed

100000 people employed in Canary Wharf

Skills didn’t match that of the locals

Canary Wharf now one of the international banking centers of the word

Only 13% of local people hired in new jobs

The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) was developed in 1987 and connects the Isle of Dogs with the main rail and underground network making it more accessible

Urban inequalities – Newham and Chelsea

1.) Using Figure 4 and your own understanding, suggest why there are inequalities in health in urban areas. [4]

2.) Using a case study of a HIC city you have studied discuss the social inequalities that exist within the city. [6]

3.) Explain how urban regeneration projects can reduce levels of urban deprivation. [6] (link to the regeneration of Stratford in Newham and the deprivation indicators)

Deprivation indicator Newham ChelseaUnemployment rate 9.4% 3.9%Health Life expectancy 78 Life expectancy 90Education Students getting 5+ good

GCSE grades – 62%Students getting 5+ good GCSE grades – 80%

Housing problems in a HIC 1.) Discuss the effects of urban sprawl on people and the environment. Use Figure

3 and a case study of a major city in the UK. [6]2.) “We need to build on greenbelt land to solve the London housing crisis!” To

what extent do you agree with this statement [9] [3-SPAG]

Urban sprawl – spreading of the city into the countryside (Usually into green belts or green field sites)Brown field site advantages

Brown field site disadvantages

Green field site advantages

Green field site disadvantages

Reduces the need for urban sprawl

Ground may need to be decontaminated

Land is cheaper in rural areas

Public transport is worse so more need for cars.

Cuts commuting and public transport is better in urban areas so reduced the need for cars

Close to existing poor housing so can be difficult to sell.

Existing road network won’t cause restrictions

Encourages urban sprawl

Pollution in a HIC 1.) Using a case study of a HIC city you have studied discuss the environmental

problems of air and waste pollution faced. [6]2.) Explain one economic problem caused by traffic congestion. [2]

Air pollution problems Air pollution solutions Emissions from vehicles made worse by road network and tall buildings trapping the emissions

Cycle superhighways – 15% of road users now cyclists

Economic problem of traffic – lorries caught in traffic causing in late deliveries Cost of fuel

Waste problem Waste solutionAlmost a quarter of London’s waste still goes to landfill sites outside London

More waste is recycled or incinerated

Urban regeneration – Stratford in Newham

1.) Using Figure 4 and your own knowledge, discuss how the features of the Greenhouse development will make for more sustainable urban living. [6]

2.) Explain how urban regeneration projects can reduce levels of urban deprivation. [6]

3.) To what extent has urban change created opportunities in a UK city you have studied? [9] [3] (Can be used for a variety of examples)

Reason for regeneration

Successes of regeneration

Obstacles/failures of regeneration

Sustainability (East village)

There was a community with 500 homes in one part of the site. Most of the site was not residential

A new school for 1,800 students aged from 3-18 (S)

Existing landowners and users had to leave the site by 2007. Some of them protested

Half of the homes in the East Village are affordable housing so ordinary people in East London can afford them

Stratford International station was already built on land that had once been a railway freight terminal. By 2007 most of this land was a brownfield site

The site occupies 27 hectares, including 10 hectares of park and public open space (ENR)

Won’t be complete until 2030 so too early to judge how successful it will be

Water is recycled within the village and this leads to water use being 50% less

35 small independent shops, cafes, bars and restaurants, a supermarket and a gym. (EC)

Energy use is at least 30% less than an average urban area due to the use of combined heat and power system that generates heat from biomass

A case study of a major city in the UK - London, UKFacts-South east of England on the River Thames-National importance - Largest and wealthiest city/ home to over 10% of the population/ Centre for government, finance and business-International importance - international centre for education and media/ culturally diverse/ London Stock Exchange represents some of the biggest businesses and companies in the world

London – urban growth National Migration – people move to London from across the UK for

employment o – massive variety of Jobs e.g. Stratford, Kings Cross, The

city.o – The wages are also much higher in London compared to many

other cities International migration Thousands move to London every year from

across the worldo Some of the best universities so people come and study –

better education leads to better employment opportunitieso A wider a variety of jobs means a higher chance of well and

better trained employment opportunities

o One third of Londoners were born overseas Natural increase – young people aged 20-35 move to London – this

will lead to higher birth rates than death rates

Opportunities in London

Social Cultural mixAt least one third of London’s population were born outside the UK, which has led to a range of diverse communities in different areas. Our Indian, Vietnamese, Pakistani, Turkish and Chinese communities are particularly large, giving London a great internationally diverse atmosphere (and some brilliant restaurants!)

Social and economic - EducationLondon has 43 universities. A number of world-renowned institutions such as UCL, LSE and SOAS are based here, as well as specialised schools like Central St Martins and the London College of Fashion. We’ve also got some of the best state, grammar and fee-paying schools too, so children have very bright futures

Economic - Employment Areas around London Like Canary Wharf and Kings Cross have been redeveloped by building many new offices, housing and spaces for restaurants, entertainment facilities like cinemas, shopping centres and small start up businesses.

In 2013 there were 100 000 job roles in Canary Wharf and there will be up to 25,000 jobs in the Kings Cross area by 2025

The redevelopment has created employment opportunities for people with a wide variety of skills from high level finance to low skilled jobs in restaurants. People have the chance to earn high wages, work full or part time or work in shifts.

The impact is that many people can earn larger salaries leading to more opportunities to save money giving them the chance to buy a home and enjoy holidays while others are being given new skills which they can use to improve jobs

Social and economic - TransportThere a massive amount of choice when it comes to public transport in London including a low cost bus network, the underground, over ground trains, trams and the Docklands Light Railway. All of these are now integrated so people can use one Oyster Card or ticket (or phone) across the network and travel easily to any point in London.

In most cases the network is reliable and many people travel easily and transfer without many disruptions or being late for work or school.

Encouraging BicyclesIn 2010, London Mayor, Boris Johnson, introduced a bike hire scheme.The aim of the project was to increase the number of people cycling which would reduce pollution. Bike lanes and four 'Cycle Superhighways' have been built to encourage people to cycle.Many people have purchased their own bikes and their popularity continues to

Environmental opportunities – Urban greening-The city has a large number of green spaces e.g. Green Park, Burgess Park, Greenwich parks-improving green spaces results in: Make it a better place to work, live and visit as people feel

much more comfortable when there are outside spaces to relax especially in built up areas.

Increasing green areas also improves air quality as their less CO2 in the air resulting in better health for local people

Challenges of living in LondonLiving in London causes many people problemsEconomic Social EnvironmentalLack of employment opportunities

Low paid work

Require government support including housing and unemployment benefit

Lack of quality/ variety services – local shops etc

Poorer quality education and schools

Poor quality housing

Higher crime levels

Can’t afford services like internet

Old, run down or poor quality housing

Litter and dirt on the streets – people do not look after

Poor air quality

An answer could be written in complete sentences as follows:

Inequalities in housing

Social and economic - TransportThere a massive amount of choice when it comes to public transport in London including a low cost bus network, the underground, over ground trains, trams and the Docklands Light Railway. All of these are now integrated so people can use one Oyster Card or ticket (or phone) across the network and travel easily to any point in London.

In most cases the network is reliable and many people travel easily and transfer without many disruptions or being late for work or school.

Encouraging BicyclesIn 2010, London Mayor, Boris Johnson, introduced a bike hire scheme.The aim of the project was to increase the number of people cycling which would reduce pollution. Bike lanes and four 'Cycle Superhighways' have been built to encourage people to cycle.Many people have purchased their own bikes and their popularity continues to

House prices in London are higher and rise faster than anywhere else in the country SO many people cannot afford the houses/ flats therefore forced to rent or live with parents for much longer

Affordable housing is rare and even with deposits it requires a large deposit that people on low wages cannot afford.

Inequalities in education and employment Students in poorer areas like Lambeth and Southwark are still

leaving school making less progress and fewer qualifications which leads to low income salaries and jobs with little room for promotion

Inequalities in health People in deprived areas like Lambeth and Tower Hamlets are

likely to be more unhealthy from living in poor quality housing and having unhealthy lifestyles (less exercise, less fresh foods and vegetables) e.g. life expectancy in Kensington is 82 while in Lambeth it is 78

Environmental challenges: Dereliction – there are still larges areas in the city which have many derelict buildings e.g. Tower Hamlets which leaves areas looking unattractive and attracts homeless people and squatters to move to those areas. Large derelict buildings are also much more difficult to sell so they can stay derelict for large periods of time.

Building on brownfield and Greenfield sites – building on Brownfield land is better for the environments (Evelyn Grace Academy, Stratford, and Kings Cross) but it is much more expensive to knock down buildings and decontaminate the land. Greenfield land at the edge of the city is expensive and damages land when development occurs

Pollution and waste – The high amount of car traffic leads high amount of air pollution resulting in poor health e.g. asthma and bronchitis as well as urban heating. 25% of waste goes to landfill which damages natural environments.

Urban sprawl – London’s effect on Epson to the south west Urban sprawl is the growth of urban areas into surrounding rural

areas As the population increases the demand for housing increases The city has to EXPAND and ‘SPRAWL OUT’ Areas on the edge of London or slightly further out (urban rural

fringe) are the worst affected

An example of an urban regeneration project – Example 1 – Stratford, east London

Epsom, south west of LondonEpsom to London by train is about 35 – 45 mins by trainEpsom is a small townIt is south east of Surrey, London’s most south west boroughThe average house price is £475,000

Commuter settlements

As more people move into the area the demand for house increases so house prices increases

WHICH leads to local people

being priced out of the area

Developing large areas of housing

Are built on cheaper land near large cities and attract many

people

SO this increases pollution and

traffic damaging the environment

Housing estates

The new houses do not fit in with the character of

rural areas

SO the environment looks

unattractive

• Reasons why the area needed regeneration-High levels of deprivation and poverty-There was lots of brownfield land-High levels of unemployment from

GCSE scores were low and schools

were underperforming

The main features of the project:

TransportStratford station massive new underground station and bus station to deal with increased numbers. Also Stratford International Station going to Paris+allows people to travel to and from the area quickly-Still massive overcrowding due to the large numbers of use

Housing The Edge and Athena Towers – nearly 600 new flats and retail space for keyworkers and local residents and others+low income workers can afford to buy in a desirable area

-thousands of houses built that many could not afford

EconomyOlympic Stadium –hosted the Olympics in 2012 and now stadium for West Ham United since 2016. +thousands of jobs for the area+thousands travel to the area and spend money in the shops, restaurants and pubs-stadium is not used for other events-tickets are now much more expensive

EducationUniversity Square – joint project between two universities and local college to improve education access for local students+gives student more opportunities to get high level qualifications and improve their chances of high wage employment-many students leave with debts which is difficult to pay back in any new job

Features of

sustainable urban living: SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING: FREIBURG

• Reasons why the area needed regeneration-High levels of deprivation and poverty-There was lots of brownfield land-High levels of unemployment from

There were plenty of people

available to workBrownfield sites

to build on

An unhealthy population with

concerns of diabetes and

obesity

The Slide at the ArcelorMittal Orbit opened in June 2016 and visitors have been snapping up tickets to

experience the truly hair-raising experience!

Measuring 178m, The Slide is the world’s tallest and longest tunnel

slide.

Sustainability is about meeting the needs of today without harming the environment for the future.

WATER CONSERVATION is about collecting and recycling water to prevent overuse of water from reservoirs or groundwater.Many of homes have green roof gardens, water harvesting systems (that collect rainwater (e.g. water tanks)).Inhabitants are given incentives to use less water, such asTo help inhabitants use less water, many homes have toilets that use less water to flush and water meters that remind residents how much water they are using.Freiburg’s waste water system allows rainwater to be retained, reused or to seep back into the ground.Freiburg uses pervious pavements that are permeable and so allow rainwater to infiltrate.Water in the River Dreisam, which flows through Freiburg, is managed using flood retention basins. These reduce the danger of flooding by storing excess water, which can then be used in the city.

Urban transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion.1.London Congestion ChargeAim – reduce the number of car journeys into central London therefore reducing pollution resulting in cleaner airThe charge is £11.50/day+ - bus journeys are much faster so locals and visitors can get to places quickly with much less traffic+ - Air pollution is lower e.g. CO2 and therefor people in London are healthier resulting in fewer respiratory problems- - traffic increases before and after the charge time starts and finishes which means increased emissions.- - Traffic around the congestion area has increased which means journey times have increased and there is poor air quality I those areas

London Bike strategyA strategy to encourage people to cycle including hiring bikes from zone 1-2 in London from £2/day or £90/year. Also more cycle routes and cycle lanes making people get to their destinations faster and safer.+ regular users save money and improve their health. This also means less people are using cars which improves air quality-Some users are not confident which means they can cause accidents or slow down traffic

-The media reports on cycling accidents has possibly made people scared so they are less likely to cycle regularly.

Section C: The challenge of resource managementEnergy section

An example of a large scale agricultural development to show how it has both advantages and disadvantages.

Thanet EarthThanet Earth is an example of a large-scale agricultural development in Kent, south-east England.

5 greenhouses (each the size of 10 football pitches) are used to grow food (salad, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers) all year.Hydroponics is used so that plants receive sufficient nutrients/water.Artificial sunlight (bright lights in the greenhouses) is used to create longer growing seasons. Crops no longer have specific growing seasons. They can grow all year round.Rainwater is collected into 7 onsite reservoirs for irrigationEach greenhouse has its own power station providing its heat & lighting. The energy produced is sold and the waste produced (carbon dioxide and heat) is recycled. It is pumped back into the greenhouses to help the plants grow (similar to carbon capture).

Advantages:More than 500 jobs have been created in an area with relatively high unemployment.Bees are used for pollination and natural predators are used to reduce pest numbers, reducing the need for artificial pesticides. (less chemicals are used on the food)

Disadvantages:A large area of farmland has been built on.Natural habitats have been lost and ecosystems disrupted.The money generated goes mostly to the large companies that have invested in it, rather than to local communities

An example of a local scheme in an LIC or NEE to increase sustainable supplies of food.Makueni (Kenya)

In April, 2004, the charity ‘Just a Drop’ and the African Sand Dam Foundation, provided aid to help two villages in Makueni increase their food supply. They: Installed a water harvesting tank on the roof of the school, Built a sand dam and Planted trees (afforestation).

The Makueni Food and Water Security programme is a local scheme that increases food security in Makueni, south Kenya. To increase water supply for irrigation, they built a water harvesting tank of the

school roof and a sand dam. It is sustainable as it is an appropriate technology for LICs and NEEs.