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Ancient & Ancient & Classical Classical China China AP World History AP World History

Ancient & Classical China

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Ancient & Classical China. AP World History. List of Chinese Dynasties to 600 C.E. Prehistoric Times-1.7 million years - the 21st century BCE Xia Dynasty- 21st - 16th century BCE Shang Dynasty- 16th - 11th century BCE Zhou Dynasty - Western Zhou (11th century - 771 BCE) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Ancient & Classical  China

Ancient & Ancient & Classical Classical

ChinaChinaAP World HistoryAP World History

Page 2: Ancient & Classical  China

List of Chinese Dynasties to List of Chinese Dynasties to 600 C.E.600 C.E. Prehistoric Times-1.7Prehistoric Times-1.7 million years - the 21st century million years - the 21st century

BCEBCE Xia Dynasty-Xia Dynasty- 21st - 16th century BCE 21st - 16th century BCE Shang Dynasty-Shang Dynasty- 16th - 11th century BCE 16th - 11th century BCE Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty - -Western ZhouWestern Zhou (11th century - 771 BCE) (11th century - 771 BCE) Eastern Zhou- Eastern Zhou- Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476 Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476

BCE)BCE) Warring States PeriodWarring States Period (476 - 221 BCE) (476 - 221 BCE) Qin Dynasty-Qin Dynasty- (221 - 206 BCE) (221 - 206 BCE) Han Dynasty-Han Dynasty- Western Han (206 BCE - 24 CE) Western Han (206 BCE - 24 CE) Eastern HanEastern Han (25 – 220CE) (25 – 220CE)

{{Textbook: Textbook: Age of DivisionAge of Division}} Three Kingdoms Period-Three Kingdoms Period- (220 – 280) (220 – 280) Jin DynastyJin Dynasty - Western Jin (265 - 316)Eastern Jin (317 - - Western Jin (265 - 316)Eastern Jin (317 -

420) 420) Northern and Southern Dynasties-Northern and Southern Dynasties-

Northern Dynasties (386 - 581)Northern Dynasties (386 - 581) Southern Dynasties (420 - 589) Southern Dynasties (420 - 589)

Sui Dynasty-Sui Dynasty- (581 –618 CE) (581 –618 CE)

Page 3: Ancient & Classical  China
Page 4: Ancient & Classical  China

Big Picture “Snap Shot”Big Picture “Snap Shot” Patterns in Early Chinese Civilization: Patterns in Early Chinese Civilization:

Early Civilizations…Early Civilizations… Mythical Xia and First Dynasty of the Shang Mythical Xia and First Dynasty of the Shang

Patterns in Classical China: Patterns in Classical China: 3 dynastic cycles cover the many centuries 3 dynastic cycles cover the many centuries

of classical China: Zhou, Qin (impact), & Hanof classical China: Zhou, Qin (impact), & Han Political instabilityPolitical instability & frequent invasions caused the & frequent invasions caused the

decline of the Zhou Dynasty and promoted debated over decline of the Zhou Dynasty and promoted debated over China’s Political ills. China’s Political ills.

Last centuries of Zhou some of China’s greatest thinkers Last centuries of Zhou some of China’s greatest thinkers tried different ways to tried different ways to restore order & social harmonyrestore order & social harmony

3 Schools of Thought3 Schools of Thought – Confucianism, Daoism, & – Confucianism, Daoism, & Legalism Legalism

Shi HuanghiShi Huanghi, the brutal founder of the Qin Dynasty, , the brutal founder of the Qin Dynasty, centralized power in China, and began construction of the centralized power in China, and began construction of the Great Wall. Great Wall.

Wu TiWu Ti (Wu di, or Emperor Wu), most famous of the Han (Wu di, or Emperor Wu), most famous of the Han rulers, supported Confucianism , won wars, & promoted peacerulers, supported Confucianism , won wars, & promoted peace

Page 5: Ancient & Classical  China

(P) State Building , Expansion, (P) State Building , Expansion, & Conflict & Conflict

““Political” Institutions Political” Institutions ((structures & governance)structures & governance) Most of recorded history, the Most of recorded history, the

Chinese people have been the Chinese people have been the most tightly governed people in most tightly governed people in any large society in the World. any large society in the World.

Political institutions became Political institutions became one of classical China’s one of classical China’s hallmarks. hallmarks.

One of the most permanent One of the most permanent aspects of Chinese culture was aspects of Chinese culture was the belief in the unity & the the belief in the unity & the desirability of a central desirability of a central government in the hands of an government in the hands of an emperor assisted by an educated, emperor assisted by an educated, professional bureaucracy. professional bureaucracy.

Page 6: Ancient & Classical  China

(P) State Building , Expansion, (P) State Building , Expansion, & Conflict & Conflict

Continued…Continued… Type of system- Monarchy/Absolute RuleType of system- Monarchy/Absolute Rule Empires- Dynasty CyclesEmpires- Dynasty Cycles Nationalism- Most believe in unified China Nationalism- Most believe in unified China

Revolts and revolutions- Revolts and revolutions- “Mandate of Heaven” “Mandate of Heaven” Regional, trans-regional, global structures & Regional, trans-regional, global structures &

organizations- organizations- Xenophobia (ic)Xenophobia (ic)-an intense fear or dislike of -an intense fear or dislike of

foreign people, their customs and culture, or foreign people, their customs and culture, or foreign thingsforeign things

Foreign Connections-Foreign Connections- Tributary Systems- Tributary Systems- Fighting with Fighting with Xiongnu, (Barbarians) {gift Xiongnu, (Barbarians) {gift

sending}sending} Silk Road- Mostly indirect communication Silk Road- Mostly indirect communication

through many cultures, including Central Asia, through many cultures, including Central Asia, India, Persia, Fertile Crescent, & Rome India, Persia, Fertile Crescent, & Rome

Page 7: Ancient & Classical  China

(E) Creation, expansion, and (E) Creation, expansion, and interaction of “Economic” systemsinteraction of “Economic” systems

Agricultural Agricultural – China’s classical economy focused on – China’s classical economy focused on agriculture. All Chinese philosophies extolled the agriculture. All Chinese philosophies extolled the virtues of peasants and their world. virtues of peasants and their world.

Trade & Commerce-Trade & Commerce- Extensive internal trade system, Extensive internal trade system, even while maintaining some ambivalence about even while maintaining some ambivalence about merchants and commercial values merchants and commercial values Silk Road-Silk Road- Only connection to the Roman Empire via trade. Only connection to the Roman Empire via trade.

Labor system-Labor system- Sharp Class division between the 1) Sharp Class division between the 1) Gentry ScholarsGentry Scholars - Landowning Aristocrats & - Landowning Aristocrats & educated bureaucrats, 2) educated bureaucrats, 2) Peasant farmers-Peasant farmers- the the laboring masses, 3) laboring masses, 3) Artisans & CraftsmanArtisans & Craftsman, 4) , 4) Merchants & TradersMerchants & Traders

Industrialization- Industrialization- Many technological advances, Many technological advances, including ox-drawn plows, water-powered mills, and including ox-drawn plows, water-powered mills, and paper in ancient times. paper in ancient times.

Page 8: Ancient & Classical  China

(R) Development & Interaction (R) Development & Interaction of Culturesof Cultures ““Religion and Culture” Religion and Culture”

Belief systems, Philosophies, & ideologiesBelief systems, Philosophies, & ideologies Chinese culture began coalescing during the last, Chinese culture began coalescing during the last, calamitous centuries of Zhou rule. During this time, calamitous centuries of Zhou rule. During this time, the the 3 Schools of Thought3 Schools of Thought (Philosophies) arose, each (Philosophies) arose, each of which emphasized the role of education to of which emphasized the role of education to achieve social ends. achieve social ends. Confucianism,Confucianism, an ethical system based on an ethical system based on

relationships and personal virtue, became the relationships and personal virtue, became the predominate philosophypredominate philosophy

Legalism,Legalism, countered Confucianism by favoring countered Confucianism by favoring an authoritarian state and harsh rule. an authoritarian state and harsh rule.

Daoism, Daoism, taught harmony with nature and taught harmony with nature and humble living. Laozi was the most popular figure. humble living. Laozi was the most popular figure.

Buddhism,Buddhism, began to enter China later 100 C.E… began to enter China later 100 C.E… Tang Dynasty 618 C.E. (Golden Age of Tang Dynasty 618 C.E. (Golden Age of

Buddhism) Buddhism)

Page 9: Ancient & Classical  China

(R) Development & Interaction (R) Development & Interaction of Cultures Continued…of Cultures Continued…

MaterialMaterial Architecture/Buildings-Architecture/Buildings-

Great Wall of ChinaGreat Wall of China (Started with Qin Dynasty) (Started with Qin Dynasty) Many Roads & CanalsMany Roads & Canals (Han Dynasty, esp. Wu Di (Han Dynasty, esp. Wu Di

141-87)141-87) Grand CanalGrand Canal – (Completed by Sui Dynasty – (Completed by Sui Dynasty

ArtArt in classical China was mostly decorative, and in classical China was mostly decorative, and appeared in many forms, including calligraphy, carved appeared in many forms, including calligraphy, carved jade and ivory, and silk screens.jade and ivory, and silk screens.

Science & key technologies-Science & key technologies- Mathematics emphasized Mathematics emphasized the practical over the theoretical, and the ancient the practical over the theoretical, and the ancient Chinese were particularly adept at astronomy. Chinese were particularly adept at astronomy. Many innovations! (See Invention Worksheet)Many innovations! (See Invention Worksheet)

Imperial University- (Han Dynasty) –Imperial University- (Han Dynasty) – Civil Service ExamsCivil Service Exams (3 levels) (3 levels)

Entry test for government jobsEntry test for government jobs Studied Chinese Classics, Confucius etc… Studied Chinese Classics, Confucius etc…

Page 10: Ancient & Classical  China

(R) Development & (R) Development & transformation transformation

of social structures of social structures “Culture”“Culture”

Gender Roles and relations-Gender Roles and relations- Patriarchal society- overall subordinate fathers & husbands Patriarchal society- overall subordinate fathers & husbands

(brothers)(brothers) Women’s roles- make a proper marriage that would strengthen the Women’s roles- make a proper marriage that would strengthen the

family’s alliances (Widowed were allowed to marry?) family’s alliances (Widowed were allowed to marry?) Elite Elite (Ban Zhao’s Example)(Ban Zhao’s Example) Upper class women- tutored in writing, Upper class women- tutored in writing,

arts, & musicarts, & music Family & kinship (Clans)- Tight family structure was valuedFamily & kinship (Clans)- Tight family structure was valued

Gender relations- Filial Piety (5 Cardinal Relationships) Gender relations- Filial Piety (5 Cardinal Relationships) Racial & Ethic constructions – Xenophobia & Ethnocentricism Racial & Ethic constructions – Xenophobia & Ethnocentricism Social & Economics classes- Basically hierarchical, deferential Social & Economics classes- Basically hierarchical, deferential

& patriarchal & patriarchal Labor system-Labor system- Sharp Class division between the 1) Sharp Class division between the 1) Gentry Gentry

ScholarsScholars - Landowning Aristocrats & educated bureaucrats, 2) - Landowning Aristocrats & educated bureaucrats, 2) Peasant farmers-Peasant farmers- the laboring masses, 3) the laboring masses, 3) Artisans & CraftsmanArtisans & Craftsman, , 4) 4) Merchants & TradersMerchants & Traders

Communication: Communication: Language-Early Ancient times: Language-Early Ancient times: proto-Sino-Tibetan,proto-Sino-Tibetan,

Zhou Dynasty: Archaic Chinese, Qin: attempt to return to “Old Chinese” Zhou Dynasty: Archaic Chinese, Qin: attempt to return to “Old Chinese” Now about Later called “Middle Chinese” Now: 11 different dialects Now about Later called “Middle Chinese” Now: 11 different dialects Mandarin and Cantonese Mandarin and Cantonese

Writing system: logographic/Calligraphy(Similar since Shang and Writing system: logographic/Calligraphy(Similar since Shang and standard Qin)standard Qin)

Page 11: Ancient & Classical  China

(I) “Interactions” between (I) “Interactions” between Humans and Humans and

environmentenvironment Population Change (Demography)- Population Change (Demography)-

Major increase in Population during Major increase in Population during Han Dynasty 60 million listed on Han Dynasty 60 million listed on censuscensus

Diseases- Malaria, S.T.D.’sDiseases- Malaria, S.T.D.’s Migrations- Xiongnu Migrations- Xiongnu

Settlement patterns- Early Near Water Settlement patterns- Early Near Water Technology (impact on environment) Technology (impact on environment)

[See Change] [See Change]

Page 12: Ancient & Classical  China

Overall PictureOverall Picture China’s politics & culture meshed readily, China’s politics & culture meshed readily,

especially around the emergence of Confucian especially around the emergence of Confucian bureaucracy. bureaucracy.

Economic innovation did not disrupt the Economic innovation did not disrupt the emphasis on order & stability, and family emphasis on order & stability, and family structures were closely linked to political & structures were closely linked to political & cultural goals. cultural goals.

Classical Chinese civilization evolved with very Classical Chinese civilization evolved with very little outside contact. Thought internal little outside contact. Thought internal disagreement existed, most Chinese saw the disagreement existed, most Chinese saw the world as a large island of civilization (China) world as a large island of civilization (China) surrounded by barbarians with nothing to offer surrounded by barbarians with nothing to offer save periodic invasions save periodic invasions

Page 13: Ancient & Classical  China

ContinuityContinuity

Early Regional cultural hearth of Early Regional cultural hearth of Northern ChinaNorthern China

Irrigation based advanced settled Irrigation based advanced settled urban cultureurban culture

Conflict between settled & nomadic Conflict between settled & nomadic culturescultures

Chinese dynastic cycle Chinese dynastic cycle

Page 14: Ancient & Classical  China

Change-over-TimeChange-over-Time Increase in populationIncrease in population Decline in status of women Decline in status of women Increase in Patriarchy Increase in Patriarchy Increase in trade routes (Silk Road, Canals Increase in trade routes (Silk Road, Canals

[Grand])[Grand]) Migrations of the Huns (Xiongnu)Migrations of the Huns (Xiongnu) Diffusion of early religions and philosophiesDiffusion of early religions and philosophies Rise & Fall of Empires – Chinese Dynastic Rise & Fall of Empires – Chinese Dynastic

CycleCycle Environmental: Deforestation, Irrigation, Environmental: Deforestation, Irrigation,

Wall/Building materials Wall/Building materials

Page 15: Ancient & Classical  China

Major Comparisons and Major Comparisons and AnalysisAnalysis

Han Empire vs. Roman EmpireHan Empire vs. Roman Empire 3 Schools of Thought v Buddhism 3 Schools of Thought v Buddhism Nomads vs. Settled Nomads vs. Settled 3 Schools of Thought vs. each other 3 Schools of Thought vs. each other Chinese Dynasties vs. each other Chinese Dynasties vs. each other