Anatomy of Circulatory System

8/11/2019 Anatomy of Circulatory System

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LINA-PANDU-MARTHIN-MARSELLA-BOBY

ANATOMY OF CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM


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The components

Vessels

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

HEART BLOOD


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Two Circuit Path

Pulmonary circuit

The right side of the

heartthe lungs the

left side of the heart.

Systemic circuit

The pathway between

the left and right sides ofthe heart.


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Circulatory routes

Simply put: heartarteriesarteriolescapillariesvenulesveinsheart

In a portal systemblood passes through two consecutive

capillary networks before returning to the heart An anastomosisis a point where two veins or arteries

merge with each other

Venous anastomosisprovide alternative routes ofdrainage from an organ, so blockage of a vein is seldom

life threatening Arterial anastomosisis where two arteries merge and

provide collateral (alternate) routes of blood supply


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Mediastinum

The mediastinum : superior

and inferior

The inferior mediastinum

subdivided by the pericardium

into anterior, middle, andposterior parts.

The pericardium and its

contents (the heart and roots

of its great vessels) constitute

the middle mediastinum


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The Cardiovascular System1


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HEART The heart pumps blood into large vessels

that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the

blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.


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2. Blood Vessels -A network of tubes Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart

Elastic Fibers

Circular Smooth Muscle Capillaries where gas exchange takes place.

One cell thick Serves the Respiratory System

VeinsVenules moves towards the heart

Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back

from legs One way values

When they break - varicose veins form

2


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Arteries

Arteries are more muscular than veins

3 types:

Conducting or elastic arteries-largest, expand

when ventricles contract (aorta is example)

Distributing or muscular arteries-distribute blood

to specific organs (brachial artery is example)

Resistance or small arteries-vary in location andnumber, smallest are arterioles


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Contain thin layer of endothelium designed for diffusion (tunicainterna)

Location for the exchange of gases

Few located in tendons, ligaments, and none in cartilage,epithelium, and cornea and lens of eye

Organized into capillary bedswhich increase the total surface areaand slows blood flow


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Veins and venules

Venulesare small veins that connect to capillaries

Venous sinuses-are veins with very thin walls, large

lumens, and no smooth muscle (coronary sinus, dural

sinus)

Veins have a much lower blood pressure than arteries

(usually about 10 mmHg)

Veins have thinner walls and collapse when empty

Veins can expand to accommodate more blood than

arteries (considered to be blood reservoirs) Upward flow of blood depends in part on the massage

action of skeletal muscle and on the presence of one

way venous valvesthat keep blood from dropping down

again when muscle relaxes


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These valves are not present in small veins and very

large veins, veins of the ventral body cavity, and veins of

the brain Varicose veinsare caused by pooling of the blood and

stretching of the vein


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Pulse points


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Paths of Circulation

1. Pulmonary circulation-begins withpulmonary trunkpulmonary arteries-

--lobar arteries in lungs----capillary

beds---venules---veins---pulmonaryveins---left atrium

2. Systemic circulation-blood flow to rest of

body, often named for location


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Pathway of Circulation

Oxygen-poor blooddraining from the bodythrough veins into thesuperior and inferior venacavaflows to the right

atrium, through thetricuspid valve, and intothe right ventricle.

As the right ventriclecontracts, oxygen-poor

blood passes through thepulmonary valveinto thepulmonary arteriesandon to the lungsto receiveoxygen.


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Pulmonary circuit


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Arteriole Venule

Tissue cellsVeinArtery capillaries

Capillaries
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Illu_capillary.jpghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Illu_capillary.jpg


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Systemic circuit

composed of vessels that lead from the

heart to all body parts (except the

lungs) and back to the heart includes the aorta and its branches

includes the system of veins that

return blood to the right atrium


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Pathway of Circulation

Oxygen-rich blood fromthe lungs enters the heartthrough the pulmonaryveins, passing into the leftatrium.

Then through the mitralvalve to the left ventricle.Contraction of the leftventricle forces bloodthrough the aortic valve

into the aorta.

Various arteries branch offfrom the aorta to supplyblood to all parts of the

body.


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Branches of Aorta

Ascending aorta-arises from the left ventricle

Branches into coronary arterieswhich supply the heartmuscle

Aortic arch gives off 3 branches: brachiocephalic trunk,

left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery brachiocephalic trunkwhich splits into right common carotid

artery(supplies right side of head and neck), and rightsubclavian artery(supplies right upper limb and some of thorax)

Descending aorta-passes downward behind the heart,

called thoracic aortaabove the diaphragm andabdominal aorta below it. It ends when it forks into leftand right common iliac arteries


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Arteries to Head and Neck and

Brain

Branches of subclavian and common carotid

arteries supply neck, head, and brain

Vertebral arteriesarise from subclavian arteries

and supply vertebrae and their ligaments andmuscles

Vertebral arteries unite to form basilar arteryin

brain, and terminates by branching into two

posterior cerebral arteries(these help form

Circle of Willis)


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Carotid arteries Left and right common carotid arteriesascend deeply in neck and divide

into external and internal carotid arteries

External carotid artery gives off branches that supply neck, face, jaw, scalp,

and base of skull

Internal carotid artery follows a deep pathway to the base of the skull and

enters cranial cavity and provides a major blood supply to the brain


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Circle of Willis


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Arteries of Shoulder and Upper Limb Subclavian arterycontinues into limb and becomes the axillary

artery(supplies axilla, and chest wall)

Axillary artery becomes the brachial artery(humerus to elbow)

Brachial artery gives rise to deep brachial arterywhich suppliestriceps muscle

Brachial artery divides at elbow into ulnar artery and radial artery


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Arteries to Pelvis and Lower Limb

Abdominal aorta divides into common iliac arteriesat

pelvic brim This divides into internal iliac artery(pelvic muscle,

viscera, gluteal muscles, and external genitalia)

Also divide into external iliac arterywhich is the main

blood supply to the lower extremity External iliac arterybecomes the femoral artery

Femoral branches into popliteal artery (behind knee)

Popliteal artery divides into anterior and posterior tibial

artery

Anterior tibial artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

which supplies the instep and toes


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Posterior tibial arterydescends beneath the calf muscle

Largest branch from posterior tibial artery is the fibular

arterywhich travels along the fibula


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Abdominal aorta and major branchesThe gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries are part of the

celiac trunk.(splenic artery supplies spleen, gastric artery-stomach, renal artery-

kidney, common hepatic artery-liver)

ANATOMY : KIDNEY


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ANATOMY : KIDNEY

( ANTERIOR VIEW )


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ANATOMY : INTRARENAL ARTERIES


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Venous system

Returns blood to heart after gas, nutrients,

and wastes are exchanged between blood

and body cells

The veins from all systemic areas of the

body merge into either the superior vena

cava or inferior vena cava


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Major veins


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Deep veins of arm

V i f bd i l d th i


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Veins of theabdominal and thoracic

walls Veins from abdominal viscera originate in capillary

networks of stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleenand carry blood into the hepatic portal vein to the liver

From there blood enters hepatic sinusoids

Tributaries of this hepatic portal system include: rightand left gastric veins (stomach), superior mesentericvein (small intestine, ascending and transverse colon),splenic vein (spleen), inferior mesenteric vein(descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)

After entering hepatic sinusoids the blood travels intohepatic veins then into inferior vena cava


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Hepatic Portal System

Functions to filter deoxygenated but NUTRIENT RICHblood received from digestive system to get rid of toxinsand bacteria BEFORE it is distributed to rest of body

Liver receives venous blood from digestive organs viaportal vein

Portal vein divides into 2 branches (left and right) whichenter liver

These keep branching until they form the hepaticsinusoidswithin the lobes of the liver

The hepatic sinusoids unite to form the hepatic veinswhich exit the liver and enter the inferior vena cava


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Hepatic portal vein


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Veins that drain abdominal viscera


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ANATOMY : RENAL ARTERY & VEIN


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ANATOMY : RENAL ARTERY & VEIN

V i li b d l i


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Veins fromlowerlimb and pelvis

Deep veins of leg have names that correspond to arteries theyaccompany

These include anterior and posterior tibial veins

At knee these merge to form popliteal vein

This continues through thigh as the femoral vein, which becomes

the external iliac vein Superficial veinsof foot, leg, thigh connect to form a complex

network beneath the skin and drain into 2 major trunks: the great

and small saphenous veins

Small saphenousvein passes upward behind lateral malleolus and

eventually joins the popliteal vein The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body. It passes

along themedialside of the leg and thigh and eventuallyjoins the

femoral vein (use this one in coronary bypass surgery)


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Vessels leading to internal iliac veindrain the reproductive organs,

urinary, and digestive

Internal iliac veins originate deep in pelvis and ascend to unite with

the right and left iliac veins to form common iliac veins These merge to produce the inferior vena cava at the 5thlumbar

vertebra


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Veins that drain the lower extremity


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Anatomy of Circulatory System