Anatomy Physiology Study Guide Test 1

8/7/2019 Anatomy Physiology Study Guide Test 1

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Chapter One

1. What is Anatomy?

Anatomy is the study of the structures of body parts and how they relate toone another

2. What is Physiology?

Physiology is the study of the function of those body parts.3. What different types of Anatomy are there?

a. Gross Anatomy: study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

b. Systematic Anatomy: Anatomy studied system by systemc. Regional Anatomy: All the structures in a particular region of a body

d. Surface Anatomy: the study of internal structures and how they relate to

the skin surface

e. Microscopic Anatomy: Structures too small to see with the naked eye

Histology: the study of tissues

Cytology: the study of cells

f. Developmental Anatomy: Structural changes that occur in the body

throughout the lifespan. Embryology: developmental changes that occur before birth.

4. What is the principle of complementary of structure and function?What a structure can do (function) depends on its specific form

(structure)

5. What are the levels of structural organization?Chemical -> Cellular -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

6. What is necessary to maintain life functions?

Maintaining boundaries: meaning the outside of the body must stayseparated from the internal body structures.

Movement: activities promoted by the muscular system.

Responsiveness: the ability to sense changes in an environment andrespond accordingly to them.Digestion: Breaking down of food substances into molecules that

distribute nutrients into the body.

Metabolism: All chemical reactions that occur within the body.Excretion: Removing waste from the body via the digestive system.

Reproduction: Makin babies.

Growth: getting taller7. What are the 11 organ systems?

Cardiovascular

Blood vessels transport blood while the heart pumps the blood

LymphaticRed bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct,

spleen, lymph nodes. This system is basically the immune system.

DigestiveOral Cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large

intestine, rectum, anus. This system breaks down food and

eliminates foodstuffs that are indigestible as feces.Reproductive


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Male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens.

Female: Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

RespiratoryNasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchus. Keeps

blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon

dioxide.Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, nerves. Fast-acting control system of the body

Muscular

Skeletal muscle- allows manipulation of the environment,

locomotion and facial expression.

IntegumentaryHair, skin, and nails. Forms the external body covering and

protects deeper tissues from injury.

Urinary

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder, Urethra. Eliminates nitrogenouswastes from the body.

EndocrinePineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland,

pancreas, ovary, testis. Glands secrete hormones that regulate

processes like growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.

SkeletalBones and joints. Protects and supports the body organs and

provides an overall framework for the muscles used to cause

movement. Also used in mineral storage.8. What are our survival needs?

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropriate

Atmospheric Pressure.9. What is homeostasis?

The ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though the external

conditions are constantly changing.10. What are the components of homeostatic control?


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11. What are negative feedback systems?

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms,

the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces itsintensity.

12. What are positive feedback systems?

The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the responseis accelerated. An example is when you cut your skin and your blood starts

to clot.

13. What are the terms discussed to indicate anatomical position, regions anddirections?

Pg. 12Chapter 3

14. What are tight junctions and how to they work?

Tight junctions form an impermeable membrane that encircles the cell.

They help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular spacebetween adjacent cells.

15. Where are tight junctions found?Tight junctions between epithelial cells line the digestive tract keeping

digestive enzymes and microorganisms in the intestine from seeping intothe bloodstream.

16. What are Desmosomes?

Desmesomes are anchoring junctions between cells. Theyre abundant intissues that are subject to great mechanical stress like the skin and the

heart muscle.

17. What are Gap Junctions?Gap junctions are communicating junctions between cells. They are

present in electrically excitable tissues like the heart, and smooth muscle

where ion transport from cell to cell helps synchronize their electricalactivity and contraction.

Chapter 4

18. What is epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that coves the body surface or lines theinternal surfaces of the body. It occurs in the body as covering or lining of

the epithelium and secondly as glandular epithelium.

19. What is the function of epithelial tissue?


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Its function is protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and

sensory reception.

20. What are the special characteristics of epithelial tissue?Polarity: all epithelial tissues have an apical surface and a basal surface.

Most apical surfaces are lined with microvilli (which extend the surface

size of epithelial tissue) While others have cilia that help propelsubstances along their free surfaces, such as the digestive system.

Specialized Contacts: (except for glandular epithelium) All epithelium fit

closely together to form tight sheets- connected by tight junctions anddesmosomes.

Supported by Connective Tissue: All are supported by connective tissues.

Just deep to the basal lamina is the basement membrane which reinforces

the epithelial sheet, helping it to resist stretching and tearing forces whiledefining the epithelial boundary.

Avascular but Innervated: Epithelial tissue is innervated (supplied by

nerve fibers) it is also avascular (contains no blood vessels)

Regeneration: They reproduce themselves quickly.21. How are these cells classified?

The first name indicates the number of cell layers present and the secondlayer describes the shape of its cells.

Simple = single layer

Stratified = more than one layer

Squamous = flat cellCuboidal = cube shaped cell

Columnar = column shaped cell

22. Different types of Epithelial Tissue:Simple Squamous epithelial tissue- found in the kidney, air sacs oflungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of

ventral body cavity. The function allows this epithelial tissue passage of

materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is notimportant.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue- Found in kidney tubules, ducts and

secretory portions of small glands, ovary surfaces. The function of thisepithelial tissue is secretion and absorption.

Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue- Nonciliated type lines most of the

digestive tract (stomach and anal canal) gallbladder and excretory ducts of


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some glands, ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some

regions of the uterus.Pseaudostratified Columnar Epithelium- noncliliated type found inmales sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated type lines

the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium- Non-keratinized type forms the moistlinings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina; keratinized type forms the

epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.Transitional Epithelium- Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part ofthe urethra. The function of this epithelial tissue stretches readily and

permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. My favorite:)

23. What is connective tissue?

Connective tissue is found everywhere in the body, it is the most abundantand widely distributed of the primary tissues.

24. What are connective tissues special characteristics?

-Connective tissue all arise from mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue)

-All connective tissue have different degrees of vascularity, cartilage isavascular, dense connective tissue is poorly vascularized, but the other

types of connective tissue have rich blood supplies.-All connective tissue has an extracellular matrix which allows connective

tissue to withstand great tension and endure abuses.


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25. What are the classifications of connective tissue?- Connective tissue proper

- Cartilage

- Bone tissue- Blood

26. What are the main functions of connective tissue?

- Binding and support- Protection

- Insulation (and as blood)

- Transportation of substances within the body

27. What are the structural elements of connective tissue?- Ground substance (unstructured material that fills the space between

cells and contains the fibers)

- Collagen fibers which are made of collagen

- Elastic fibers which are long thin fibers that form branching networks inthe extracellular matrix. They contain elastin which allows them to stretch;

elastic fibers stretch connective tissue back to its normal shape.- Reticular fibers are short, fine, collagenous fibers that branch extensively

surrounding small blood vessels and supporting soft tissue of organs.

- Fibroblast: found in connective tissue proper

- Chondroblast: found in cartilage- Osteoblast: found in bone

(after these cells assume their less active mature state they get the suffix

cyte)- Mast Cells: these cells detect foreign microorganisms (bacteria) and

initiate local inflammatory responses.

- Macrophages: are large irregularly shaped cells that eat foreign particlesfound within the cell.

28. What are the different types of connective tissue?Print off page 123 table 4.1


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29. What is muscle tissue?

Highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most

types of body movement. Muscle fibers have myofilaments. There arethree types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.


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30. What is nervous tissue?

31. What are exocrine glands?All exocrine glands secrete their products onto the skin surface or into

body cavities. The unicellular glands do this by exocytosis.

32. What are the different types of unicellular exocrine glands?

Mucous cells and goblet cells which produce mucin. Which when this iscombined with water produces mucus.

33. What are the different types of multicellular exocrine glands?

They all have two basic parts: an epithelium derived duct and a secretoryunit. Most multicellular exocrine glands are merocrine glands, meaning

they secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced. The other

type of multicellular exocrine glands is holocrine glands- whichaccumulate their product until they rupture (they die for their cause)


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34. Know the following:

Cutaneous- skin

Mucosus (or mucosae)- membrane that line body cavities that open to theexterior.

Serous (or serosae)- moist membranes found in closed ventral body

cavities.Chapter 5

35. What are the components of our skin (integument)?

Consists of three major regionsEpidermis outermost superficial region

Dermis middle region

Hypodermis (superficial fascia) deepest region

36. What are the cells of the epidermis?Keratinocytes- produces keratin, which gives the epidermis its protective

properties.

Melanocytes- produces the pigment melanin

Epidermal dendritic cells (langerhans cells)- arise from bone marrow andmigrate to the epidermis, they ingest foreign substances and are key

activators of our immune system.Tactile (Merkel) cells intimately associated with a disclike sensory nerve

ending, these cells act as a sensory receptor for touch.

37. What are the layers of thin skin?


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38. What are the layers of thick skin? And where is this thick skin found?

Stratum CorneumStratum Lucidum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum SpinosumStratum Basale

Thick skin is ONLY found on the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet

39. What cells are found on each layer of thick/thin skin?Stratum Corneum- dead cornified or horny cells.

Stratum Granulosum- Keratinocytes

Stratum Spinosum- Epidermal dendritic cell

Stratum Basale- actively mitotic stem cells, Melanocytes.40. What is the Dermis?

Second major skin region containing strong, flexible connective tissue.

Composed of two layers papillary and reticular.

Cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cellsand white blood cells.

41. What are the components of the papillary layer?Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

Its superior surface contains peglike projections called dermal papillae

Dermal papillae contain capillary loops, Meissners corpuscles, and free

nerve endings42. What are the components of the Reticular layer?

Accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin

Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skinElastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

43. What pigments are associated with skin color?

Melanin yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for darkskin colors

-Freckles and pigmented moles result from local accumulations

of melaninCarotene yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles

of the feet

Hemoglobin reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin

44. Where are Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin generated?Melanin is made in the skin. Carotene is made in certain plants, like

carrots. Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells circulating through the

dermal cavity.45. What are the different types of sweat glands?

Eccrine sweat glands are coiled, tubular glands found in palms, soles of

the feet, and forehead (these sweat glands form the pores of a personscomplexion which are actually the external outlets of hair follicles) these

glands help prevent overheating of the body.


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Apocrine sweat glands found in axillary and anogenital areas. They are

merocrine glands which release their product by exocytosis. Their ducts

empty into the hair follicle. This is what produces body odor.Ceruminous glands modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that

secrete cerumen

Mammary glands specialized sweat glands that secrete milk46. What are sebaceous glands?

Are simple branched alveolar glands that are found all over the body

except in the thick skin of the palms and soles. These glands secrete anoily substance called sebum, and release sebum as holocrine glands do.

The function of sebaceous glands are to lubricate the hair and skin,

prevent hair from becoming brittle, and slows down water loss from the

skin when the external humidity is low. It also has a bacterial killingaction.

47. What are the components of hair follicles?

Filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells produced by hair follicles

Contains hard keratin which is tougher and more durable than soft keratinof the skin

Made up of the shaft projecting from the skin, and the root embedded inthe skin

Consists of a core called the medulla, a cortex, and an outermost cuticle

Pigmented by Melanocytes at the base of the hair

48. What is the function of hair follicles?Helping to maintain warmth

Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin

Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight49. What is the structure of a hair follicle?

Root sheath extending from the epidermal surface into the dermis

Deep end is expanded forming a hair bulbA knot of sensory nerve endings (a root hair plexus) wraps around each

hair bulb

Bending a hair stimulates these endings; hence our hairs act as sensitivetouch receptors

50. What are the different types of hair?

Vellus pale, fine body hair found in children and the adult female

Terminal coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubicregions

51. How does hair grow?

Each follicle goes through a growth cycle. In each cycle an active growthphase, ranging from weeks to years, is followed by a regressive phase.

During that regressive phase the matrix cells die. The follicle then enters a

resting phase for one to three months, and then continues to grow.52. What is alopecia, and how is it different from true baldness?

Alopecia is where the hair follicles are not replaced as fast as they shed.

True baldness is a genetically determined, sex-influenced condition.

caused by follicular response to DHT.


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53. What are the components of nails?

Scale like modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface offingers and toes.

54. What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Protection chemical, physical, and mechanical barrierBody temperature regulation is accomplished by:

i. Dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal

vesselsii. Increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body

Cutaneous sensation exoreceptors sense touch and pain

Metabolic functions synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels

Blood reservoir skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the bodys bloodvolume

Excretion limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the

body in sweat55. What are the three classes of burns?

First-degree only the epidermis is damaged

i. Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain

Second-degree epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damagedii. Symptoms mimic first degree burns, but blisters also appear

Third-degree entire thickness of the skin is damaged

iii. Burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there isno initial edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)

56. Why are third degree burns so dangerous?

Fluid loss and infection, which is why skin grafting must usually takeplace with third- degree burns.

Chapter 6

57. What is the structure of skeletal cartilage(s)?Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that

resists outward expansion.58. What are the types of skeletal cartilage?hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

59. Where is hyaline cartilage found? And what is its function?

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience

Is the most abundant skeletal cartilageIs present in these cartilages:

i. Articular covers the ends of long bones


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ii. Costal connects the ribs to the sternum

iii. Respiratory makes up larynx, reinforces air passages

iv. Nasal supports the nose60. Where is Elastic cartilage found? And what is its function?

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers, its Found in the

external ear and the epiglottis (flap thing)61. Where is fibrocartilage found? And what is its function?

Highly compressed with great tensile strength

Contains collagen fibersFound in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs

62. How does cartilage grow?

Appositional cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the

external face of existing cartilageInterstitial lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and

secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

Calcification of cartilage occurs

i. During normal bone growthii. During old age

63. What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the apical skeleton?The axial skeleton contains the bones of the axial region; the body bones

of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

The apical skeleton contains the bones of the upper and lower limbs,

shoulder, and hip64. What are the different classifications of bones?

Long bones- longer than they are wide

(e.g., humerus)Short bones- Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. Bones that form

within tendons- sesamoid bones (e.g., patella)

Flat bones thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skullbones)

Irregular bones- bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip

bones)65. What are the functions of bones?

Support form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft

organs

Protection provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vitalorgans

Movement provide levers for muscles

Mineral storage reservoir for minerals, especially calcium andphosphorus

Blood cell formation hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of

bones


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66. What are the structure terms associated with a long bone?

67. What are the membranes found within bones?

Periosteum double-layered protective membranei. Outer fibrous layer = dense regular connective tissue

ii. Inner osteogenic layer composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

iii. Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic

vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foraminaiv. Secured to underlying bone by Sharpeys fibers

Endosteum delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

68. How is an osteon organized?

Haversian system (or osteon) the structural unit of compact bonei. Lamella weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed

mainly of collagen

ii. Haversian, or central canal central channel containing bloodvessels and nerves

iii. Volkmanns canals channels lying at right angles to the

central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of theperiosteum to that of the Haversian canal


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Anatomy Physiology Study Guide Test 1