AnatomyAnatomy = = The study of The study of

external and external and internal internal structuresstructures

The physical The physical relationships relationships among body among body partsparts

Leonardo daVinci

OrganizationOrganization AtomsAtoms Molecules and Molecules and Macromolecules, such as proteinsMacromolecules, such as proteins OrganellesOrganelles CellsCells TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans Organ SystemsOrgan Systems OrganismOrganism

The Systems

PlanesPlanes FrontalFrontal

– Think front!Think front! TransverseTransverse

– “ “ Trans” = acrossTrans” = across Sagittal Sagittal

– Especially mid-sagittalEspecially mid-sagittal

Quadrants Quadrants Surrounding the Surrounding the UmbilicusUmbilicus RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt

kidneykidney RLQ: Appendix, Rt ovaryRLQ: Appendix, Rt ovary LUQ: Lt liver lobe, LUQ: Lt liver lobe,

stomach, Lt kidneystomach, Lt kidney LLQ: Small intestine, Lt LLQ: Small intestine, Lt

ovaryovary

Superficial: Toward the Superficial: Toward the skinskin

Deep: Farther insideDeep: Farther inside

These words are used all the time, including this class!Note the Anatomic Position.

Get used to them!

Body Cavities

Body Cavity MembranesMore later!

Body Cavities

ImagingImaging Light Microscopy Light Microscopy (cytology)(cytology) Electron Microscopy Electron Microscopy (ultrastructure)(ultrastructure)

– TEMTEM– SEMSEM

Radiography (X-Rays)Radiography (X-Rays)– CT ScanningCT Scanning

UltrasoundUltrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Light MicroscopyLight Microscopy

The specimen is The specimen is fixedfixed– Usually in formalinUsually in formalin

Then embedded in paraffinThen embedded in paraffin SectionedSectioned with a microtome with a microtome

– Approx 5 μ sectionsApprox 5 μ sections and and stainedstained

– Enhances contrast for better Enhances contrast for better visualizationvisualization

– Many types of stainsMany types of stains H & E = Hematoxylin and EosinH & E = Hematoxylin and Eosin

– May add “May add “artifactartifact””

MicroscoMicroscope pe SchematiSchematicc

Concepts Important for Concepts Important for ViewingViewingResolution - The distance between two objects that is

required for the two objects to be distinguished.

Depth of Field - depth that focus is clear

Contrast Formation - (e.g. absorption contrast)

Illumination Source - diascopic vs. episcopic

from below (compound) vs. from above (dissecting)

Artifact – Distortion from preparation of the specimen

How The Concepts InteractHow The Concepts Interact

As Resolution and Brightness improve,

Depth of Field and Contrast are diminished. Vice

versa is also true.

These are controlled by the iris diaphragm, the

position of the condensor, and the magnification.

Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy

Uses a beam of electrons to view

topography, morphology, composition,

and crystallography.

EM was developed for 10,000 X

magnification. Properties of light limit

magnification of light microscopes to

1000 X and resolution to 0.2 m.

Transmission Electron Microscope