Ancient to Modern India Indian History Indus River Valley Fertile river valley 1 st Indian Civilization Peninsula surrounded by water Himalayas in the North Monsoons: seasonal winds: droughts/ flooding Isolation Ganges River: Sacred River to Hinduism Indus Valley Cities Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Laid out in a grid; urban planning Aryan invaders from Central Asia 1750 BC Vedic Age 1500 BC to 500 BC Vedas Sacred Writings/ Aryans Mauryan Empire 1st united Indian Empire Well organized govt Chandragupta 1 st leader Grandson Asoka turned to Buddhism Contributions: Tried to spread Buddhism Peaceful rule Gupta Empire Golden Age Contributions (math and science) Zero and decimal system Arabic numerals Medicine small pox vaccinations Architecture: stupas Hinduism Terms Brahman: universal spirit Reincarnation: rebirth of the soul into a new body Karma: deeds/actions of a person Dharma: responsibilities of a person Ahisma: non violence Hinduism Literature Provide moral guidelines for living & behavior Upanishads The Ramayan Bhagavad Gita The Vedas The Caste System Hindu beliefs of karma and dharma support the caste system Difficult to change Social groups/ born into/cant change during lifetime Determines marriage, friends, food, occupation, where you live Discrimination against untouchables Buddhism Founder: Siddharta Gautama Buddha the Enlightened one Ultimate goal is nirvana: release of soul The Four Noble Truths All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire Eliminate suffering by eliminating desires Follow the eightfold path to overcome desires. British Imperialism British East India Company established trading rights Differences in language and religion prevented unity against British Employed Indian soldiers called Sepoys Demanded sepoys go against religious beliefs (Hindu & Muslims) Result: Sepoy Rebellion rid country of foreigners (failed) Indian National Congress formed: Goal self determination British Imperialism Results Positives Negatives Railroads Telegraph and postal systems Irrigation systems New laws Education Healthcare New technology Parliamentary form of govt Indian resources go to Britain Cash crops British made goods replace local goods Top jobs go to British Indians are treated as inferiors Britain tries to replace Indian culture with western ways Social Darwinism and the White Mans Burden Indian Nationalism 1 million Indians served in WWI Promised self- rule; not granted Result: Amristar Massacre 1919 Riots and attacks led to public meetings banned British troops killed 400, wounded 1200 British rule must end Gandhi Hindu leader of the Indian National Congress Encouraged use of passive resistance, civil disobedience, boycotts & non violence against the British Favored democracy and nationalism Major Actions: Salt March Homespun Movement Rejected Caste System: Against mistreatment of untouchables and women Major Actions: Salt March protested against the English Salt Tax. Led freedom fighters on a march to the sea to make their own salt from sea water instead of buying the expensive English salt with its extra tax. Result: The English army beat up Gandhi and his followers and threw them in jail when they tried to make their own salt from the sea. Gandhi and his friends kept coming back and back until the English gave up. 1942 Homespun Movement He taught Indians to provide for themselves and not depend on the British The spinning wheel became the symbol of independence Indian Independence 1947: Britain granted independence to India Jawaharlal Nehru: Indias first prime minister Democracy Indira Gandhi (daughter): prime minister, assassinated Policy of nonalignment during Cold War Hindu Muslim Conflicts Hindus majority/ Muslims minority Religious Conflict led to mass violence (Partitioned) Separated into Indian (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim) Pakistan separated into West and East (becomes Bangladesh) Mass migrations led to mass killings Gandhi tried to bring peace, Hindu fanatic assassinated him Obstacles to Progress Goal Obstacle Industrial growth Social equality Food production Lack of oil and gas Attempt to follow socialist model Hindu Caste system Less educated women/poor Rapid population growth Floods/ droughts/ $$$ Social Change Gandhi wanted to end harsh treatments of untouchables Indian constitution banned discrimination Government set aside jobs and places in universities for untouchables System still a part of Indian society (STRONGER IN RURAL AREAS) The Battle for Kashmir Northern part of India next to Pakistan Hindu secular ruler Majority of people Muslim War UN gives a 1/3 to Pakistan 2/3 to India Both countries continue to fight over Kashmir today Other Nations Pakistan Bangladesh Benazir Bhutto elected Prime Minister twice Importance She is a woman Pakistan is a Islamic State Very Poor nation per capital income is $360 per year. Crippling natural disasters destroy crops Sri Lanka Off the southeast coast of India of the people are Sinhalese, who are Buddhists. 1/5 are Tamils who are Hindus. Tamils want their independence from the Sinhalese