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NAME __________________________Anatomy & Physiology
Semester One Exam Review Guide2014-2015
How to use this guide…
This is a very comprehensive list of everything we have covered this semester. Just start reading. If you understand it – delete it! If you don’t understand it – keep it. Then, when you are done reading the entire thing, go back and study the parts that remain. I have saved this online as a word document (so you can
delete as you go) and also as a PDF file in case you can’t open word on your computer.
The semester exam for this course accounts for 20% of your semester course grade, is composed of about
100 multiple choice questions and 25 Lab Identification, and is broken down as follows:
Chapter 1-The Human Body: 20ish questions Chapter 3-Cells & Tissues: 15ish questions Chapter 4-Skin & Body Membranes: 15ish questions Chapter 5-The Skeletal System: 25-30ish questions
o 5ish-bone anatomy o 5ish-long bone developmento 5ish-Haversian Systemo 25ish-gross anatomy
Chapter 6-The Muscular System: 25-30ish questions
Chapter 1-The Human Body (pages 1-25) Anatomy – Definition = Physiology – Definition = Anatomy—Levels of Study – Compare the following.
o Gross anatomy = o Microscopic Anatomy =
Levels of Structural Organizationo Organ System Overview – List the functions of each system
Organ system Functions 1.
2.
3.
1
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Necessary Life Functions – Describe the importance of each of the life functionso o o o o o o o
2
Survival Needs – Describe the importance of each of the survival needso
o
o
o
o
Interrelationships Among Body Systemso Homeostasis—Define and Explain the importance o Homeostatic imbalance - Define and Provide an example o Maintaining Homeostasis – Define, Provide an example, and Describe the importance of…
Receptor =
Control center =
Effector =
o Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback - ex.\
Positive feedback - ex.\
The Language of Anatomyo Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstandingo Exact terms – provide examples for the following…
Anatomical Position = Direction ex.\ Regions ex.\ Structures ex.\
o Regional Terms Anterior body landmarks – Identify all Posterior body landmarks – Identify all
o Directional Termso Body Planes and Sections – Describe the following sections
A sagittal section =
3
A median, or midsagittal, = A frontal section = A transverse, or cross, section =
o Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Chapter 3-Cells & Tissues (pages 64-108) Cells & Tissues
o Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain lifeo Cells (define) =o Tissues (define) =
Anatomy of the Cello Cells are not all the sameo All cells share general structureso All cells have three main regions
Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane
o Plasma Membrane Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer
Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails
Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins Plasma Membrane Specializations
Microvillio Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
Membrane junctionso Tight junctions
Impermeable junctions Bind cells together into leakproof sheets
o Desmosomes Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
o Gap junctions Allow communication between cells
Body Tissueso Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and function Four primary types
o Epithelial Tissues Locations
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Functions
Epithelium Characteristics
Classification of Epithelia Number of cell layers
o “_______________________” = one layero “_______________________” = more than one layer
Shapes of cellso “_______________________” Shape = Flattened
o “_______________________” Shape = cube-shaped
o “_______________________” Shape = column-like
Simple Epithelia – Describe the shape and arrangement of the following tissues, then list where you and find them in the human body.
Simple squamouso Shape & #Layers = o Usually forms membranes
Location = Location =
Simple cuboidalo Shape & #Layers = o Location = o Location = o Location =
Simple columnaro Shape & #Layers = o Often includes mucus-producing goblet cellso Location =
Pseudostratified columnaro Shape & #Layers = o Often looks like a double layer of cellso Sometimes ciliated, Location = o May function in absorption or secretion
Stratified Epithelia – Describe the shape and arrangement of the following tissues, then list where you and find them in the human body.
Stratified squamouso Cells at the apical surface are flattenedo Found as a protective covering where friction is commono Locations
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Stratified cuboidal—shape and #layers = Stratified columnar—surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and
shape Stratified cuboidal and columnar
o Rare in human bodyo Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Transitional epitheliumo Shape of cells = o Location =
Glandular Epithelium Two major gland types
o “_______crine” gland
o “_______crine” gland
o Connective Tissue Found everywhere in the body Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues Functions =
Characteristics Variations in blood supply
o Some tissue types are well vascularizedo Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular
Extracellular matrixo Definition = o Two main elements
Produced by the cells Three types
o o o
Connective Tissue Types Bone (osseous tissue)
o Composed of
o Used to: Hyaline cartilage
o Most common type of cartilageo Composed of
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o Locations
Elastic cartilageo Provides elasticityo Location
Fibrocartilage
o Highly compressibleo Location
Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
o Main matrix element is ______________________________________o Fibroblasts are cells that _____________________________________o Locations
Loose connective tissue typeso Areolar tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” Functions as… Contains which fibers? … Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
o Adipose tissue Matrix is … Many cells contain… Functions
o Reticular connective tissue Delicate network of interwoven fibers Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid ORGANS =
o Blood (vascular tissue) Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma Fibers are visible during clotting Functions =
Muscle Tissue Function is to produce movement Three types
o ________________________muscle Voluntary or Involuntary? Location = Produces gross body movements or facial expressions Characteristics?
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o ________________________muscle Voluntary or Involuntary? Location = Function is to pump blood Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
o ________________________muscle Voluntary or Involuntary? Location = Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
Nervous Tissue Composed of… Function
o o
Can you visually identify the following tissue types?
Smooth MuscleNerve TissueReticular TissueAreolar TissueAdipose TissueBone TissueDense fibrous TissueTransitional epitheliumStratified squamous epitheliumPsuedostratified (ciliated) epitheliumSimple Columnar epitheliumCuboidal epitheliumSimple Squamous epitheliumCardiac MuscleSkeletal Muscle
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9
(superfical layer only)
10
o
Chapter 4-Skin & Body Membranes (pages 109-132) Body Membranes
o Function of body membranes
o Classification of Body Membranes Types of Epithelial membranes
Connective tissue membranes “___________________” membranes
o Cutaneous membrane = skin Dry membrane Outermost protective boundary Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized _____________ ____________ epithelium Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue
o Mucous Membranes Surface epithelium type depends on site
Stratified squamous epithelium (Location = ________________ & ______________) Simple columnar epithelium (Location = ___________________________________)
Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria) Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface Often adapted for _____________________ or ______________________
o Serous Membranes Surface is a layer of ______________________ ______________________ epithelium Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid
Visceral layer = Parietal layer =
Specific serous membranes
o Location =
o Location = 11
o Location =
o Synovial membrane Connective tissue only Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints Secretes a lubricating fluid =
Integumentary Systemo Skin (cutaneous membrane)o Skin derivatives
Sweat glands Oil glands Hair Nails
o Skin Structure Layers ____________________________—outer layer
Stratified squamous epithelium Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)
____________________________ Dense connective tissue
____________________________ (hypodermis) is deep to dermis Not part of the skin Function = Composed mostly of ___________________________________
o Layers of the Epidermis Stratum ________________________ (stratum germinativum)
Deepest layer of epidermis Lies next to dermis Cells undergoing mitosis Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
Stratum ________________________ Stratum ________________________
Layers of the Epidermis Stratum ________________________
Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata Occurs only in ________________________________________________
Stratum ________________________ Outermost layer of epidermis Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss
from skin)o Melanin
Pigment (melanin) produced by ________________________ Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum ______________________ Color is ____________________________ Amount of melanin produced depends upon _______________ and ___________________
o Dermis Two layers
________________________layer (upper dermal region)o Projections called dermal papillae o Some contain capillary loopso Other house pain receptors and touch receptors
________________________layer (deepest skin layer)o Blood vessels
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o Sweat and oil glandso Deep pressure receptors
Overall dermis structure Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the dermis Collagen fibers give skin its toughness Elastic fibers give skin elasticity Blood vessels play a role in body temperature regulation
o Normal Skin Color Determinants Melanin
Color = ________________________ Carotene
Color = ________________________ Hemoglobin
Color = ________________________ from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of coloring
o Skin Appendages Cutaneous glands are all _____crine glands
“__________________________” glandso Produce oil
Lubricant for skino Prevents brittle hairo Kills bacteriao Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin
surfaceo Glands are activated at puberty
“__________________________” glandso Produce sweat o Widely distributed in skino Two types:
_______________________ Open via duct to pore on skin surface
_______________________ Ducts empty into hair follicles
o Sweat and Its Function Composition
Mostly made of __________
Also contains _________________ and ________________ Some metabolic waste Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
Functions
(Odor is from associated bacteria) Hair
Produced by hair follicle Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells __________________________ = cells that provide pigment for hair color
Hair anatomy (Three layers)
1. Central medulla13
2. _____________________ surrounds medulla
3. _____________________ on outside of cortex
Most heavily keratinized
Associated hair structures o Hair follicle
Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair rooto Arrector pili muscle
Smooth muscle Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened
Nails Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
o Heavily keratinized Stratum _____________________ extends beneath the nail bed
o Responsible for growth Lack of pigment makes them colorless Nail structures
o Free edgeo Body is the visible attached portiono Root of nail embedded in skino Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body
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Chapter 5-The Skeletal System (pages 133-181) Parts of the skeletal system
o Bones (skeleton)o Jointso Cartilageso Ligaments
Two subdivisions of the skeletono ________________________ skeleton (skull + vertebral column + thoracic cage)o ________________________ skeleton (girdles + upper and lower limbs)
Functions of Bones:o o o o o
The adult skeleton has ___ ___ ___ bones total Two basic types of bone tissue:
o _________________ bone Homogeneous
o _________________ bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces
Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shapes:o _________________ bones
Typically longer than they are wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples:
o _________________ bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples:
o _________________ bones Thin, flattened, and usually curved Two thin layers of _________________ bone surround a layer of ________________ bone Examples:
o _________________ bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example:
Vertebrae Hip bones
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
o “_________________________”
Refers to the Shaft
Composed of compact bone
o “_________________________”
Refers to the Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone
o “___________________________”
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
o “___________________________”
Secure periosteum to underlying bone
o Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
o Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of ______________________ cartilage
Function = _________________________________________________________
o “___________________________ plate”
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
o Epiphyseal line
Remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Seen in adult bones
o Medullary cavity
Cavity inside of the shaft
Contains ________________ marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains ____________ marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
o “___________________________”(Haversian system)
A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings
o “___________________________” canal (Haversian canal)
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
o Perforating (Volkman’s) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal16
Carries blood vessels and nerves
o “___________________________”
Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric rings
o “___________________________”
Rings around the central canal
Sites of lacunae
o Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply
Formation of the Human Skeleton
o In embryos, the skeleton is primarily ________________________ cartilage
o During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
o Hyaline Cartilage remains in isolated areas such as…
Bone Growth (Ossification)o “_______________________” plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhoodo New cartilage is continuously formedo Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity Bone replaces cartilage through the action of bone builders called “___________________”
o Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stopso Bones are remodeled in response to two factors
Blood calcium levels Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
o Bones grow in width (called appositional growth) Types of Bone Cells
o “___________________________”—mature bone cells
o “___________________________”—bone-forming cells
o “___________________________”—bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid
hormone
o Bone remodeling is performed by both “osteo__________” and “osteo_____________”
The Axial Skeleton
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o Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
o Divided into three parts:
o The Skull
Two sets of bones:
8 ___________________ bones (be able to name them)
14 __________________ bones (be able to name them)
Bones are joined by sutures
Only freely movable joint = _______________________________
Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Functions of paranasal sinuses:
o
o
o The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not ________________________________________
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Aids in swallowing and speech
o The Vertebral Column
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs
Seven _______________ vertebrae are in the neck
Twelve _______________ vertebrae are in the chest region
Five _______________ vertebrae are associated with the lower back
Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones
_____________
o Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae
_____________
o Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae
o “Tailbone,” or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have
o The Bony Thorax
Forms a cage to protect major organs18
Consists of three parts
Sternum (________________ + ____________ + ______________ _____________)
Ribs
o “_______” ribs (pairs 1–7)
o “_________” ribs (pairs 8–12)
o “_________” ribs (pairs 11–12)
Thoracic vertebrae
The Appendicular Skeleton
o Composed of 126 bones
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
o The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
“_________________”—collarbone
“_________________”—shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
o Bones of the Upper Limbs
“________________________”
Forms the arm
Single bone
The forearm has two bones
“__________________”
o Medial bone in anatomical position
“__________________”
o Lateral bone in anatomical position
The hand
“__________________”—wrist
“__________________”—palm
“__________________”—fingers
o Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones
Composed of three pairs of fused bones:
o
o 19
o
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis It protects several organs
Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine
o Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone
“____________________”o The heaviest, strongest bone in the body
The lower leg has two bones “____________________”
o Shinboneo Larger and medially oriented
“____________________”o Thin and sticklike
The foot “____________________”
o Two largest tarsals Calcaneus (heelbone) Talus
“____________________”—sole “____________________”—toes
o Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints
Hold bones together Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified Functionally
o “Synarthroses” Immovable joints
o “______________________” Slightly moveable joints
o “______________________” Freely moveable joints
Structurallyo Fibrous joints
Generally immovable Example:
Sutures Syndesmoses
o Allows more movement than sutureso Example: Distal end of tibia and fibula
o Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable Bones connected by cartilage Example:
Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints
o Synovial joints
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Freely moveable Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity ___________________ fluid is found in the joint cavity Features of Synovial Joints
Articular cartilage (__________________ cartilage) covers the ends of bones
A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint surfaces A joint cavity is filled with _________________ fluid Ligaments reinforce the joint Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs
o Lined with synovial membraneso Filled with synovial fluido Not actually part of the joint
Tendon sheatho Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Chapter 6 I can statements….
Can I identify and describe the three different muscle types including functions?
Can I name/label all the parts of a sarcomere? (including proteins, zones/discs/lines)
Can I explain all the specialized parts of a muscle cell? (sarcolema, SR, myofibril?)
Can I explain how muscle stimulation occurs?Can I identify all the parts of a neuromuscular junction? Along with their function?Can I explain muscle tetanus? A twitch?Can I explain how energy for muscle cells is maintained?Can I explain how a muscle is organized, and why there are striations (and what makes them up)?Can I name two ways that determine what graded response a muscle will have? (what determines “how contracted” it will get?)
Can I identify the major movements of the body?
Can I explain the how the arrangement of fascicles can be different in diff muscles?
Can I name the muscles of the face, and function?
Can I name the muscles from 208 – 219 and their major function?
Can I comfortable identify a muscle insertion based on movement?
Can I differentiate between prime movers, synergists, and fixators?
Can I answer all the “did you get it questions” in the chapter?
Chapter 6-The Muscular System (pages 182-226) The Muscular System
o Muscles are responsible for all types of body movemento Three basic muscle types are found in the body:
_____________________ muscle _____________________ muscle _____________________ muscle
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Characteristics of Muscleso Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)o Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilamentso All muscles share some terminology
Prefixes myo and mys refer to “_________________” Prefix sarco refers to “___________________”
Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscleso ___________________ Muscle Characteristics
Most are attached by tendons to bones “_____________________” – Cells have many nuclei “_____________________”—have visible banding Voluntary—subject to conscious control Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle
Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue:o _____________________—encloses a single muscle fibero _____________________—wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fiberso _____________________—covers the entire skeletal muscleo Fascia—on the outside of the epimysium
Skeletal Muscle Attachments Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment _________________________—cord-like structures
o Mostly collagen fiberso Often cross a joint due to toughness and small size
_________________________—sheet-like structureso Attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings
Sites of muscle attachmento Boneso Cartilages
o Smooth Muscle Characteristics Lacks striations Shape of cells = _______________________________ ______________________ - each cell only contains one nucleus Voluntary or Involuntary (circle one) Found mainly in _______________________________________________
o Cardiac Muscle Characteristics Striations Usually has a single nucleus Branching cells Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc Voluntary or Involuntary? (circle one) Found only in _____________________________________
Skeletal Muscle Functionso o o o
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscleo ____________________________—specialized plasma membraneo ____________________________—long organelles inside muscle cello _____________ ______________—specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Stores and releases ______ ions
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Surrounds the myofibrilo Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
___ band = light band Contains only thin filaments
___ band = dark band Contains the entire length of the thick filaments
o ____________________________—contractile unit of a muscle fiber Organization of the sarcomere
Myofilamentso Thick filaments = _____________ filaments
Composed of the protein ______________ Has ATPase enzymes Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges) Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
o Thin filaments = __________ filaments Composed of the protein __________ Anchored to the ___ disc
Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cellso “____________________” (also called responsiveness or irritability)—ability to receive and respond
to a stimuluso “____________________”—ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is receivedo “____________________”—ability of muscle cells to be stretchedo “____________________”—ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching
The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potentialo Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contracto “______________ ______________”—one motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle cells
stimulated by that neurono Neuromuscular junction
Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscleo “_________________ _________________”
Gap between nerve and muscle Nerve and muscle do not make contact Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid
Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscleo “___________________________”—chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulseo The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is “_______________________” o ____________ attaches to receptors on the sarcolemmao Sarcolemma becomes permeable to ______ ionso ______________ rushes into the cell generating an “___________ potential”o Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped
The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contractiono Activation by nerve causes ___________ heads (cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on the thin
filamento Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the ________________ and pull them toward the center of
the sarcomereo This continued action causes a sliding of the myosin along the actino The result is that the muscle is shortened (contracted)
Contraction of Skeletal Muscleo Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”o Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same intervalo Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses
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o Graded responses—different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
o Graded responses can be produced by changing The frequency of muscle stimulation The number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time
o Types of Graded Responses: _____________________
Single, brief contraction Not a normal muscle function
_____________________ (summing of contractions) One contraction is immediately followed by another The muscle does not completely return to a resting state The effects are added
_____________________ _________________ (incomplete tetanus) Some relaxation occurs between contractions The results are summed
_____________________ __________________ (complete tetanus) No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions The result is a sustained muscle contraction
Energy for Muscle Contraction Types of Muscle Contractions:
o __________________ contractions Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions The muscle shortens and movement occurs
o __________________ contractions Tension in the muscles increases The muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement
Muscle Toneo Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscleo Different fibers contract at different times to provide muscle toneo The process of stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
Muscles and Body Movementso Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached boneo Muscles are attached to at least two points
_____________________ = Attachment to an immoveable bone
_____________________ = Attachment to a movable bone
Types of Ordinary Body Movements
o ___________________
Decreases the angle of the joint
Brings two bones closer together
Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow
o ___________________
Opposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bones
o ___________________
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
25
Common in ball-and-socket joints
Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)
o ___________________
Movement of a limb away from the midline
o ___________________
Opposite of abduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline
o ___________________
Combination of ______________, _____________, ______________, and ______________
Common in ball-and-socket joints
o ____________________
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
o ____________________
Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
o ____________________
Turn sole of foot medially
o ____________________
Turn sole of foot laterally
o ____________________
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
o _____________________
Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
o _____________________
Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
Types of Muscles
o Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
o Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
o Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
o Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
Naming Skeletal Muscles
o By direction of muscle fibers
Example: ____________________________________________________________
o By relative size of the muscle
Example: ____________________________________________________________
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o By location of the muscle
Example: _____________________________________________________________
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o By number of origins
Example:
o By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
Example: _____________________________________________________________
o By shape of the muscle
Example: _____________________________________________________________
o By action of the muscle
Example: _____________________________________________________________
Head and Neck Muscles
o Facial muscles
____________________—raises eyebrows
____________________—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks
____________________—closes mouth and protrudes the lips
____________________—flattens the cheek, chews
____________________—raises corners of the mouth
o Chewing muscles
____________________—closes the jaw and elevates mandible
____________________—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
o Neck muscles
_____________________—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly
_____________________—flexes the neck, rotates the head
Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
o Anterior muscles
______________________—adducts and flexes the humerus
Intercostal muscles
__________________________—raise rib cage during inhalation
__________________________—depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs
when you exhale forcibly
Muscles of the abdominal girdle
________________________—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal
contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)
________________________—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it
laterally
________________________—compresses abdominal contents
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o Posterior muscles
______________________—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula
______________________—extends and adducts the humerus
______________________—back extension
______________________—flexes the spine laterally
______________________—arm abduction
Muscles of Posterior Neck, Trunk, Arm
o Muscles of the Upper Limb
_______________________—supinates forearm, flexes elbow
_______________________—elbow flexion
_______________________—weak muscle
_______________________—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
o Muscles of Pelvis, Hip, Thigh
_______________________—hip extension
_______________________—hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
_______________________—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when
standing erect
_______________________—adduct the thighs
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint
o Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion
o Sartorius—flexes the thigh
o Quadriceps group—extends the knee
Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot
o _______________________________________—dorsiflexion and foot inversion
o _______________________________________—toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot
o __________________________—plantar flexion, everts the foot
o __________________________—plantar flexion
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Be sure to review OLD vocab quizzes with Corrections!
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