Ancient Rome Packet

Ancient Rome Name: .

RIVERS LAND AREAS (shade areas diff. colors)

Tiber River Spain

Po River Britain

Danube River Italy

Rhine River Thrace

Nile River Egypt

Macedonia

BODIES OF WATER Palestine or Judea

Mediterranean Sea Gaul

Adriatic Sea Arabia

Black Sea Dacia

Red Sea Asia Minor or Antolia

Atlantic Ocean

CITIES/ISLANDS

Rome

Athens

Carthage

Jerusalem

Byzantium

Alexandria

Corsica

Sardinia

Sicily

MOUNTAINS

Alps Mountains

Pyrenees Mountains

Caucasus

Shade the areas where the following

groups were initially located. Read

pg. 141 to determine where these

groups settled in Italy.

Latins = Red

Etruscans = Yellow

Greeks = Green

Label everything on the Map (use 139,145,149) Outline all bodies of water in blue and trace rivers in blue.

6

5

The Rise of Rome From City-State to Emerging Empire. 70-150 B.C.E.

The Origins of Rome • According to Roman legend, Rome was founded in ____ B.C.E. by the twins, _____________________________,

sons of the war god, ____________, and a Latin princess

• They were supposedly raised by a she-wolf and established Rome on the banks of the _________________ River

• According to the Roman poet, _______________, Trojan refugees, led by Aeneas, founded Rome after escaping the destruction of Troy at the hands of the Mycenaean Greeks, as told in __________________________

Rome’s Geography • The __________________________ established Rome around seven hills along the banks of the Tiber River

• Rome’s central location on the Italian peninsula near the western coast enabled it to become a thriving ______________________________, but it was also far enough inland to be protected from sea raiders

• Rome’s central location in the ___________________________________ later enabled the Romans to dominate the entire region militarily

• “All ____________________ lead to Rome”

Etruscan and Greek Influences • Etruscans to the ____________________ and Greeks to the _____________________ heavily influenced

______________________ culture

• The ________________________________ shared their alphabet, architecture, and religious rituals but also ruled over the Latins through a series of kings from about 600 to 509 B.C.E.

• Greek colonists taught the Latins to cultivate _____________________________________________ and introduced their religion and legends (the Greek Zeus became the equivalent of the Latin __________________)

The Birth of the Roman Republic • Roman ______________________________ (known as patricians) overthrew the last Etruscan king of Rome,

____________________ the Proud, in 509 B.C.E. and established a republic

• Republic = res publica (public affairs)

• Power rested with the ____________________ of Rome (free-born ___________________ alone)

• The Romans banned monarchy and threaten to kill anyone who sought to become a _______________________

The Republic People

• ______________________________ – wealthy landowning aristocrats (held the most power)

• _____________________________ – common farmers, artisans, merchants (majority of population, could vote)

• ___________________________________ – Two chief executives elected by Centuriate Assembly (1 year term)

• _____________________________ – Plebian elected representatives who worked on behalf of the Plebian class

• ____________________________ – judges chosen for 1 year (2 oversee civil and criminal courts others govern)

Institutions/Laws

• _______________________– 300. Chosen by aristocracy. Control foreign and financial policies. Consult Consuls

• _________________________________– citizen-soldiers. Life term. One vote. Elect consuls and make laws.

• ________________________________– Grouped by where you live. Life term. Elect Tribunes and approve laws.

• _________________________________– Military Unit of Roman Army. All landowning citizens are required to serve in Roman Army (10 years if you wanted certain public offices)

• _________________________________– 451 BCE. First written code of laws for Rome. Protected all citizens under the law. Seen as an important victory for Plebian class.

The Republic’s Balance of Power

Comparing Republics Rome Powers United States of America

• Executive •

•

•

•

Legislative

•

•

• Judicial •

• Legal Code •

________________________

(aristocratic landowners) controlled

the Roman Senate of 300 members,

which determined foreign and

financial policy and advised the

consuls

____________________________

(commoners) demanded a greater role

in government and forced the creation

of a law code - the Twelve Tables (451

B.C.E.) and the Tribal Assembly, which

elected tribunes and eventually made

laws

_________________________

_ defended the interests of the

plebeians against unfair acts

and were eventually able to

gain wider powers

Roman __________________

consisted of about 5000

soldiers each, grouped into

centuries

__________________________

___ consisted of citizen-soldiers

and selected consuls (mostly

patricians at first but later

consisted of more plebeians)

_____________________ served as

chief judges and presided over civil

and criminal courts, they were

selected by the Centuriate Assembly

Two

__________

served as

chief

executives

and army

commanders

in place of a

single king

Some of the problems facing the Roman Republic

1. Rome needed tax money to run the Republic. 2. Elected officials were using their positions to get rich

3. Rome did not have a police force.

1. Rome needed tax money. The government needed to pay the legions, and build roads, sewers, aqueducts, and arenas. They needed to pay for the welfare program put in place to help feed the growing number of poor in Rome. They needed a lot of money, and they needed more and more as Rome grew. To get this money, Rome used tax farmers. To become a tax farmer, all you had to do was pay a flat fee to the Senate of the Roman Republic. That put you, the tax farmer, into business. Your business was the job of collecting taxes. This all sounds very nice, but there weren't any rules. Rome wanted as much money as possible. So they didn't set limits on what a tax farmer could collect. That was up to the individual tax farmer. Everyone understood that tax farmers expected to make a profit. It cost a lot of money to become a tax farmer. The fee was high. It was also understood that all citizens had to pay taxes. But, since there were no rules on how much a tax farmer could charge, or even that the charges had to be fair, or based on income or earnings – there were no rules - you can imagine, under this system, how many abuses there were. It was horrible. A tax collector had the legal right to charge one person almost nothing, and charge another person a great deal of tax, knowing that person could not pay. If you did not pay the taxes you owed, according to the amount set by the tax collector in your region, you could be sold into slavery.

2. Under the Republic, elected officials used their positions to get rich. Under the Republic, there was no law against buying votes. The poor were quite happy to sell their votes to the highest bidder. So, if you had enough money, you could get elected to government. A great many people bought their way into office. Once there, the laws they created were not always very good laws. But, many were not there to create good government. They were there to get rich. People paid a lot of money to change the laws or to add new ones. Plus, elected officials whose fees to accept for various positions. For example, elected officials decided whose fee would be accepted to become a tax farmer in a certain region. An elected official in a region might decide that the best person to get the job was a family member. They had the power to do this. Under this system, it did not take long before Rome had very bad government.

3. Under the Republic, Rome did not have a police force. Rome's streets were not safe during the day. They were deadly after dark. Wealthy Romans hired guards to protect themselves and their families. Very wealthy Romans built private armies. These guards and armies often fought in the streets, sometimes over nothing. Added to this was crime committed by the desperate poor, trying to feed their families. The government recognized this problem, but they could not put a police force in place because they did not have enough money to pay them. Between violence in the streets, unreasonable taxes, and a government unable or unwilling to do anything about Rome's problems, Rome was a mess.

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

In 600 B.C.E. Rome was just one of many small city-states in Italy under the control of the Etruscan monarchy. But, by 133 B.C.E. the city-state had gained control of all Italy and had conquered foreign lands as well. Roman armies won victories in Spain, Gaul (today's France), Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, and North Africa.

There were several reasons for the success of the Romans. First, Rome was located in the center of the Mediterranean world. This made it easy for its army and navy to mobilize quickly in any direction. Secondly, soldiers were courageous and well-trained, and battles were carefully planned ahead of time by able generals. Thirdly, the Romans had strong diplomatic skills that allowed them to make friends of their defeated enemies. Eventually, most conquered people accepted Roman rule and the peace and prosperity that it brought.

After the overthrow of the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E., the Roman aristocrats, called patricians,

established a republic (thing of the people). Most of Rome's citizens, however, were plebeians.

Both groups had rights and responsibilities such as voting, paying taxes, and serving in the military, but the plebeians were not allowed to hold public office. The government was organized into two branches - an executive branch and a bicameral legislature, comprised of the Assembly of Centuries and the Senate. Members of the Assembly elected the consuls of the executive branch, voted on proposed laws, and declared war and approved treaties. The Senators served for life, advised the consuls, debated foreign policies, proposed laws, and approved contracts for constructing roads, temples, and defenses. The consuls served for one­year terms, had the power to veto ("I forbid) one another, and oversaw the activities of judges and censors (tax/population records keepers). Only a dictator, who was chosen by the legislature, could overrule the consuls.

1.Instead of having a king, the Romans preferred having these at the head of their government.

2. A republic is a thing of the people. How do people participate in this type of government?Give two examples of modern-day republics.

.

3.What does bicameral mean? Is the American legislature bicameral?

4. Aristocrats controlled the government of the early republic. What is an aristocrat? Whatwere they called in Roman times?

5. Who were the majority of Roman citizens?

6. Which government body controlled the spending of money?

7. Which government body decided whether or not Rome should go to war?

8. Which two government bodies had a part in making laws?

9. Which government body do you believe was most powerful and why?

10. Under what circumstances do you think a dictator may have been chosen and why?

The plebeians were eventually resentful of their lack of political power. The plebeians represented all social classes in the republic, including wealthy townspeople, business owners, merchants, shopkeepers, small farmers and laborers, however they were denied access to public office. They clearly represented the majority of the population and believed they should have the power to serve in the government. Finally, in 494 B.C.E. the plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army unless the patricians yielded to their demands for change. The patricians agreed and acknowledged the power of the tribunes (the plebeian elected officials) by granting them legal protections and the right to veto government decisions. The Assembly of Tribes became the government body to elect the tribunes and they eventually won the right to make laws. The plebeians also helped bring an end to debt slavery, but their most significant political contribution was the creation of a written code of laws. In 451 B.C.E. the patricians engraved laws on 12 bronze tablets and set them in the forum (city center) for all to see. The Twelve Tables set the precedent that all free citizens had the right to the law's protection. The principles included in these Roma·n laws greatly influenced the development of modern laws in the western world.

1. If you were a patrician would you have granted the plebeians extended participation in thegovernment? Why or why not?

2. Why are written laws so important?

3. Why were the bronze tablets placed in the forum?

Roman Republic Government

Group Members: ____________________________________________________

Use the magazines provided to create a representation of what the government of the Roman Republic looked

like on the poster paper provided. Be sure to include which type of people (Patricians, Plebeians, soldiers)

made up each group (Consuls, Senate, Assemblies). What the major decisions each group controlled (i.e.,

declaring war, making laws) and who elected each group to its position. Use your text book as a reference

point. Diagram will be graded based on accuracy, creativity and neatness. Label Everything for showing of

understanding.

Rubric:

Everything Labeled Correctly(decisions/powers)______/5

Consuls labeled w/pics(2)_______/5

Senate labeled w/pics(7)________/5

Centuriate Assembly w/pics(4) _________/5

Tribunal Assembly labeled w/pics(3)________/5

Tribunes labeled w/pics(3) _________/5

Praetors labeled w/pics(4) _______/5

Plebeians/Patricians labeled w/pics(2 of each)_______/5

Legions labeled w/pics (3) _________ /4

Non Citizens labeled w/pics(3) __________/4

**Include a Picture of the Forum and the 12 Tables as well_________/2

TOTAL 50/2 =_________/25Points

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Consuls

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READ ALOUD: The Twelve Tables NAME: _______________________________________ Directions: Read the text below ALOUD with a partner. Read the document segment by segment. After each segment, note what you thought as you read the text, what the author was trying to convey, and what the segment was about. Underline and note words/phrases you find significant/interesting.

The Twelve Tables NOTES:

Background: The earliest codification of Roman law is found in the Twelve Tables, it was a compilation of new laws and existing customs which was to be enforced impartially by the magistrates It was inscribed ultimately an twelve bronze tablets. Excerpts Table I.

1. If anyone summons a man before the magistrate, he must go. If the man summoned does not go, let the one summoning him call the bystanders to witness and then take him by force. 2. If he shirks or runs away, let the summoner lay hands on him

Table II. 2. He whose witness has failed to appear may summon him by loud calls before his house every third day.

Table III. 1. One who has confessed a debt, or against whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in. After that forcible seizure of his person is allowed. The creditor shall bring him before the magistrate. Unless he pays the amount of the judgment or someone in the presence of the magistrate interferes in his behalf as protector the creditor so shall take him home and fasten him in stocks or fetters.

Table IV. 1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. 2. If a father sell his son three times, the son shall be free from his father. 5. A child born after ten months since the father's death will not be admitted into a legal inheritance

Table V. 1. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority

Table VI. 6. Any woman who does not wish to be subjected in this manner to the hand of her husband should be absent three nights in succession every year, and so interrupt the usucapio (property rights) of each year.

Table VII. 1. Let them keep the road in order. If they have not paved it, a man may drive his team where he likes. 9. Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree. 10. A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm.

Table VIII. 3. If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain. 4. If a patron shall have devised any deceit against his client, let him be accursed. 23. A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock.

Table IX. 4. The penalty shall be capital for a judge or arbiter legally appointed who has been found guilty of receiving a bribe for giving a decision. 5. Treason: he who shall have roused up a public enemy or handed over a citizen to a public enemy must suffer capital punishment.

Table X. 1. None is to bury or burn a corpse in the city. Table XI. 1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. Table XII.

2. If a slave shall have committed theft or done damage with his master's knowledge, the action for damages is in the slave's name.

Rome’s Expansion and the Punic Wars

Hero of the Republic: Cincinnatus

• Even as plebeians pushed for more power, Romans valued _______________________ in their leaders and were

even willing to temporarily surrender absolute authority to a _________________in time of crisis (almost always

a patrician)

• ____________________________ won fame as a consul who was appointed dictator twice (458 B.C & 439 B.C)

to help Rome defeat both external and internal enemies; both times he immediately gave up his authority once the

crisis was over and returned to his farm

• His actions served as an ideal model for future Roman leaders

Conquer or Perish: Rome’s Expansion

• To survive, the Romans had to stay organized in an almost constant state of warfare against other tribes in the

Italian peninsula

• Rome led the __________________________________ in a series of wars that eventually led to domination of

central Italy by 396 B.C. and nearly all of the peninsula by _________________________

*All Latins received Roman _______________________________

*Conquered peoples were given citizenship but not the___________________

*Allies were not interfered with as long as they ___________________________________ to the Roman army

• Though fearsome in battle, the Romans practiced leniency with their defeated enemies and gained their trust and

support

The Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)

• Rome’s growing commercial network in the Mediterranean brought it into conflict with the other great power of

the region – the ___________________________________(descendants of the Phoenicians)

• ____________________________________(264-241 B.C.) led to Rome’s conquest of the island of Sicily (its

first overseas province) and Rome’s rise as a naval power

• _____________________________________ (218-202 B.C.) nearly witnessed Rome’s downfall at the hands of

the Carthaginian general, ______________________, who crossed the ___________from Gaul, France, with over

50,000 troops (and even some elephants) to wreak havoc in Italy for a decade; he was eventually defeated by

__________________, who led a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa

• __________________________ (149-146 B.C.) resulted in Carthage’s complete _________________ – over

50,000 Carthaginians were sold into slavery and Rome acquired North Africa

Punic Wars map: Carthage rule Roman Rule Roman Territory Hannibal’s Route Scipio’s Route Battles

(Page 145 )

Republic- Rise and Collapse = Empire Emerges (Pages 144-148) People/Events

War with Carthage (Three Punic Wars)

Definition Picture

Hannibal and Scipio

Hannibal- Scipio-

Tiberius and Gaius

What were their Roles in the Republic collapsing?

Republic- Rise and Collapse = Empire Emerges (Pages 144-148)

People/Events

Julius Caesar

Definition Picture

Triumvirate

1st –

2nd -

Absolute Ruler

Pax Romana

The Birth of the Roman Empire The Republic Collapses

• Republic expanded, but it caused __________ • Major problems included;

– Widening gap between the _________ and _________ – _____________ coming home with no jobs or land/homes – Corruption growing in the _______________________ – _____________ captured in battle were also unhappy

Attempts to Save Rome • Two brothers try to solve Rome’s problems

– Suggest that land should be split up – Both ________________ and _____________________ are killed

• Rome falls in ___________ war – rich v. poor • _______________ start creating armies themselves

– No longer care about _____________ as a whole • Power begins to change to the most powerful instead of the ones chosen

Julius Caesar Comes • Comes to power with the help of two other people

– _____________ and ________________ – Creates the 1st ____________________ - Rule by _____ people

• Caesar takes control of ___________ (France) • He then turns his army on Rome to take power from Pompey- Pompey flees Rome • Caesar gains the support of the Romans

– Named himself _______________ for life in ______ BCE Julius’ Changes

• Increases __________________ to more Romans • Creates ____________ for the ______________ • Expanded ______ positions; filled w/ friends • All these things make Caesar very popular

• Senators begin to worry about his popularity

– Feel they will be losing power/ influence • Julius Caesar is killed on ________________________

– Stabbed by friend Marcus Brutus and others “E tu Brute” Life After the Death of Julius Caesar

• Civil war breaks out again – Destroys what is left of the Roman _______________

• ___________________ is quick to come into power – Was Julius’ grand-nephew and adopted __________

• Comes to power with two others-2nd Triumvirate – __________________, _____________________, and _________________

• The 2nd Triumvirate will end much like the first

Breakdown of the 2nd Triumvirate • They took power in 43 BC but quickly ______________________________

– _____________________ forced to retire from service by Octavian – Marc Antony and Octavian begin to fight

• Marc Antony goes to fight in _______________________ – While there he meets ______________________ - Queen of ______________

• Falls in love with her and travels back to Egypt – Octavian accuses him of trying to rule ____________ from ___________

• The Battle of Actium (31BC) – ____________________ battles ___________________ and ______________ for control

• Octavian _____________; Cleopatra and Anthony _____________________ Octavian Controls the Empire Alone

• The Roman Empire was now Octavian’s – He promises to bring back parts of the _________________

• He kept the ________________ – Later he accepted to title of _______________________ or “exalted one” – Also took title of imperator or ______________________

• Octavian’s rule starts the Roman ________________ – Different from the Roman Republic – only __________ ruler – He takes _______________ alone in 27 BC

• A new period of peace and prosperity begins – ____________________________ – means “Roman peace”

• Lasts from 27 BC – 180 AD Life During the Pax Romana

• Contained __________ wonderful years for Rome – Had excellent leaders/emperors – Plenty of ___________, jobs and _______________ – Trade increased as well as the size of the empire – Had ____________ million people in the empire

• City of Rome grew to over 1 ____________ people • Trading becomes a major part of the Empire

– Traded by land to _________, ____________ and the Middle East • Used the ___________ roads to reach Russia as well • Roads were built for _____________, but also for trade (53,000 miles of road)

– Traded by sea with the protection of the Roman ______________ Protecting and Glorifying the Empire

• Defending such a large area was difficult – Over 10,000 miles of _______________ to _______________

• Roman Legion had to depend on _________________ armies – Armies trained by the Romans

• Got to become _________________ when their service was up

• Octavian glorified the empire by… – New buildings (Colosseum – Gladiator fights, Circus Maximus – Chariot races) – Using ____________ servants to collect ____________, mail, and___________ – Stabilizing the empire (keeping it together and running well!) – Creating a ________________ coin to use as currency (Denarius)

Emperors that followed Octavian

• 5 great emperor follow Octavian – Gave them the great years of the Pax Romana – There were also some crazy/weird emperors – such as _________________ and _________ (hated the ____________________)

• Emperors had a plan for when they died – If they didn’t a ____________ war could start again – They picked and ____________ (or successor) before they died to take over

• _____________________________ was the last great emperor – He did not choose and heir before death – This leads to the ________________________ of the ____________ of Rome

Life in the Roman Empire • Many people filled the ______________ of Rome daily

– Few lived in the __________________, many lived in the countryside • Romans valued certain personal qualities

– __________________, strength, and _________________________ • Life was focused around the ________

– Eldest ________ ran the home, had complete control • Could _____________ family members or sell them into ________________

– ___________ were favored over ____________ - they could not __________ • Also held family traditions and got original names • Daughter got the __________________ version of their fathers name

• Education was usually for the __________________________. – Women taught at home; married at _____________ to older men

Women and Slaves In Rome • As the empire came to power, women were close to equals socially in Rome

– Given more ________________ that women of _________________ – Allowed to own ___________________ and testify in ____________________ – Were not allowed to vote or be educated outside the home – Attended fairs, ________________, and public baths

• Slavery very important to Roman society – Romans use ______________ more that any other ____________________ – Slaves were ________________, could be ____________, sold, _____________ – Some forced to be ___________________ for entertainment

Religion

• Romans were polytheistic (believed in _______________ gods) • Worship of the _____________________ also part of the religion

Entertainment – GLADIATOR FIGHTS – colosseum AND CHARIOT RACES- circus maximus

Julius Caesar, 44 BC

In January of 49 BC, Julius Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River in Northern Italy and plunged the

Roman Republic into civil war. Caesar's rival, Pompey, fled to Greece. Within three months Caesar controlled

the entire Italian peninsula and in Spain had defeated the legions loyal to Pompey.

Caesar now pursued Pompey to Greece. Although outnumbered, Caesar crushed the forces of his enemy but not

before Pompey escaped to Egypt. Following Pompey to Egypt, Caesar was presented with his rival's severed

head as a token of friendship. Before leaving the

region, Caesar established Cleopatra as his surrogate ruler of Egypt. Caesar

defeated his remaining rivals in North Africa in 47 BC and returned to Rome

with his authority firmly established.

Caesar continued to consolidate his power and in February 44 BC, he declared

himself dictator for life. This act, along with his continual effort to adorn

himself with the trappings of power, turned many in the Senate against him.

Sixty members of the Senate concluded that the only resolution to the problem

was to assassinate Caesar.

Death of a Dictator

Nicolaus of Damascus wrote his account of the murder of Caesar a few years after

the event. He was not actually present when the assassination occurred but had

the opportunity to speak with those who were. He was a friend of Herod the Great

and gathered his information during a visit to Rome. His account is thought to be reliable.

The Plan:

"The conspirators never met openly, but they assembled a few at a time in each others' homes. There were

many discussions and proposals, as might be expected, while they investigated how and where to execute their

design. Some suggested that they should make the attempt as he was going along the Sacred Way, which was

one of his favorite walks. Another idea was for it to be done at the elections during which he bad to cross a

bridge to appoint the magistrates in the Campus Martius; they should draw lots for some to push him from the

bridge and for others to run up and kill him. A third plan was to wait for a coming gladiatorial show. The

advantage of that would be that, because of the show, no suspicion would be aroused if arms were seen

prepared for the attempt. But the majority opinion favored killing him while he sat in the Senate, where he

would be by himself since non-Senators would not be admitted, and where the many conspirators could hide

their daggers beneath their togas. This plan won the day."

Brutus Persuades Caesar to Ignore his Apprehensions:

"...his friends were alarmed at certain rumors and tried to stop him going to the Senate-house, as did his doctors,

for he was suffering from one of his occasional dizzy spells. His wife, Calpurnia, especially, who was frightened

by some visions in her dreams, clung to him and said that she would not let him go out that day. But Brutus,

one of the conspirators who was then thought of as a firm friend, came up and said, 'What is this, Caesar? Are

you a man to pay attention to a woman's dreams and the idle gossip of stupid men, and to insult the Senate by

The Assassination of Caesar

not going out, although it has honored you and has been specially summoned by you? But listen to me, cast

aside the forebodings of all these people, and come. The Senate has been in session waiting for you since early

this morning.' This swayed Caesar and he left."

Bad Omens:

"Before he entered the chamber, the priests brought up the victims for him to make what was to be his last

sacrifice. The omens were clearly unfavorable. After this unsuccessful sacrifice, the priests made repeated other

ones, to see if anything more propitious might appear than what had already been revealed to them. In the end

they said that they could not clearly see the divine intent, for there was some transparent, malignant spirit

hidden in the victims. Caesar was annoyed and abandoned divination till sunset, though the priests continued

all the more with their efforts.

Those of the murderers present were delighted at all this, though Caesar's friends asked him to put off the

meeting of the Senate for that day because of what the priests had said, and he agreed to do this. But some

attendants came up, calling him and saying that the Senate was full. He glanced at his friends, but Brutus

approached him again and said, 'Come, good sir, pay no attention to the babblings of these men, and do not

postpone what Caesar and his mighty power has seen fit to arrange. Make your own courage your favorable

omen.' He convinced Caesar with these words, took him by the right hand, and led him to the Senate which was

quite near. Caesar followed in silence."

The Attack:

"The Senate rose in respect for his position when they saw him entering. Those who were to have part in the

plot stood near him. Right next to him went Tillius Cimber, whose brother had been exiled by Caesar. Under

pretext of a humble request on behalf of this brother, Cimber approached and grasped the mantle of his toga,

seeming to want to make a more positive move with his hands upon Caesar. Caesar wanted to get up and use

his hands, but was prevented by Cimber and became exceedingly annoyed.

That was the moment for the men to set to work. All quickly unsheathed their daggers and rushed at him. First

Servilius Casca struck him with the point of the blade on the left shoulder a little above the collar-bone. He had

been aiming for that, but in the excitement he missed. Caesar rose to defend himself, and in the uproar Casca

shouted out in Greek to his brother. The latter heard him and drove his sword into the ribs. After a moment,

Cassius made a slash at his face, and Decimus Brutus pierced him in the side. While Cassius Longinus was trying

to give him another blow he missed and struck Marcus Brutus on the hand. Minucius also hit out at Caesar and

hit Rubrius in the thigh. They were just like men doing battle against him.

Under the mass of wounds, he fell at the foot of Pompey's statue. Everyone wanted to seem to have had some

part in the murder, and there was not one of them who failed to strike his body as it lay there, until, wounded

thirty-five times, he breathed his last. "

References:

Nicolaus of Damascus' account appears in Workman, B.K. They Saw it Happen in Classical Times (1964);

Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars (Penguin Classics), translated by Robert Graves (1957).

V

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Roman Republic/Empire Timeline

509 BCE 265 BCE

264-146 BCE451 BCE

133 & 121 BCE

60 BCE

70 BCE

43 BCE

44 BCE

14 AD

27 BCE 180 AD

31 BCE

Republic/empire Timeline events

Below is a list of 13 major events that led Rome from a

republic to an Empire. Your task is to figure of the dates

for each event then place them on the timeline in

chronological order. Each event should include a visual as

well to go along with it. Make sure you include whether

it’s BC/BCE or AD/CE. Those events marked with *** will

include more than one date - USE PAGES 142-150

DATE EVENT

Rome and Carthage fight three wars, resulting in destruction of Carthage ****

Mark Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide

Marcus Aurelius dies marking the end of the Pax Romana

Caesar is declared dictator for life and later that year stabbed to death on floor of the Senate

Rome’s empire stretched from Anatolia to Spain making it the most powerful in the world

Augustus Caesar dies and his son takes over

Julius Caesar joins forces with Crassus and Pompey creating the 1st Triumvirate

The last Etruscan King, Tarquin the Proud, is Driven from power . Rome promises no more kings!

Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus create the 2nd Triumvirate

Ten officials begin writing Rome’s Laws (12 tables) They were hung in the Forum. All citizens have protection under the law

Beginning of Augustus Caesar’s rule and the Pax Romana

Tiberius and Gaius are Killed leading to Civil War***

The Romans were masters of all of Italy except the Po Valley

DO NOT GLUE IN!!!!!!!!!!

Dates for the Timeline – You need to figure

out what event they match with

509 BCE

451 BCE

265 BCE

264-146 BCE

133 & 121 BCE

70 BCE

60 BCE

44 BCE

43 BCE

31 BCE

27 BCE

14 AD (CE)

180 AD (CE)

Life in Imperial Rome Directions: Please read your assigned sections on pages 150 to 152, and answer the corresponding questions.

Men and Women

1. What three values did Rome emphasize?

2. If a person has these values, than they have the virtue of ________________.

3. Romans honored __________ more than beauty, power more than ___________, and ____________ more than

elegance.

4. The eldest man known as the _________________, or “father of the___________” had the power to rule the

________________

5. List the things that a paterfamilias controlled or could do (there are 5).

6. Were the women of Rome equal in status to men?

7. What was the role of women:

a. What could they do?

b. What were they not allowed to do?

Children and Education

1. Why do Romans favor boys?

2. What were girls were not given their own __________ but given ________________ forms of their ______________

name.

3. Who went to school and how long did they go until?

4. Girls from upper class families often were educated at __________ and were ______________ for _____________ and

_________________.

5. What age did girls usually marry?

6. What happened to poor children?

Slaves and Captivity

1. Slavery was ________________ and important to the _________________.

2. Who made use of more slaves than any other previous civilization?

3. Where did the Romans get their slaves?

4. Children born to ___________ also became _______________.

5. What could a master do to their slaves as they saw fit? (there are 4)

6. How were slaves treated?

7. Who were gladiators?

Gods and Goddesses

1. What is numina?

2. What were Lares?

3. Romans gave their gods and goddesses names and honored these _______________ gods and goddesses through

various _____________, hoping to gain ___________ and avoid _____________.

4. What two things were linked in Rome?

5. Who is the father of the Gods and who is his wife?

6. By A.D. 100, why did Romans become interested in Asian religions?

“Bread and Circuses” – Food and Entertainment

1. What made a huge difference in how peopled of Rome lived in the new empire?

2. Explain the lifestyle of the rich.

3. During the time of the empire, much of the cities’ population was ________________.

4. How did the government support the unemployed?

5. What did the Roman government provide to distract the masses?

6. There were ________ holidays a year by A.D. 250 and on these days they celebrated in the _____________ which was

a huge arena that could hold ____________ people.

7. What did people watch in the Colosseum?

8. What new religion developed during this time?

Directions: Please read pages 153 – 157 and answer the following questions.

1. Where did Roman power spread to around 63 B.C?

2. There were two groups in Judea, one of them were the Zealots. What did the Zealots want?

3. What did the other religious group believe?

a. What did God promise?

4. Who was Jesus?

A. At what age did he begin public ministry?

B. For the next 3 years what did he do?

1.

2.

3.

C. Jesus taught Monotheism. What does this mean?

D. Where is the main source of information about Jesus’ life and teachingsfound?

E. What concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders?

F. How did he die?

5. Who was Paul and what did he spend his life doing?

6. What made travel and exchange of ideas fairly safe?

7. Rome had an excellent Roman road system which made what easy?

8. In his teachings what did Paul stress?

9. What is Diaspora?

10. Why were Christians persecuted? What were they blamed for?

11. Tell me the 5 reasons why Christianity was easily accepted and liked?

1. ___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

2. ___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

4. ___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

5. ___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

12. Who was Constantine and in A.D. 313 what did he announce?

13. What was the Edict of Milan?

14. What is Heresy?

The Fall of the Roman Empire

The Golden Age (100-180AD)

• Life in the ______________________________

– Rome was __________________ in the ancient world

– Extravagant entertainment

– Prosperity through ______________ and _____________________ expansion

• After the Golden Age

– Series of bad ______________________

• Unsuited for governance

• Many__________ emperors

Beginnings of Decline

• Trade -_________________________________________________________________________________

• Economy - ______________________________________________________________________________

• Inflation- _______________________________________________________________________________

• Agriculture- _____________________________________________________________________________

Military

• ___________________ began invading from the _____________ and were overrunning Roman Legions

• Armies became loyal to _____________________ and not _____________

• Mercenaries were paid ______________ to defend Rome, but felt little _____________ to the Empire

Diocletian

• 284-305 AD

• Ruled by decree

– Strong _______________________ with army support

– Imposed will on governmental agencies

Unity

• Worship of ____________________ as a mark of ____________________

• Persecution of the _______________________

– About ___________________ and_____________________

– Not about __________________

• Divided the empire for better administration

• Diocletian ____________________, forced _____________________________ to retire

• Chaos followed, ________________________ to determine leader

Constantine

• _________________________

• Succeeded his father as_______________________

- Fought___________________ to decide emperor

- ______________________

• New Roman ____________________

• Built on _________________________ site

- Acceptance of _______________________

• Edict of _______________

Post-Constantine Period • ________________

– Central base in Hungary

– Warriors feared by ________________ and ____________________

– _______________—last leader

• Invaded Gaul (____________________________________)

– Advanced against ____________________

– Weakened by ___________________ and _______________________

– Pope Leo I ________________________________________________

Barbarian Invasions

The End of Antiquity

• The fall of the Roman empire traditionally marks the end of the period of ________________________

• Upcoming time periods

– Byzantine empire

– Muslim empire

– Middle Ages/Renaissance

DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Directions: As you read the given pages complete the table below with information about the fall of

Rome.

Define the following terms:

INFLATION – _____________________________________________________________________________________

MERCENARY- ____________________________________________________________________________________

DIOCLETIAN – ____________________________________________________________________________________

CONSTANTINOPLE – ______________________________________________________________________________

ALARIC- _________________________________________________________________________________________

ATTILA - _________________________________________________________________________________________

Multiple Causes: Fall of the Western Roman Empire (page 160)

Contributing Factors

Political Social Economic Military

Immediate Causes

FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE!

A.D. 180 (pg.150-151) A.D. 284 (pg. 159) A.D. 330 (pg. 160) A.D. 410-444 (pg. 162)

Art/

Architecture

Technology Science Medicine

• Pantheon

•Colosseum –

• Forum -

• Roads –

•Aqueducts –

• Roman Arches -

• Ptolemy – • Focused on –

•

•

•

Language Literature Religion Law

• Latin

• Romance languages:

•

•

•

• Virgil - • Mythology adapted

from ___________

•Christianity -

• Innocent until ________

___________

• Twelve tables –

Fall of the Western Roman Empire – DBQ

In the third century A.D. Rome encountered many problems. In addition to facing internal (inside) problems, the invasion by Germanic tribes seemed to deliver a devastating blow to the Western Roman Empire. Historians have examined both internal and external (outside) conditions/factors that weakened the empire and have presented a variety of explanations for its fall. Directions for reading and interpreting the documents: The following question is based on the included documents. As you read and analyze the documents, be sure to take into account the source and the author’s point of view. Be sure to:

• Read the excerpts carefully

• Underline any unfamiliar words • Discuss the unfamiliar words with your group and be sure you have an

understanding of what the words mean • Make comments in the margins (code the reading) • Answer the questions that follow the excerpts.

Question ~ What caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

Document 1

The basic trouble was that very few inhabitants of the empire believed that the old civilization was worth saving… the overwhelming majority of the population had been systematically excluded from political responsibilities. They could not

organize to protect themselves; they could not serve in the army… Their economic plight was hopeless. Most of them were serfs bound to the soil, and the small urban groups saw their cities slipping into uninterrupted decline.

This excerpt is from a textbook, The Course of Civilization by Strayer, Gatzke, Harbison (Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.,

1961).

What were the basic problems facing the Western Roman Empire according to these authors? __________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 2

The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness [large size] … The introduction … of

Christianity, had some influence on the decline and fall of the Roman empire. The clergy successfully preached the doctrine of patience; the active virtues of society were discouraged; and the last remains of military spirit were buried in

the cloister; a large portion of public and private wealth was consecrated to the …demands of charity and devotion…

This excerpt is from The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon.

According to this excerpt from Gibbon, what were two causes for the fall of Rome? Explain both.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 3

First the economic factor… While the empire was expanding, its prosperity was fed by plundered wealth and by new

markets in the semi-barbaric provinces. When the empire ceased to expand, however, economic progress soon ceased…

The abundance of slaves led to the growth of the latifundia, the great estates that…came to dominate agriculture and

ruin the free coloni [farmers] who drifted to the cities, to add to the unemployment there. The abundance of slaves likewise kept wages low.

This excerpt is from the Uses of the Past by Herbert J. Muller

What economic issues does Muller identify as causes for decline? Explain.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

How was slavery a cause for the decline of the Roman Empire? __________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 4

…Part of the money went into…the maintenance of the army and of the vast bureaucracy required by a centralized

government…the expense led to the strangling taxation … The heart was taken out of enterprising men … tenants fled from their farms and businessmen and workmen from their occupations. Private enterprise was crushed and the state

was forced to take over many kinds of business to keep the machine running. People learned to expect something for nothing. The old Roman virtues of self-reliance and initiative were lost in that part of the population on relief [welfare] …

The central government undertook such a far-reaching responsibility in affairs that the fiber of the citizens weakened.

This excerpt is from The New Deal in Old Rome by Henry Haskell, and blames the decline on the heavy taxation required to support government expenses.

Why did the Roman government have such large expenses?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What was the effect of high taxation on the people?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________

What effect did the establishment of a governmental welfare system have on the people?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 5

Rome, like all great empires, was not overthrown by external enemies but undermined by internal decay … The military

crisis was the result of … proud old aristocracy’s … shortage of children. [Consequently] foreigners poured into this …void [lack of soldiers]. The Roman army [was] composed entirely of Germans.

This excerpt is from Romans Without Laurels by Indro Montanelli and blames the fall on “internal decay” specifically that of the military.

What does this author identify as the cause of the problems in the military? __________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Document 6

According to the map, what was the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire? Was this a unified attack?

Document #7

Every reader of a volume devoted to the Roman Empire will expect the author to express his opinion on what is generally, since Gibbon, called the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. . . In the sphere of politics we witness a gradual barbarization of the Empire from within, especially in the West. The foreign, German, elements play the leading part both in the government and in the army, and settling in masses, displace the Roman population . . . the ruling classes were replaced.. by Germans. The cities ... gradually decayed, and the majority of them practically disappeared from the face of the earth. Only small islands of civilized life are left, . . . but . . . are gradually swallowed up by the advancing tide of barbarism. Another aspect . . . is the development of a new mentality among the masses of the population. It was the mentality of the lower classes, based exclusively on religion (Christianity) and not only indifferent but hostile to the intellectual achievements of the higher classes.

SECONDARY SOURCE: Michael Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Of the Clarendon Press, Oxford.1957, 1, 532-34, 541.

How does Rostovtzeff explain the fall of the Western Roman Empire as a process of decay?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Document #8

The expenses of running the Empire continued to increase. As taxes failed to produce the needed revenue, the government resorted to devaluation of the currency, . . Prices shot up as they did in twentieth-century inflations in Europe. A pall settled over the population. People felt they were being swept downward by forces beyond their power to control. In the face of overwhelming evils they were helpless. . .(Emperor)Diocletian, with army backing, became dictator, reorganized the administration, and stabilized the currency . . . Unfortunately, like some modern rulers facing a similar problem, he overvalued his new monetary unit. Prices promptly responded with another violent rise. Diocletian recognized the suffering that resulted, but naturally did not understand the cause. The trouble, he thought, lay in greedy profiteering. In 301 A.D. he issued his famous edict setting maximum prices and wages... But this early attempt at price-fixing failed. It is recorded that business men closed their shops, that many articles of commerce disappeared, and that food riots resulted...The heart was taken out of enterprising men.. Private enterprise was crushed and the state was forced to take over many kinds of business to keep the [state] machine running. People were schooled to expect some thing for nothing. This failure of the of Roman virtues of self-reliance and initiative was conspicuously shown in that pall of the population that was on relief The central government undertook such far-reaching responsibility in affairs that the fiber of the citizens weakened...The most disastrous policy . . . was extravagant spending by the government. Part of the money went into. . . the maintenance of the army and of the vast bureaucracy required by a centralized government . . . the expense led to strangling taxation.

SECONDARY SOURCE: Henry J. Haskell, The New Deal in Old Rome. New York. Knopf, 1947, 214-231.

How does Haskell explain the shortcomings of Diocletian’s reforms?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ancient Rome Exam Review Sheet

Please be comfortable in your understanding of the following: (Test Next Week!!!)

Terms to Know:

Apostles Diaspora Jesus Circus Maximus

Republic First Triumvirate Caligula and Nero Julius Caesar

Patrician & Plebian Cleopatra & Marc Antony Aqueduct Augustus

Gladiators Romulus & Remus Hannibal & Scipio Carthage

Consul Tiberius and Gaius Theodosius Attila the Hun

Paul Twelve Tables Christianity Peter

Etruscans Second Triumvirate Edict of Milan Legions

Pax Romana The Colosseum Mercenaries Diocletian

Inflation Punic Wars Pontius Pilate Constantine

Concepts to Know:

1. Why was the geography important to the formation of Rome?

2. Name the three main parts of government under the Roman Republic. Explain?

3. How did Rome get so big? What was the affect on Rome of conquering foreign lands?

4. Explain the Punic Wars.

1st-

2nd-

3rd-

5. How did Julius Caesar take power in Rome? What were some of Caesar's reforms?

6. Why did Caesar's rivals feel they had to kill him?

7. Explain Augustus’ rise to power. Was he a good or bad emperor of Rome? Explain.

8. Why do you think the Roman leaders saw Christianity as a threat to the empire?

9. What factors enabled Christianity to spread so quickly throughout the Roman Empire? What was its

"appeal?"

10. What role did Paul & the Apostles play in expanding Christianity?

How did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?

11. What were some of the causes of the weakening of the Roman economy in the 3rd Century C.E.?

12. Why did the Roman government begin recruiting foreign mercenaries in the 3rd Century?

13. Why was loyalty to Rome and the pride of its citizens in the Empire declining by the 3rd Century?

14. How did the Emperor Diocletian attempt to reform Rome? How successful was he?

15. How did the Germanic Invaders and the Huns impact Rome?

Roman contributions to western Civilization Description

Sculptures

Art

Literature

Language

Architecture and Engineering

Law

Make sure you know the following locations:

Rome Hannibal’s route to Rome

Constantinople Gaul

Hun invasion route Christianity’s beginning

Alexandria Carthage