Anatomy - Introduction_terminology

8/9/2019 Anatomy - Introduction_terminology

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Thehe Humanuman Bodyody: Anatomicalnatomical

R ii Di tii ti d B ddegionsegions Directionsirections andand Bodyody

Cavitiesavities


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An Introduction to the Human BodAn Introduction to the Human Bod

• Anatomy

– science of structure – relationships revealed by dissection (cutting

– imaging techniques

Ph i l• Physiology – science of body functions

–

– some genetic variations occur


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Overview of Anatom and Ph sioloOverview of Anatom and Ph siolo•• AnatomyAnatomy – the study of the structure of body parts

– Gross or macroscopic

– Microscopic

– Developmental

•• PhysiologyPhysiology – the study of the function of the body’s

s ruc ura mac nery


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Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy

RegionalRegional – all structures in one part of the body

SystemicSystemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by

system

SurfaceSurface – stud of internal structures as the relate to

the overlying skin


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–

changes caused by disease

a ograp c ana omya ograp c ana omy – s u y o n erna

structures visualized by X ray

Molecular biologyMolecular biology – study of anatomical structures

at a sub-cellular level


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Microscopic Anatomyy

CytologyCytology – study of the cell

HistologyHistology – study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy

Traces structural changes throughout life

EmbryologyEmbryology – study of developmental changes of

the body before birth


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Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

• The anatomical position is astandardized method of observingor imaging the body that allowsprec se an cons s en ana om ca

references

• ,the subject stands

– standing upright

– facing the observer, head level

– eyes facing forward

– feet flat on the floor

– arms at the sides

– palms turned forward (ventral)


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Basic Anatomical TerminologyBasic Anatomical Terminology


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• prone , prone

position

• If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine

position


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Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

• Bod erect

• Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward

• Thumbs point away from

body

Figure 1.7a


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Directional Terms Used to Describe theDirectional Terms Used to Describe the

Position of one Structure to AnotherPosition of one Structure to Another

(Cephalic/Caudal)

(Ventral/Dorsal)

Medial/Lateral

Intermediate: Between

Ipsilateral/Contralateral

Proximal/DistalSuperficial/Deep


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Directional TermsDirectional Terms

•• Superior and inferiorSuperior and inferior – toward and away from the

,

•• Anterior and posteriorAnterior and posterior – toward the front and back

•• Medial, lateral, and intermediateMedial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the, ,

medial and lateral structure

•• –

origin of the body

•• Su erficial and deeSu erficial and dee – toward and awa from the

body surface


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Directional TermsDirectional Terms Table 1.1


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Directional TermsDirectional Terms Table 1.1


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Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View

•• AxialAxial – head, neck,

and trunk

•• AppendicularAppendicular –

limbs

•• Specific regionalSpecific regional

terminologyterminology

Figure 1.7a


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Regional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b


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Body PlanesBody Planes

•• SagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

•• Midsa ittalMidsa ittal or medialor medial – sa ittal lane that lies on the

midline•• Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior

and posterior parts

•• Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides

•• Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally


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Basic body planes or sectionsBasic body planes or sections

These terms are used for lanes or sections

that cut the body,

organs, tissues, or cells


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Body Planes

Figure 1.8


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Example of how planes

would cut the brainould cut the brain


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Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Figure 1.9a


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• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is

divided into two subdivisions

– Cranial cavity is within the skull and encasesthe brain

– Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral

column and encases the s inal cord

• Ventral cavity houses the internal organs

v scera , an s v e n o wo su v s ons: -Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities


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Body CavitiesBody CavitiesFigure 1.9b


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• Thoracic cavit is subdivided into leural cavities

the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity

– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity,

– Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart


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• The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the

superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped

ap ragm

• It is com osed of two subdivisions

– Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,

intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

– Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains

, ,


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• Parietal serosa lines internal bod walls


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Ventral Body Cavity MembranesVentral Body Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10a


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Ventral Body Cavity MembranesVentral Body Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10b


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Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities

• Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the

• Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose

• –

• Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit

sound vibrations• Synovial – oint cavities


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AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

• Right upper (RUQ)

• Left upper (LUQ)

• Left lower (LLQ)

Figure 1.12


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Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

• Umbilical

• p gas r c

• Hypogastric

inguinal

• Right and left lumbar• Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1.11a


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Organs of theOrgans of the AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic RegionsRegions

Figure 1.11b


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Anatomical VariabilityAnatomical Variability

• Humans vary slightly in both external and internal

anatomy

• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match

,

– Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of

lace – Small muscles may be missing

• Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen


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Princi le of Com lementarit Princi le of Com lementarit

• Function always reflects structure

• What a structure can do depends on its specific form


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Levels of Structural Or anizationLevels of Structural Or anization

•• ChemicalChemical – atoms combined to form molecules

•• CellularCellular – cells are made of molecules

•• OrganOrgan – made up of different types of tissues

•• Organ systemOrgan system – consists of different organs that work

closely together

•• OrganismalOrganismal – made up of the organ systems


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Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization

2 Cellular level

Molecules

Smooth m uscle cell

Chemical level

Atoms combine to

form molecules

1

Smooth

3 Tissue level

Tissues consist of

muscle

t issue

Heart

Cardiovascular

system

cells

Smooth

Epithelialtissue

Blood

vessels

6 Organismal level

The human organism is

made up of many organ

systems

Connectivetissue

tissue

vessel

(organ)

45 Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different organs

that work together closely

Organ level

Organs are made up of

different types of tissues

Figure 1.1


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•• HomeostasisHomeostasis is the abilit to maintain a relativel

stable internal environment in an ever-changing

outside world

• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamica dynamic

state of equilibriumstate of equilibrium

• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to

maintain homeostasis


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• Disturbance of homeostasis or the bod ’s normal

equilibrium

• Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms

allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms

to take over


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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization


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Within multi-cellular organisms there is division of

. .

alive is divided (division) among the different parts ofthe body. Each part has a job to do and as each part

oes s spec a o , wor s n armony w a e

other parts.

The arrangement of specialized parts within a living

thing is sometimes referred to as levels of

. ,

organization.


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Nerve Cells Skin Cells


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Level Two: TissuesLevel Two: Tissues

In any multi-cellular organism, cells rarely work alone.

Cells that are similar in structure and function are

usua y o ne oge er o orm ssues. ssues are e

second level of organization

ere are our as c ma or ypes o ssues n e

human body: Muscle tissue, nerve tissue, connective

tissue, and epithelial tissueOther kinds of tissue include bone tissue (a strong

solid tissue that gives you shape and support) made of

Blood cells in your body are part of blood tissue, aliquid tissue responsible for transporting food and


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Connective tissueonnective tissue body. Blood, fat, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and tendons

are all connective tissues.

Nerve tissue carries messages back and forth between the

. ,

cord, and nerves are made up of nerve tissue.

Muscle tissue can contract, or shorten . Because of this,

muscle tissue makes parts of your body move.

Epithelial tissue covers and lines the surfaces of your

, .

protective barriers. Skin is one example.

L l h OL l h O


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Level Three: OrgansLevel Three: Organs

,they form an organ

Level Four: Organ SystemsLevel Four: Organ Systems


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Level Four: Organ SystemsLevel Four: Organ Systems

Each organ in your body is

part of an organ system; a

group o organs a wor

together to perform a major function.

e.g. your heart is part of

our circulator s stem which carries oxygen and

other materials throughout

.

heart, blood vessels are

organs that work in your

circulatory system.

The nervous system detects


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The nervous system detects

and interprets information

from the environmentoutside the body and from

within the bod controls

most body functions.

disease.

removes wastes.

controls many bodyprocesses by means of

chemicals, like

hormones.


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The muscular system

enables the body to move;

moves oo roug e

digestive system, and keepsthe heart beating.

The skeletal systemsupports and protects the

body, and works with the

muscular s stem to allow

movement; makes andstores blood cells and

materials.


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Anatomy - Introduction_terminology