ANCIENT GREECE. lonian Sea Mediterran ean Aegean Sea Mount Olympus Athens Corinth Sparta Thebes Delphi Troy Macedonia Peloponnesia

ANCIENT GREECE

lonian SeaMediterran

ean Aegean Sea

Mount Olympus

AthensCorinthSpartaThebesDelphiTroy

MacedoniaPeloponnesia

Geometric

Attic loutrophoros,about 690 BC, Louvre

Geometric

Funerary amphora in geometricstyle, depicting (laying-out) and lamentation over the dead.Found in Dipylum. 800 B.C.National Museum Athens

Geometric

Man with foxes, geometric atticoenochoe, 735 - 720 BC, Boston

Geometric

Geometric style stamnos,8th century BC,National Museum Athens

Archaic

Attic red figure cup showing a Skythian archer,530 BC, painted by Epictitus

Archaic

Theseus slaying the Minotaurus,attic red amphora,by Amasis 560 - 540 BC. London

Archaic

Attic black amphora with boys andmen picking grapes, 560 - 540 BC

Archaic

Theseus slaying the Minotaurus,attic black cup, 550 BC.

Classical

Panathenaic prizedamphora with footrace, 480-470 BC.

Classical

Crater with Torch-racers and priest at altar, 430-420 BC

Classical

Lekythos with Nike, 470 BC.

Classical

Red figure vase painting depicting an athenian warrior moments before leaving his wife for war. by Kleophon 4th century BC

Classical

Attic red figure kylix, 470 BC, by the Oedipus painter. On the top figure women are spinning the wool, while in the other sidea man is wearing his arms and is helped by two others

GREEK MYTHOLOGY• A large collection of

narratives (stories) that explain the origins of the world.

• Stories that detail the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines, and other mythological creatures. (Soap Opera)

• The Titans created the World and they were the parents and grandparents to the Greek gods.

GREEK MYTHOLOGY: Titans: • Chaos - in one ancient Greek myth of creation, the dark, silent abyss from

which all things came into existence• Gaea - She was the mother and wife of Father Heaven, Uranus. They were

the parents of the first creatures, the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Giants• Tartarus - The lowest region of the underworld.• Eros - The god of love• Erebus - Personification of the darkness of the Underworld and the

offspring of Chaos• Uranus + Gaea - The personification of the sky; the god of the heavens• Pontus - The sea god• Cyclopes - Three sons: Arges, Brontes, and Steropes of Uranus and Gaea.

The Cyclops were giant beings with a single, round eye in the middle of their foreheads. They helped Zeus defeat their brother, Cronus, by forging lightning bolts. They also made Poseidon’s trident and Hades invisibility cap

• Cronus + Rhea - Cronus was a ruler of the universe during the Golden Age• Coeus + Phoebe - Coeus was a titan of Intelligence• Oceanus + Tethys - The personification of the vast ocean.

GREEK MYTHOLOGY

• The Twelve Olympians, in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus.

The Greek GodsZeus - the king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus, and god of the sky and thunder. Hera – the wife and older sister of Zeus. Her chief function was as goddess of marriage.Poseidon - God of the sea.Ares - the son of Zeus (ruler of the gods) and Hera. Though often incorrectly referred to as the Olympian god of war, he is more accurately the god of savage war, or bloodlust, or slaughter personified. Hermes - god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them, of shepherds and cowherds, of orators and wit, of literature and poets, of athletics, of weights and measures, of invention, of commerce in general, and of the cunning of thieves and liars.Hephaestus - god of technology, blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, sculptors, metals and metallurgy, and fire. He was worshipped in all the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, especially Athens.Aphrodite - goddess of love and beautyAthena - or Pallas-Athene, is one of the most important goddesses in Greek mythology. Goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, industry, justice and skill. Athena sprang full-grown and armoured from the forehead of the god Zeus and was his favourite child. She was fierce and brave in battle but, only fights to protect the state and home from outside enemies.Apollo - is considered to have dominion over plague, light, healing, colonists, medicine, archery, poetry, prophecy, dance, reason, intellectualism, Shamans, and as the patron defender of herds and flocks.Artemis - the daughter of Zeus and Leto and the twin sister of Apollo. She was usually depicted as the maiden goddess of the hunt, bearing a bow and arrows. Later she became associated with the moon, as her brother was with the sun.Demeter - goddess of grain and fertility, the pure nourisher of the youth and the green earth, the health-giving cycle of life and death, and preserver of marriage and the sacred law.Hestia - the goddess of the hearth, of the right ordering of domesticity and the family.

IV. ATHENS AND THE AGE OF PERICLES

• Perhaps the most splendid days of the ancient Greek city of Athens took place during the time of Pericles, one of the most influential statesmen in the history of Greece.


• Unlike previous influential rulers of Athens, Pericles did not rule directly over the people as a dictator.

• Deeply dedicated to his home city, Pericles made use of his words to bring about change and encourage prosperity of Athens.


• Under Pericles, the government of Athens transformed from an aristocratic-based government to a more democratic government with a constitution.


One of the more splendid temples built during this time was the Parthenon, a beautiful piece of architecture that served as the jewel of Athens for many years. Dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, it featured a 38-foot tall bronze statue of the goddess.

Many of the beautiful structures of Athens were built during this time, but most of the work focused on the Acropolis.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xP-FsX0QW88



The Parthenon

• The Parthenon has a design which systematically compensates for the distortions inherent in human vision.

• To the unaided eye, columns tend to look narrower in the middle than at the top or bottom.

• Each of the columns in the Parthenon was built with a slight bulge in the middle, to make them appear “straight”. Columns tend to “contract” near the top, and hence the base of each column was built a little thicker.

ATHENA’S STATUE STOOD IN THE PARTHENON

(the original was looted 100’s of years ago, this is a reproduction from Nashville Tenn.)


• Pericles’s thirty years as statesman known as “The Golden Age of Pericles.”

• Since the city had suffered great damage during wars with Persia, much of Pericles’s work involved rebuilding of the city. Pericles gave the task of rebuilding to many of the poorer citizens of Athens; while he favored helping the poor, he sought to do so by giving them occupations rather than merely granting them charity.

V. Athens

The land around Athens was agriculturally rich and the city had a harbor so that it could trade easily with city-states around the Aegean.

V. Athens

Athenians thought of themselves as the shining star of the Greek city-states. They were famed for their arts (literature, poetry, drama, theatre, buildings) schools and government.

V. Athens

Athens was one of the most important and powerful cities in Greece during the Classical period. It was also the first of the Greek city states fully to develop democracy.

Democracy was not open to everyone. Women and Slaves were banned from participating in government. Only free Male citizens could vote.

Socrates• He wanted his students to

question things. • This angered some of the

wealthy nobles. They demanded a trial.

• Socrates thought it was ridiculous. He refused to defend himself, the jury had no choice but to find him guilty.

• Rather than have the citizens of Athens kill him, Socrates took poison and died.

PLATO

• Plato called a pupil of Socrates.

• In Plato's political philosophy, only wise men who understand the dual nature of reality are fit to rule the country.

Aristotle

Aristotle believed knowledge (which is what the word science means) is fundamentally empirical (observed). In other words we know what we know because we have seen it. Aristotle literally wrote about everything.

V. SPARTA

• "Their city is not built continuously, and has no splendid temples or other edifices; it rather resembles a group of villages, like the ancient towns of Hellas, and would therefore make a poor show" Thucydides (Historian) c. 460/455 BC

V. SPARTA

• Sparta used a massive army to make their people obedient.

• At the age of seven boys were required to leave their families, and begin training for battle. They would remain in the army until age 60, when they were allowed to retire.

V. SPARTA• BOYS WERE TAKEN FROM THEIR PARENTS AT THE AGE OF 7,

UP INTO THE MOUNTAINS AND TRAINED IN THE ART OF WARFARE. APART FROM THE SINGLE ITEM OF A CLOAK THEY WENT BAREFOOT AND NAKED.

• THE FOOD THEY WERE GIVEN WAS NOT QUITE ENOUGH TO SUSTAIN THEIR NEEDS... SO TO SUPPLEMENT THEIR MEAGER DIET THEY HAD LITTLE CHOICE BUT TO STEAL FROM SURROUNDING FARMHOUSES.

• IF THEY WERE CAUGHT… THEY WERE PUNISHED BY THE FARMER FOR STEALING FROM HIM. THE PUNISHMENT THOUGH DID NOT END THERE, THEY WERE ALSO BEATEN BY THEIR INSTRUCTORS… NOT FOR STEALING…BUT FOR THE CRIME OF BEING CAUGHT!

V. SPARTA• Sparta’s military

expertise had many victories that helped protect the other city-states.

• However, Sparta did not focus on much else. As a result, they were poorer, and less technically advanced than the other city-states.

V. SPARTA• It's hard for textbooks to say

anything nice about the Spartans. "an armed camp," "brutal," "culturally stagnant," "economically stagnant,".

• The Spartans weren't big readers, so didn't write down anything themselves. The only records we have are from other cultures looking in... mainly the Athenians, the bitter enemy and rival of Sparta.

V. SPARTA: THE HELOTS• They lived on the land of

the wealthy Spartan families.

• They were responsible for farming the land.

• This allowed the Spartans to focus their attention on their military training. It was considered beneath the wealthy Spartans to work the land.Helots: class of state-owned serfs.

V. SPARTA: THE HELOTS• Spartans relied heavily on the

Helots to provide the necessary food.

• Fear of a Helot revolt meant that the Spartan's were afraid of foreign visitors who might encourage the Helots to revolt.

• Spartans were hesitant to become involved in war far from home in case the Helots used the army's absence as an opportunity to revolt.

V. SPARTA: THE HELOTS

• Helots out numbered Spartans at least 20 to 1.

• Therefore they were the subject of continual suspicion. The Spartans created an elite secret police known as the Krypteria to keep the Helots under control.

VI. The Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs. Athens

• In 431 B.C., Sparta formed alliances with other city states and declared war against Athens

http://www.history.com/videos/the-peloponnesian-war#the-peloponnesian-war





• While Athens may have had a superior navy, its army could not compare to the well-disciplined Spartan army.


• During the war, many of the rural citizens of Athenian territory were forced to flee into the city.

• Close quarters helped spread diseases and when a plague struck the city it had a disastrous effect.


Athens built walls surrounding the city and the road to their harbor so they could get supplies from other cities.


A rapidly spreading deadly disease, a plague, killed half the Athenians.


• Sparta eventually defeated Athens by building blockade around the walls of the city, a siege.

• The people of Athens could not leave to get supplies or food from the countryside. Faced with starvation, Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BC.


• The Spartans conquered the city in 404 BC.

• The Peloponnesian War robbed Athens of its Golden Age. Great thinkers and teachers lived in Athens during and after the war but the era of support for new ideas and the spirit of democracy had passed.

Pericles died of the plague.

Coming Soon: Alex the Great!

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ANCIENT GREECE. lonian Sea Mediterran ean Aegean Sea Mount Olympus Athens Corinth Sparta Thebes Delphi Troy Macedonia Peloponnesia