Anatomy and Physiology Review

Anatomy & Physiology ReviewBy: Katie, Connie, Mike and BenMovement Across MembranesOsmosisFacilitated DiffusionDiffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of solute concentration to an area of solute concentration.Answer: Low to HighMovement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of concentration to an area of concentration.Answer: High to LowName the 5 things rate of diffusion is influenced byConcentration GradientCross (sectional area where diffusion occurs)TemperatureMolecular weight of a substanceDistance through which diffusion occursThe net movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration is best described by which of the following?DiffusionActive transportOsmosisFacilitated DiffusionExocytosis

Answer: A Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion?

A) The lower the diffusion, the higher the temperature. B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.C) The lower the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. D) The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate.Answer: B. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. The process of ___ was demonstrated using a suspension of small particles. Individual particles appear to vibrate due to collisions with moving molecules.

OsmosisBrownian MovementDiffusionLysis

Answer: B

Identify the Types of Diffusion.SimpleFacilitatedSodium ions are "pumped" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration in the nerve cells of humans. This process is an example of

a. Diffusionb. Passive transportc. Osmosisd. Active transportDiffusion, passive transport and osmosis are examples of movement that does not require cellular energy. Since sodium ions are pumped against the concentration gradient, it requires work and is called active transport.

What is simple diffusion?A. Movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the help of a carrier. B. Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentrationC. Net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationMatching!IsotonicHypotonicHypertonicSolutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosolSolutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosolSolutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosolsolutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

Basic Terms - is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another -Is the study of the function of the bodys structural machinery. Answers:1. Anatomy2. PhysiologyTrue or False Lateral is away from the head or toward the lower part of the body.Answer: False, Lateral is away from the midline of the body. The elbow is distal to the wrist.Answer: False, The wrist is proximal to the elbow. The knee is superior to the pelvis.Answer: False, The knee is inferior the pelvis.

Name the 4 Quadrants

Right Upper QuadrantLeft Upper QuadrantRight Lower QuadrantLeft Lower Quadrant Name the 9 Abdominal Regions

Right Hypochondriac EpigastricLeft HypochondriacRight LumbarUmbilicalLeft LumbarRight IliacHypo-gastricLeft Iliac What Quadrant is the gallbladder located?Answer: Right Upper Quadrant

Which of the following best describes anatomical position?

A. Body facing forward, toes pointing forward, palms facing backwardB. Body, toes, and palms facing backwardC. Body facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forwardD. Body facing backward and palms facing outwardAnswer: CName the 5 cavities of the head.NasalOralOrbitalMiddle EarSynovial

Body Cavities Dorsal Cavity has 2 subdivisions, they areVertbralCranial What are the subdivisions of the Ventral Cavity?Thoracic:Superior Mediastinum PleuralParicardial Abdominal Pelvic Name the organs in each cavity.CranialDorsalVertebralThoracicDiaphragmAbdominalPelvic

Measurement1 kilometer (km) is equal to 1 centimeter (cm) is equal to1 millimeter ( mm) is equal to1 micrometer( um) is equal to 1000 meters.01 meters0.001 meters0.000001 metersMeasurement Two kilograms is _______ grams. Answer: 2,000 grams. Three decagrams is _______ grams.Answer : 30 grams. A milligram is ______ gram.Answer: 1/1000 of a gram. MeasurementHow many centimeters in 53 inches?Answer: 134.62 cm ( 2.54 x 53 = 134.62 ) 21. Convert 185 lbs to kilograms Answer: 84.09 kilograms ( 185/2.2 = 84.09 )

MatchingFrontal (Cornal)

Median (Sagittal)

Transverse (Horizontal)

ParasagittalDivides body into left and right (equal parts).Separates into superior and inferior parts (doesnt have to be equal).Separates body into unequal left and right parts.Separates body into anterior and posterior. 23Name the PlaneMidsaggital

Name the Plane.

Transverse!Name the Plane.

Midsagittal!Name the Plane.

Anterior!25. What is the difference between parietal and visceral serosa?The Parietal Serosa is the part of the membrane lining the cavity wall.

The Visceral Serosa lines the organs inside the cavity.

The serous membrane lining the surface of the lung is the:

Parietal pleura Visceral peritoneum Visceral pleuraPeritoneal pleura Answer: C

Name ALL the organs in the mediastinum.Esophagus TracheaHeartThymusAortaPulmonary arteryLymph nodes

What is the other name for the serosa? Mesothelium

Which of the following suffixes implies "growth" or "formation":-blast-cyte- stasis None of the aboveAnswer: A

Blastocyst.What are the four types of tissue?

When a blood vessel is severed, the damaged epithelial tissue that lines the vessel would beMesotheliumB. simple columnarC. EndotheliumD. simple cuboidal

Answer: C. Endothelium!!!!

What are the 7 functions of epithelial tissue?Reproduction (production of sperm from the gonads.) Sensory reception (smell and taste.)Transport (mucus in the trachea by cilia.)Exchange/filtration ( oxygen and carbon dioxide through the capillary walls.)Absorption (of water and ions.)Secretion (hormones, sweat, mucus.) Protection ( saliva, bacteria in intestines.)

Epithelia that consist of more than one layer of cells is termedStriated StratifiedStipulated Intercalated Answer: B

What type of tissue is this?Simple Squamous Epithelium Tissue

Stratified epithelium is usually found in areas of the body where the principal activity is

A. filtrationB. protectionC. absorptionD. Diffusion

Answer: B. Protection (Like the skin!!!)

Where is this located?Esophagus. Name this tissue.Stratified Columnar Epithelium Tissue

Epithelial tissues perform all of the following functions exceptproduce glands that secrete materialsprotect from dehydration or mechanical damageprovide a selectively permeable barrierprovide a structural framework for other tissuesProvides sensory surfaceAnswer: B Epithelial tissue provides a structural framework for other tissues .... for this is the work of the basement membrane.

Name this Tissue.

Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumName this Tissue.

Ciliated Psuedostratified Culumnar EpitheliumName the location of these macrophages.Dust cell-B. Kupffer cells-C. Histiocyte-D. Langerhans cell-E. Microglia- Found in the liver

Found in the respiratory tract.

Found in the nervous system

Found in connective tissue

Found in the skin

Name this Tissue and what you see.

Loose (Areolar) Connective TissueElastic Fibers Collagen FibersFibroblastWhat type of Tissue is this?Dense Regular ConnectiveTissue

What type of Tissue is this?

AdiposeRead the following statements carefully. Which of the following is/are INCORRECT statements:Cartilage heals slower than skin because cartilage is a deeper tissue.The inside lining of the intestine has a large surface area because of the presence of cilia.Adipose is a type of connective tissue because that is where fat is stored.Only 1 and 2Only 2 and 31,2,3Only 1, 3Answer: B

What cell is this?

Name the cells.

What is the arrow pointing to?

Name the 3 major layers of the skin.EpidermisDermisHypoder-mis

What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?Stratum BasaleStratum SpinosumStratum GranulosumStratum LucidumStratum Corneum Which of the 5 layers of skins is only found in the thick skin for example on your heals ?A. Stratum basaleB. Stratum spinosumC. Stratum granulosumD. Stratum lucidumE. Stratum corneum

Answer: D. stratum lucidum A

1.) Stratum Corneum2.) Stratum Lucidum3.) Stratum Granulosum4.)Stratum Spinosum 5.) Stratum Basale6.) Papillary Layer7.)Dermal Papillae8.) Reticular Layer9.) Hypodermis10.) Sebaceous (oil) Gland11.) Sweat Gland12.) Hair Follicle13.) Arrector Pili Muscle14.) Apocrine Gland Which of the following is responsible for the waterproofing of skin?MucusKeratinhyaline cartilageMyosinboth a and bAnswer: B

Which glandular epithelium is out side of the body?Endocrine Exocrine.

Answer: Exocrine

Name the membranous organelles.MitochondriaGolgi AperatusRibosomesSmooth ERRough ERLysosomesNucleus

Where are calcium ions stored in the cell? Smooth ERRough ERNucleus Cytoplasm

Answer: A. Smooth ERWhat is the plasma membrane?Double layered protein surrounding the cell.phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.Single layer of protein surrounding the nucleus.I have no idea!!!

What are the tencharacteristics of life?CellsOrganization MetabolismHomeostasis HeredityResponsivenessGrowth

ReproductionDigestionMovement

What three pigments for the color of skin?MelaninCarotenehemoglobin

Where is Sebaceous Glands located in the body?Everywhere except your hairEverywhere in the bodyEverywhere except your palmEverywhere except your solesC and DAnswer: EWhat will happen to our body if Sebaceous glands stop functioning?Loss of memoryDry skinIncrease risk of skin infectionDehydrationa, b, cb, c, dAnswer: F

The space between the pleurae of the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column is theA.) CraniumB.) MediastinumC.) Pericardial CavityD.) ThoraxAnswer: B

Ciliated Epithelium that is destroyed by disease would cause malfunction of which of the body systems?A.) DigestiveB.) SkeletalC.) RespiratoryD.) Circulatory

Answer: C

What is HCO3-A.) A weak AcidB.) HydrogenC.) Nitro oxideD.) A bicarbonate ion

Answer: D

is a fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth.A.) Vitamin KB.) CortisolC.) Vitamin AD.) Vitamin D

Answer: D

Sucrose is aA.) MonosaccharideB.) DisaccharideC.) PolysaccharideD.) Triglyceride

Answer: B

Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential?A.) In the polarized state, sodium and potassium ion concentration are in static equilibrium.B.) Both potassium and sodium ions can leak through the cell membrane due to diffusion.C.) The maintenance of the potential is based exclusively on diffusion process.D.) When the sodium-potassium pump is activated, potassium is pumped into the cell twice as fast as the sodium is pumped out, thus causing membrane potential. Answer: AA surgical pathology specimen from a 24-year-old woman seen at a reproductive clinic demonstrates a ciliated columnar epithelium. Where did this specimen come from?A.) Fallopian tubeB.) EndometriumC.) OvaryD.) Cervix

Transcytosis isA.) Combining an endosome with a lysosome and degrading or releasing the contents.B.) Transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other by releasing the contents by exocytosis.C.) Recycling the contents of the endosome back to the surface of the cell.Which of the following types of connective tissue exhibits these characteristics:Copious amount of blood vesselsDominated by large empty looking cells with thin margins and considerable amounts of stored lipidsOften palePerforms cushioning functions for the kidneys and the posterior portions of the eyesA.) AreolarB.) Dense regularC.) Dense irregularD.) AdiposeE.) Reticular

Answer: DMatchingSerous membrane

Endothelium

Mucous Membrane

Cutaneous

The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior membraneConsists of keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumFound lining the digestive and respiratory tractsMakes up the pleura and pericardiumLines blood vessels and the heartThe epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body

MatchingTight junctions

Desmosomes

Gap junctionsHelp prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cellsType of anchoring junctionCommunicating junctionPresent in electrically excitable tissuesAbundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress

Name the 3 interdependent components of control mechanisms.Receptor- Monitors the environment & responds to changesControl center- determines the set point at which the variable is maintainedEffector- provides the meant to respond to the stimuli