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Ancient Greece: Rise of Athens. Center of Democracy? . •At the end of the “Dark Age” (c. 800 bce ), the land of Athens was in the possession of a few “tribes” or families of eupatridae (the “well born”). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ancient Greece: Rise of Athens
Center of Democracy?
•At the end of the “Dark Age” (c. 800 bce), the land of Athens was in the possession of a few “tribes” or families of eupatridae (the “well born”).
•From these eupatridae came the members who formed the Areopagus, a council of elders who made religious, military, and civil decisions.
•Power had been passed down through heredity, although this would change around 700 bce.
•With a policy of unification, the leaders of Athens “unified” (annexed and absorbed) the surrounding cities of Attica in 8th century bce.
Ancient Greece: Rise of Athens
Center of Democracy?
The ingredients of discord:
1. Threats from withouti. War
2. Competing demands withini. Tribal affiliationii. Eupatridaeiii. Upper Class aristocracyiv. Different mechanisms of governmentv. Middle Class excluded from politicsvi. Poor excluded from politics
i. debt and bondagevii. Some excluded from citizenship
altogether
Conflict between tribes
Conflict the eupatridae and the aristocracy
Conflict between the aristocracy and the poor
Conflict between those included in politics and those excluded
Potential conflicts…
Conflict between Athenians and non-Athenians
Ancient Greece: Rise of Athens
Stages of Athenian Government
Four tribes and tribal kings(pre-700 bce)
Eupatrid oligarchy(700 – 600)
Reform and Tyranny
Early democratic reforms
Delian League
Empire
Solon(594– 561)
Peisistratus and sons(561 – 510)
Cleisthenes(510 – 462)
“Radical” democracy
Ephialtes and Pericles
(461 – 429)
Ancient Greece: Rise of Athens
Stages of Athenian Government
Four tribes and tribal kings(pre-700 bce)
Eupatrid oligarchy(700 – 600)
Reform and Tyranny
Solon(594– 561)
“The demos rose up in revolt against the elites” – Aristotle, Athenian Politics
“There was fierce political struggle, and for a long time [the Athenians] fought each other” – Plutarch, Solon
"The mortgage-stones that covered her, by me Removed, -- the land that was a slave is free;that some who had been seized for their debts he had brought back from other countries, where
-- so far their lot to roam, They had forgot the language of their home;and some he had set at liberty, --
Who here in shameful servitude were held."
Ancient Greece: Rise of AthensSolon’s reforms
•In 594, Solon appointed chief archon to mediate crisis•Created four “classes” based on wealth•Access to public offices now dependent upon wealth, not birth•Poor, indebted laborers freed and debts forgiven; enslavement for debt is abolished•Changed the way archons were selected
Ancient Greece: Rise of Athens
Stages of Athenian Government
Four tribes and tribal kings(pre-700 bce)
Eupatrid oligarchy(700 – 600)
Reform and Tyranny
Solon(594– 561)
Peisistratus and sons(561 – 510)
“The demos rose up in revolt against the elites” – Aristotle, Athenian Politics
“There was fierce political struggle, and for a long time [the Athenians] fought each other” – Plutarch, Solon
Peisistratus contends for power with two other elites and wins…and then loses…and then wins…and then loses…and the wins, finally.
508 bce: Spartans and exiled elites attack and overthrow Hippias, Pesistratus’ son
They were joined by “those Athenians who wished to be free” - Herodotus
The four classes1. Pentacosiomedimnoi (could serve as Strategoi)2. Hippeis (could afford and serve as cavalry)3. Zeugitai (could afford Hoplite shields and to serve as infantry)4. Thetes (the poorest; often were servants or “sharecroppers”)
Ancient Greece: Rise of Athens
Solon’s reforms
Under Cleisthenes•Cleisthenes abolishes the original four tribes•Creates a number of “demes,” based on geography•Creates ten tribes
Under Pericles