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In the name of God
Anatomy:
Muscular System
Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2013
Anatomical Terminologyتعاريف آناتىميک
superiorفىقاني •inferiorتحتاني •
anteriorقدامي •
posteriorخلفي •
midlineخط وسط •
midclavicularوسط ترقوه اي•
supine خىابيده بو پشت •
prone خىابيده بو رو •
خىابيده بو پهلى••
medial داخلي •
lateral خارجي •
distal دور •
proximal نسديک •
Adductionنسديك كردن بو تنو •
Abductionدور كردن از تنو •
Flexion( روي مفصل)خم كردن•
Extension( مفصل) بازكردن•
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Movement:
Flexion and Extension
Flexion
Bending or
decreasing angle
between bones
Extension
Straightening or
increasing angle
between bones
Hyperextension
Extension beyond a
normal limit
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Flexion and Extension
Elbow joint flexedFlexor muscles contractedExtensor muscles relaxed
Elbow joint extendedExtensor muscles contracted
Flexor muscles relaxed
biceps
triceps
Section through arm
Flexormuscles
Extensor muscles
HumerusBone
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______- Muscle that bends the joint when
contracted.
________- Muscle that straightens the joint
when contracted.
Flexor
Extensor
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Flexion and Extension
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
Movements of the spine
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Movement:
Abduction and Adduction
Abduction (ab = “away”)
Moving away from the
midline in the coronal
plane
Adduction (ad = “to”)
Moving toward the
midline in the coronal
plane
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Abduction-Adduction
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Pronation- Supination
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Rotation
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Movement:
In, Out, Up and Down
Retrusion vs. Protrusion Elevation vs. Depression
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Movement:
Extremity Movements
Opposition vs. reposition
Eversion vs. inversion
Supination vs. pronation
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Muscle
Is responsible for almost all the movements in animals
3 types
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Involuntarycontrolled byautonomicnervous system
Skeletal muscle(aka striped orstriated muscle)
voluntarycontrolled bysomatic nervoussystem
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Types of Muscle Tissue
There are three main types of muscle tissue
Skeletal(striated)
Cardiac(heart)
Smooth(visceral)
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Comparison of Muscle Types
Muscle Type Cardiac
FunctionMovement of
bone
Walls of internal
organs + in skinLocationAttached to bone Heart
SmoothSkeletal
Striated- light and
dark bands
Many nuclei
Striated
One or two nucleiCharacteristicsNon-striated
One nucleus
(visceral)
Long + slender BranchingShape Spindle shape
Control Mode
Beating of heart
Involuntary Involuntary
Movement of
internal organs
Voluntary
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Muscles & the Skeleton
Skeletal muscles cause the skeleton to
move at joints
They are attached to skeleton by tendons.
Tendons transmit muscle force to the
bone.
Tendons are made of collagen fibres & are
very strong & stiff
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Antagonistic Muscle Action
Muscles are either contracted or relaxed
When contracted the muscle exerts a pullingforce, causing it to shorten
Since muscles can only pull (not push), theywork in pairs called antagonistic muscles
The muscle that bends the joint is called theflexor muscle
The muscle that straightens the joint iscalled the extensor muscle
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The best known example of antagonistic
muscles are the bicep & triceps muscles
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Muscle Movement
______- Muscle that bends the joint when
contracted.
________- Muscle that straightens the joint
when contracted.
__________ muscle
is short, firm, tight
and thicker around.
_______ muscle is
stretched, long, loose
and thinner around.
Flexor
Extensor
Relaxed
Contracted
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Macroscopic Structure of Muscle
_________- attaches muscle to bone
_______- attachment of muscle to immovable (fixed) bone (anchors muscle)
________- attachment to bone that moves when muscle contracts
_____- bulging middle part of the muscle
Belly of
Biceps
Tendon
Origin
Insertion
Belly
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Muscle + Bone Interaction
• Ligament
• Tendon
• Cartilage
• Body (Belly)
• Origin
• Insertion
• Contracted muscle
• Relaxed muscle
• Flexor
• Extensor
B
C
F
F
B
F
B
C
D
E
G
D C
A
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M
u
s
c
l
e
T
I
s
s
u
e
A
n
a
t
o
m
y
Muscle
Filaments
Myofibrils
Muscle Fibers
Fascicle
Muscles are made up of bundles
of muscle fibers, called fascicles
Fascicle is a bundle of muscle
fibers
A muscle fiber is a muscle
cell….made up of many
small myofibrils
Myofibrils
contain filaments
Two types of
protein
filaments
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Muscle Structure
• Each muscle fibre is actually a single muscle cell
• These giant cells have many nuclei
• Their cytoplasm is packed full of myofibrils
• These are bundles of protein filaments that cause contraction
• Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) also contains mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
nuclei stripes myofibrils
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D
C
B
A
Muscle Tissue
AnatomyWhat parts do you
remember?
1. Muscle
2. Fascicle
(bundle of fibers)
3. Muscle fiber
(muscle cell)
4. Myofibrils3
4
2
1
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Head and Neck
عضالت سرو گردنMasseter جونده
Temporalis گیجگاهی
Pterygoid medial/Lateral
Sternocleidomastoid
پستانی-چنبری-جناغی
Frontalis
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Sternocleidomastoid
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Biceps barchii
Brachioradialis
Brachialis
Triceps barchii
Subscapularis
Infra spinatus
Supra spinatus
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نواحي دست
Cubital fossa
Tenar area
HypoTenar area
Upper Extremity
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BrachialisOrigin: distal anterior
humerus
Insertion: ulnar
tuberosity and coronoid
process
Innervation:
musculocutaneous
nerve
Action: elbow flexion
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CoracobrachialisOrigin: coracoidprocess
Insertion: medial humerus opposite deltoid tuberosity
Innervation: musculocutaneousnerve
Action: shoulder flexion
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BrachioradialisOrigin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: lateral aspect of radial styloid process
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: elbow flexion, especially w/ forearm in neutral position
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Triceps brachiiOrigin: long head from inferior glenoid rim, lateral head from posterior humeral ridge, medial head from distal 2/3 of posteromedial humerus
Insertion: olecranonprocess
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: elbow extension
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AnconeusOrigin: lateral epicondyle
of humerus
Insertion: lateral aspect of
olecranon and posterior
ulna
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: assists elbow
extension
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Deltoid
Supra spinatus
Infra spinatus
Supra spinatus muscle
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Subscapularis
Subscapularis
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:چرخش بازو به خارج
تحت خاری
گرد کوچک
:چرخش بازو به داخل
گرد بزرگ
ساب اسکاپوالریس
پهن پشتی
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Flexor/pronator group
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
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Pronator Teres
Origin: common flexor
tendon at medial
epicondyle and medial
coronoid process
Insertion: lateral surface
of radial shaft
Innervation: median
nerve
Action: forearm
pronation
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin: common flexor
tendon at medial
epicondyle
Insertion: base of 2nd
and 3rd metacarpals
Innervation: median
nerve
Action: flexes and
abducst/radial deviate
the wrist
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: common flexor tendon at medial epicondyle and proximal 2/3 of posterior ulnar border
Insertion: pisiform, hamate and 5th
metacarpal
Innervation: ulnar
Action: flexes and adducts/ulnar deviate the wrist
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Origin: common flexor tendon at medial epicondyle, medial aspect of coronoid process and oblique line of radius
Insertion: sides of middle phalanges of 2nd
– 5th digits
Innervation: median nerve
Action: flexes PIP joints, assists flexion of MCP and wrist joints 58http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Origin: anteriomedial proximal ulna
Insertion: bases of distal phalanges (anteriorly) of 2nd-5th
digits
Innervation: 1st and 2nd
tendons by anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve), 3rd and 4th tendons by ulnar nerve
Action: flexes DIP joints, assists in flexion of PIP and MCP joints 59http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp
Palmaris Longus
Present in approximately
70% of population
Origin: common flexor
tendon at medial
epicondyle
Insertion: palmar
aponeurosis
Action: flexes wrist and
tenses palmar
aponeurosis
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Supinator
Extensor carpi radialis
longus
Extensor carpi radialis
brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor/supinator group
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Supinator
Origin: lateral
epicondyle, annular
ligament/RCL and
supinator crest of ulna
Insertion: lateral
proximal 1/3 of radius
Innervation: posterior
interosseous nerve
(deep branch of radial
nerve)
Action: forearm
supination 62http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Origin: lateral
supracondylar ridge of
humerus
Insertion: dorsal base of
2nd metacarpal
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: extend and
abduct/radial deviate
the wrist
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Origin: common
extensor tendon at
lateral epicondyle
Insertion: dorsal base of
3rd metacarpal
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: extend and
abduct/radial deviate
the wrist
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin: common
extensor tendon at
lateral epicondyle
Insertion: ulnar side of
base of 5th metacarpal
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: extend and
adduct/ulnar deviate the
wrist
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Extensor Digitorum
Origin: common tendon
from lateral epicondyle
Insertion: bases of
middle and distal
phalanges via bands of
4 tendons
Innervation: radial nerve
Action: MCP/IP joint
extension
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Trunk Musclesعضالت تنه و پشت
Trapezius ذوزنقه
Latissmus dorsi پهن پشتی
Pectoralis major/ minor کوچک /سینه ای بزرگ
Serratus anterior دندانه ای قدامی
Obliques Externus/ internus داخلی /مایل خارجی
Transversus abdominis عرضی شکم
Rectus abdominis مستقیم شکمی
Diaphragmahttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp 68
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Latissmus dorsi
Serratus
anterior
Pectoralis
major
Rectus
abdominis
Obliques Externus
Pectoralis Minor
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Trapezius
Latissmus dorsi
Deltoid
Supra spinatus
Infra spinatus
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Lower Extremityعضالت پا
Quadriceps femoris
Gluteus maximums
Biceps Femoris
Tibialis Anterior
Triceps surae
Popliteal Fossa
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Posterior Muscles of
Lower Extremity
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Gluteus maximums
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Quadriceps femoris
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Hamsrtring MusclesBiceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
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Hip flexor stretch
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Release soleus
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Location of
Muscles
Skeletal
Muscles
Anterior
view
Quadriceps
group
Rectus abdominis
Quadriceps Group
External Obliques
Frontalis
Masseter
Tibialis Anterior
DeltoidPectoralis Majorbiceps brachii
Brachioradialis
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Location
of Muscles
Skeletal
Muscles
Posterior
view
Hamstring
group
Trapezius
Hamstring
group
Gastrocnemius
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus
maximus
Triceps brachii
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F
A
D
C
B
E
L
K
J
H
G
P
O
N
M
I
Muscles You Need to Know• 1. brachioradialis
• 2. biceps brachii
• 3. deltoid
• 4. external oblique
• 5. frontalis
• 6. gastrocnemius
• 7. gluteus maximus
• 8. hamstring group
• 9. latissimus dorsi
• 10. masseter
• 11. pectoralis major
• 12. quadriceps group
• 13. rectus abdominis
• 14. tibialis anterior
• 15. trapezius
• 16. triceps brachii
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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You can see Mount Damavand on the Karkas mountains at 300 Km
distance- Iran