Ancient Egypt - Mrs. Haskell's Classmrshaskellsclass.weebly.com/.../2/8332277/ancient_egypt.pdf•*Giza was the city where the great pyramids were built •The pyramids were built

Ancient Egypt

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The 1st Civilization in Egypt

• *Located northeast Africa• *Located along the Nile River• *5000 B.C. (7000 years ago)•The civilization lasted for 3000 years•

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The Nile River

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The Nile River

• *4,132 miles long• *About the distance from Chicago to

Hawaii• *19 miles wide• *The Delta Region is 154 miles wide• *The river flows North (South to

North)

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The Nile River

• *It was called the “Egyptian Road”• *It is the longest river in the world–Nile River–Amazon River–Yangtze River–Mississippi River

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The Nile River• *The river forms a Delta• *The delta is formed by mud, sand and

silt at the mouth of the river• *The Egyptian Delta has 7 branches• *Northern Egypt is called Lower Egypt• *Southern Egypt is called Upper Egypt• *The Sahara Desert protected the

Egyptians from their enemies7

The Gifts of the Nile

Gifts of the Nile

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The Prosperous Nile

Crops Animals Natural Resources

BeansWheatBarleyCucumbersLettuceOnionsFigsGrapesFlaxseedYeast

CattlePigsSheepOxenDonkeys

GoldSilverCopperPrecious stonesJewels

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Nile Delta

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Egyptian Boats• The Egyptians didn't build roads to travel around

their empire• Most of the major cities in Ancient Egypt were

located along the banks of the Nile• *The Egyptians used the Nile for transportation

and shipping from very early on.• They became experts at building boats and

navigating the river.• The first papyrus boats are estimated to have been

made around 4000 BC.12

Egyptian Boats• *The Egyptians developed many types of boats. • *Some were specialized for fishing and traveling,

while others were designed for carrying cargo or going to war.

• Temples and palaces were often connected to the Nile River using manmade canals.

• The Pharaoh used a magnificent boat covered with gold and fancy carvings.

• The Egyptian sun god was said to travel across the sky on a boat during the day and across the Underworld on a boat at night.

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Egyptian Boats• Early Boats – Early Egyptians learned to make small boats out

of the papyrus plant. – They were easy to construct and worked well for

fishing and short trips.–Most of the papyrus boats were small and were

steered with oars and poles.– The typical boat was long and thin and the ends

came to a point that stuck out of the water.

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Egyptian Boats• Wooden Boats

– Eventually the Egyptians began to make boats from wood.

– They used acacia wood from Egypt and imported cedar wood from Lebanon.

– They also began to use a giant sail in the middle of the boat so they could catch the wind when heading upstream.

– The Egyptians built their wooden boats without nails. – Boats were often made from a number of short planks

that were hooked together and tied tight with ropes. – Steering was accomplished by using a large rudder oar

at the back of the ships. 15

Egyptian Boats• Cargo Ships – The Egyptians learned how to build large and

sturdy cargo ships. – They sailed these up and down the Nile and

into the Mediterranean Sea to trade with other countries.

– These ships could hold lots of cargo. Some ships were used to carry huge stones weighing as much as 500 tons from the rock quarry to where the pyramids were being constructed.

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Egyptian Boats• Funeral Boats – The Egyptians believed that a boat was needed in

the afterlife in order to journey to the heavens. – Sometimes a small model of a boat was buried

with a person.– Often times a full size boat was included in the

tombs of Pharaohs and other wealthy Egyptians. – There were 35 boats of some type in the pharaoh

King Tut’s tomb

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Using a Shadoof

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Using a Shadoof

• *Canals and ditches were dug• *The Shadoof lifted the water onto or

into the fields• *It was a way to bring water to the

crops (type of irrigation)

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Tyt

Amulet

Necklace

Paddle

Doll

Cosmetic

Dish

Carved

Fish

Canopic

Jar

Jar

Wax

Plate

Scarab

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Bone

Clappers

Glass Ear

Studs

Bronze

Lamp

Utensils for

Funerary Rites

Hippo

Statue

Spinning

Tops

Flax Comb

& Spindle

Copper

Mirror

Sandals

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Sistrum

Razor

Strainer

Mummified

Cat

Money Brushes

Winnowing

Fan

Adze

Axes

Egypt is Divided into 2 Parts

• *Upper Egypt–*Capital was Thebes–*Southern Egypt

• *Lower Egypt–*Capital was Memphis–*Northern Egypt–*Delta Region

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King Menes Unites Egypt

• *He was the 1st Pharaoh• *He united upper and lower Egypt• *It was the 1st Dynasty• 3100 B.C.E• *He built the city of Memphis• *Dynasty: Is a family rule from one generation to

the next• *Unification: the process of being united or made

into a whole.

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The 3 Crowns of Egypt• *White Crown–Crown of Upper

Egypt• *Red Crown–Crown of Lower

Egypt• *Double Crown–Crowns United

Egypt25

Egypt is Divided into 3 Kingdoms

•*Old Kingdom–The capital

was Memphis–Lasted 500

years

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• *Middle Kingdom–The capital

was Memphis–Lasted 400

years

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• *New Kingdom–The capital

was Thebes–Lasted 100

years

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A New Government

• *The Pharaoh collected taxes

• *The Pharaoh served as a judge

• *The Pharaoh made sure the flood water was to be shared

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The Pharaoh• *Pharaoh: means

“Great Palace or Great Home”

• *This name was given to Egyptian rulers

• *He was worshiped as a God

• *He had absolute power

• *An Egyptian King

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Religion in Ancient Egypt• *They had many Gods (polytheism)• *Each God had a different job• *They built temples for the Gods to live

in• *They believed they had magical powers

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Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

• *Ra: God of the sun

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•Anubis: God of the underworld

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•Thoth: God of writing and wisdom

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•Hathor: Goddess of love, birth, and joy

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• Isis: Goddess of children

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•Osiris: God of agriculture and rule of the dead

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•Horus: Pharaohs identifier

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5 Things for the Afterlife

5 Things I would take

5 Things they took

Food

Clothes

Riches

Souls

Important things39

The Body had a Ka

• *The Egyptian spirit and soul• *The Ka/Spirit follows them to the

afterlife• *The Ka needed a preserved body• *The Ka needed a resting place• *It needed things for the afterlife

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Mummification

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Mummification• The mummification ceremony was conducted

by four priests, with one dressed as a jackal headed God Anubis

• The inner organs were removed first, as these were the first to decay

• A special hook was used to remove the brain by working through the nose

• The organs which were taken from the body were placed in jars called canopic jars

• Natron, a special salt was added to the jars for preservation

*Draw diagram #1 42

Mummification• The liver, stomach, and intestines were

removed by making an incision on the left side of the body

• Sometimes it was replaced by a large stone called a scarab

• Linen cloth and natron were used as packing to fill the spaces left when the organs were removed

• The body was placed on a tilted slab• It was left for 40 day*Draw diagram #2

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• The old packing was now removed and replaced• The incision was sewed up and the body was rubbed

with oils and resins• The nostrils were stuffed with wax• Pads were placed under the eyes and cheeks and

make-up was applied• The first strips of cloth were wound around the body• Jewelry was used to decorate the body• Good luck charms were tucked under the 20 or so layers

of linen strips that were wound around the body• Resins were sometimes used to hold the layers together*Draw diagram #3 & #4

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Mummification

• The face of the mummy was now ready to be covered with the mask on which the dead persons face was painted

• This mask was considered to be very important• As it allowed the Ba and the Ka to easily

recognize the mummy on the travels to and from the body

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Mummification

• Finally the mummy was placed in a coffin or sometimes in a series of coffins, one inside the other

• It was now ready to go on its great procession to its final resting place

• The whole process of mummification took about 70 days

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Mummification

Preparing a Royal Mummy• *The body still had nails, hair, and skin• *Pharaohs were rich and could afford it• *Royal mummies had their arms crossed• *They mummified bodies so they would have

everlasting life

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Amulets

• *Ankh: the symbol of life

• *Scarab: the symbol of rebirth

• *Cartouche: Name plate

• *Eye of a Horus: the symbol of protection

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Canopic Jars• Qubehsenuef

– Falcon head– Held the intestines

• Hapy– Baboon head– Held the lungs

• Duamute– Jackal head– Held the stomach

• Imsety– Human head– Held the liver

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Ancient Egyptian Writing• *Hieroglyphics:

Egyptian writing• *Priestley Carvings:

Hieroglyphics• They used over 800

symbols and pictures• They used hieroglyphics

to keep track of things• Writing was found on

Papyrus, tombs, tablets, and pyramids

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Papyrus• *Papyrus: a tall reed that grows in the

Nile River• The English word “paper” comes from

the word “papyrus”

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3c9bRpv_vFs

Egyptian Scribes• *Scribe: people who

could read and write• They used a reed

dipped in ink• They used plants, fruit,

and soot to make ink• Red and black were

the most common colors

• They mostly wrote on stone or papyrus

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The Rosetta Stone

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The Rosetta Stone• *Napoleon’s army invaded Egypt in

1799• Started digging trenches• *This took place in the city of Rosetta• They found a black basalt stone• No one could understand the writing• In 1822 a French scholar named Jean

Champollion decoded it54

The Pyramids

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Inside a Pyramid

• It had 3 burial chambers

• It had a Queen’s chamber

• It had food and anything else they would need

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How Pyramids Were Built

• Each stone weighed 2.5-15 tons

• The stones were dug from the ground

• The stones were made out of limestone

• They were placed on a wooden sled to be moved

• They used no cement57

The Pyramids of Giza

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• *Giza was the city where the great pyramids were built

• The pyramids were built to show the Pharaoh’s power

• Pyramids were for their mummy and things they would need in the afterlife

• There are more than 70 pyramids in Egypt– *Took more than 20 years to build a pyramid

• They are about 482 feet tall• 2,300,000 blocks of stone

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• They contain passageways and corridors• *Giza has the world’s oldest skyscraper• The pyramids were built along the Nile

River• *Pyramids were tombs for the Pharaoh• *Robbers stole most of the treasures

inside of the pyramids

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Khufu’s Pyramid• *The greatest pyramid• It was built in 2600 B.C.• It stands 482 feet tall–755 feet on each side

• It was the tallest building in the world until the Eiffel Tower was built

• The base is the size of 8 football fields• It took 22 years to build

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The Obelisk• *A four sided pillar

with the top shaped like a pyramid

• *Built to honor the sun gods

• They recorded the achievements of the Pharaoh

• They put them at the entrances of the temples 62

The Great Sphinx

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The Great Sphinx• Built 4,500 years ago• Carved from limestone• The Pharaoh Khafre ordered the Sphinx to be

built• *It had a face of Pharaoh Khafre, but it had the

body of a lion• It was 240 feet long and 66 feet high• *It was built in Giza to guard the pyramids• It faces the rising sun (East)

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The Great Sphinx

• The lips are 7 feet wide• The face is 13 feet wide• The eyes are 6 feet high• The sand has buried it 4 times– 1400 B.C.– 1818 A.D.– 1886 A.D.– 1926 A.D.

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King Tut

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• He was born in 1333 B.C.• *His nicknames were King Tut and Boy King• *King Tut became king at 9 years old• King Tut was only Pharaoh for about 9 years.• He died at the age of 18• X-rays show that he might have died by a brain

injury

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King Tut

The Tomb of King Tut

• *It was found on November 26, 1922• *The tomb was found in the Valley of the Kings• The tomb was never raided• The coffin weighed 2,448lbs. and made of solid

gold• The tomb had four rooms and over 5,000 objects

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The Curse of King Tut• When the tomb was first discovered, there were reports of a

message written in ancient hieroglyphics on the outside of the tomb.

• The message said, "Death Shall Come on Swift Wings to Him Who Disturbs the Peace of the King."

• A few months after the tomb was open, a British Lord began ill from a mosquito bite. He was there when they opened the tomb. A few months later, he died.

• Rumor said a mark similar to the mosquito bit was found in the exact same position on King Tut's cheek.

• The ancient Egyptians believed that if their mummy was stolen or destroyed, their spirit would not be able to return to their mummified body at night, and they would disappear forever, no longer able to dwell in their Afterlife.

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The Curse of King Tut

• Howard Carter, the man who discovered King Tut's tomb, lived to be 65. He died of natural causes. He never believed in a curse.

• Illness and death have been linked to the opening of ancient tombs.

• Archaeologists have discovered that there are poisonous plant molds in the tombs in many ancient tombs.

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Documents

Ancient Egypt - Mrs. Haskell's Classmrshaskellsclass.weebly.com/.../2/8332277/ancient_egypt.pdf•*Giza was the city where the great pyramids were built •The pyramids were built