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Ancient India

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Lets practice note taking using the 40/60 note taking method. Fold your paper with 40/60%. Write the keywords down on the 40% side of the paper, leaving enough space between to add notes. On the 60% side of the paper, go back and add notes.

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Keywords Indus River Civilization Harappan Civilization Area today Major cities Mohenjo-Daro

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Look at the physical map of Southern Asia. Where do you think ancient civilizations may have been located? Why?

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If you said river valleys you are correct. Why would ancient civilizations settle along these river banks?

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Developed in the Indus River Valley Area of what is today Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Indus River Civilization also called Harappan Civilization

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3000 BCE to 1500 BCE It existed at about the same time as the Egyptian and Sumerian civilizations. Review Where was the Sumerian civilization located? What does BCE stand for?

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Two major cities Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Means Mound of the dead biggest settlement found in valley More than 35,000 people lived there

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Keywords Mohenjo-Daro Script Destroyed and rebuilt End

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Mohenjo-Daro Pictographic type script Over 4000 different characters however, has yet to be deciphered Destroyed and rebuilt 7 times each time new cities were built on top of the old ones possibly destroyed by flooding of the Indus unlike the annual flooding of the Nile River the Indus River had unpredictable flooding

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Ended around 1700 BC unknown causes Based on your knowledge of other ancient civilizations, what do you think possible causes were?

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Ended around 1700 BC unknown causes but theories include Change of course of river which supported civilization Climate change severe drought and rivers dried up Conquered and destroyed by invaders

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As we look at this ancient city, lets try to find evidence of a civilization. Can you remember what are the four elements of a civilization? Surplus of food Division of labor Organized government or religion Writing system

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Evidence of an advanced society: Planned layout of city based on grid system Broad avenues with narrower streets Must have had a centralized authority to plan such cities. Variety of buildings built of baked mud and sun-dried bricks.

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Sophisticated houses with many rooms some 2 stories high. Houses included spaces indicating a place for some type of doors and windows. Advanced drainage systems - narrow drains can be found in the streets. Drains were built with a slight slope to allow dirty water to drain away from the city. Some drains had covers, just like ours today. Most houses had wells to get fresh water.

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Public bath evidence of tar indicates there was a layer of tar to keep the water from leaking. Also evidence of underground room with a type of furnace believed to have been used to heat the water in the public bath.

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Believed to be a statue of a priest King

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These were seals. Most depict some type of animal. Archaeologists believe only the wealthy would own a seal. Believed to be seals because many impressions have been found on other objects such as pottery.

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Necklace made of gold and green stones, which were rare in this area. Therefore, probably a very rich person wore this necklace. This intricate piece of jewelry indicates very skilled craftsmen most likely a used as a belt or necklace and probably belonged to a person of great wealth.

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Summarize List evidences of advanced civilization Share notes with partner

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Keywords Aryans Migrated Language Belief Then came the Aryans

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Aryans People who migrated from southern Russia The time of their arrival suggests they had something to do with the downfall of the Harappan civilization Spoke the language of Sanskrit Improved weapons and the introduction of the horse enabled them to rule northern India Together with the Harappan people these two people created a new culture Strong belief that people are NOT equal What type of social system do you think this belief led to?

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Then we see the beginning of a new religion! Do you know what it might be?

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Keywords Hinduism Vedas Karma Reincarnation Caste system Ganges River

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Hinduism No founder rather combination of Aryan and Harappan beliefs Regarded as worlds oldest organized religion Based on certain Aryan practices chanting of hymns For a long time passed down through oral tradition

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Eventually written down and became part of the Vedas (Book of Knowledge) The Vedas is the oldest known scripture

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Central ideas Karma and reincarnation Karma idea that ones actions determines what will happen after ones death Reincarnation after death, ones soul is reborn into a different body

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Caste inherited social class determines ones job, marriage partner, and friends influenced by Aryans belief that people are NOT created equal Merchants, landowners, farmers Laborers, peasants, servants Warriors, princes priests

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4 major classes And then the Untouchables inferior to the 4 major classes did work that no one else would do shunned by other classes Merchants, landowners, farmers Laborers, peasants, servants Warriors, princes priests

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Caste System Today still prevalent, but government working to reduce

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Did you know The Aryans judged a mans wealth based on the head of cattle he owned. Therefore, Aryans protected their cattle from harm. Do you know what this might have led to? The Hindus believe cows are sacred and do not eat their meat!

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Winding 1560 miles from the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean the sacred Ganges River

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Sacred to the Hindus Known as Ganga Ma - Mother Ganges the river is considered as a goddess whose purity 1.cleanses the faithful from their sins and 2.aids the dead on their path toward heaven.

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According to Hindu mythology The Ganges was once a river of heaven that flowed across the sky. Long ago, she agreed to fall to earth to aid a king named Bhagiratha. His ancestors had been burned to ash by the angry gaze of an ascetic they had disturbed during meditation. Only the purifying waters of Ganges, flowing over their ashes, could free them from the earth and raise them up to live in peace in heaven. However, the flow of the heavenly river might shatter the earth, so Lord Shiva caught Ganges in his hair as she cascaded down from heaven to the Himalyas. Ganges then followed Bhagiratha out of the mountains, across the plains to the sea, where she restored his dead ancestors and lifted them to paradise. http://www.sacredland.org/world_sites_pages/Ganges.html

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It is from this story comes the Hindu ritual of depositing the ashes of their dead into the Ganges. Just as the Ganges brought to life the ashes of Bhagirathas ancestors, so all Hindus believe that if the ashes of their dead are deposited in the river, they will be ensured a smooth transition to the next life, or freed from the cycle of death and rebirth. Hindus may travel great distances to scatter the ashes of loved ones in the Ganges. http://www.sacredland.org/world_sites_pages/Ganges.html

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Hindus also believe that the Ganges divine waters purify those who immerse themselves in her. In cities along the river, daily dips are an important ritual among the faithful. http://www.sacredland.org/world_sites_pages/Ganges.html Even sacred dips right along side cattle!

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Many cities are considered sacred and serve as pilgrimage sites.

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The Ganges is also used for washing laundry!

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Used as a burial site bathing laundry dipping for spiritual cleansing humans and cattle! What might the Ganges be like today? Polluted!

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Then, with an Indian prince we see the beginning of another new religion.

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Keywords Buddhism Gautama Influence The Middle Way

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Indian Prince - Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha Gautama was an Indian prince born into wealth and luxury. One day he left his palace and walked among his people and for the first time saw sickness and poverty. He wanted to understand what caused human suffering. Therefore, he gave up everything, all pleasures and comforts. However, he was still not happy.

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One day he sat down under a tree and vowed not to move until he understood. Without food for days he nearly died; however, soon he was enlightened. He understood that it is not wealth and luxury or poverty that brought happiness, rather it was the Middle Way. He began teaching others this Middle Way and soon they began calling him the Buddha, which means Enlightened One.

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He taught that by putting aside your ego, you could escape the cycle of death and rebirth and reach Nirvana. The path to Nirvana could be found through meditation and karma.

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Siddhartha Gautama teachings Influenced by Hindu beliefs (such as Karma and reincarnation) Rejected caste system 4 Noble Truths and Eightfold path The Middle Way Ponder 1 Why did Gautama keep some of the Hindu beliefs and reject others? 2 Why would Buddhism be attractive to people, especially to people of India?

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4 Noble Truths Truth of suffering Life is full of pain Truth of Cause Suffering comes from desire for possessions Truth of Extinction If people stop desiring possessions, they will no longer suffer Truth of the Path Eliminate the suffering step by step, thus the eightfold path

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Eightfold path 1.Knowing the truth 2.Trying to resist evil 3.Saying nothing to hurt others 4.Respecting life, what is right (morality), and property 5.Holding a job that does not injure others 6.Trying to free ones mind of evil 7.Controlling ones feelings and thoughts 8.Practicing proper forms of concentration

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To sum up

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Stupas a Buddhist spiritual monument

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These sacred sites are scattered across India, Nepal, and Tibet as well as South East Asian countries. A stupa is a monument shaped in the form of the sitting Buddha. It's a place of devotion and prayer.

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Sedona, Arizona However, this one is located elsewhere

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Some are large Some are small

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Do you see any similarities to other religions we have studied?

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Ancient Indian Dynasties First, lets review what is a dynasty? A sequence of rulers from the same family or group

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Keywords Dynasties Maurya Ashoka Gupta Contributions

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Indian Dynasties Maurya 4 th and 3 rd centuries BCE Descendants of Aryans 1 st to unite Indian subcontinent Contributed to spread of Buddhism

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Most famous emperor Ashoka After seeing the great despair of war, he turned to Buddhism and set out to spread the faith

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Extent of Mauryan Empire at its peak under Ashoka

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Gupta Dynasty

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Ruled during the Golden Age of India Decimal numeral system, including concept of zero and infinity, invented symbols 1 - 9 1 st to propose the earth was round

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Other contributions of Ancient India cotton clothing

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and the game of chess!

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India became a crossroads of culture. What do you think this means? Why would India be a crossroads of culture? Which cultures?

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Keywords Crossroads Why What Who Traded

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Crossroads place where people, goods, and ideas from many areas come together

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Because of physical location, became a crossroads for trading routes

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Either by land or by sea - travelers from China, Africa, Europe and the Middle East crossed over and stopped in India during their travels

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Crossroads of Culture Goods, ideas, knowledge, and religious beliefs spread

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Just a bit more and then were finished!

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Kalidasa Ancient Indias most famous poet and playwright 170 BC and before 634 AD

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Ponder Many of his writings were on the subject of forbidden love the love between two people of different classes. Why do you think this was a favorite subject for him and those who enjoyed his writings?

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Keywords Spice Islands and Spice Trade Area today Effect on India Decline

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What is now Indonesia and islands off the coast of East Africa - Zanzibar, Mafia, and Pemba

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Spice Islands For hundreds of years, spices were considered luxury commodities, thus this spice trade made India a very rich country Decline of spice trade - once France and Britain smuggled seeds from India and began growing these spices in their own colonies, they no longer needed to trade with India for these commodities

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Believe it or not Continue to words to know

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Indus River Civilization Harappan Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Aryans Hinduism Vedas Karma Reincarnation Caste System Untouchables Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama 4 Noble Truths Eightfold Path Dynasties Mauryan Dynasty Ashoka Gupta Dynasty Crossroads Kalidasa Spice Islands Ganges River

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Indus River Civilization ancient civilization found along the Indus River in what is today Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India Harappan Civilization another name for the Indus River Civilization Mohenjo-Daro ancient city of the Indus River Civilization Harappa ancient city of the Indus River Civilization Aryans people who migrated from southern Russia into the Indus River Valley Hinduism worlds oldest religion, believes in Karma and reincarnation

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Vedas holy book of Hinduism Karma an idea that ones actions determines what will happen after ones death Reincarnation after death, ones soul is reborn into a different body Caste System inherited social class Untouchables class of people inferior to the 4 major classes Buddhism religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, believes in karma and reincarnation, rejected caste system, guided by 4 noble truths and eightfold path

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Siddhartha Gautama Indian prince who became Buddha and founded Buddhism 4 Noble Truths 4 truths to guide Buddhists in everyday life in order to reach Nirvana Eightfold Path instructions to guide Buddhists in everyday life in order to reach Nirvana Dynasties a sequence of rulers from the same family or group Mauryan Dynasty first dynasty to unite all of the Indian subcontinent and helped spread Buddhism Ashoka famous emperor of Mauryan dynasty

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Gupta Dynasty ancient Indian dynasty that ruled during the Golden Age of Ancient India Crossroads place where people, goods, and ideas from many places come together Kalidasa famous ancient India poet and playwright Spice Islands islands of present-day Indonesia and off the coast of East Africa where spices were grown and traded with Europeans Ganges River river in India important to Hindus believe water purifies one from sins and aids dead with transition to another body or heaven