Anatomy Integumentary System Darlene

7/30/2019 Anatomy Integumentary System Darlene

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Integumentary System & Body

Membranes

Ch. 4


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Please Turn to Page 93 in Your

Book. 2 types of body membranes: Epithelial and

Connective

A membrane= a very thin strong pliable

tissue which covers, lines or connects parts

of an organism


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Epithelial Membranes

Simple organs which contain epithelial andconnective tissue there are 4 types:

Cutaneous Membrane: Skin

Mucous Membranes: (Mucosa) Epithelium on

loose connective tissue. Lines body cavaties thatopen to the outside. Ex.Most form Secretions

Serous Membrane (Serosa): Simple Squamous

epithelium on areolar connective tissue. Lineclosed body cavities

Synovial Membranes: Only connective tissue,

They line joints and tendons.


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What do all membranes have in

common? 1) They all have layers

2) Serous and Mucous Membranes have

parietal layers forming the outside wall andvisceral layers that cover the organs

3) The Serous Membrane secretes a fluid

like the mucosal membranes which decreasefriction.


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Serous Membranes To Know:

Serous

Peritoneum- Lining of the abdominal cavity

and its organs

Pleura- Lining of the lungs and thoracic cavity

Pericardium- Membrane around the heart

All have visceral and parietal layers.


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Ravaged


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Scared
http://162.129.70.33/images/scan_001.jpg


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http://162.129.70.33/images/cystic_acne_conglobata_3_050322.jpg


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11/64But Repairable!
http://162.129.70.33/images/Acne_Vulgaris_Cystic_1_060403.jpg


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How did this pimple happen to

YOU? .


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Questions?

What is acne?-Acne is a disorder resulting from the action of hormones and othersubstances on the skin's oil glands (sebaceous glands) and hair follicles

What causes it? The hair, sebum, and keratinocytes that fill the narrow follicle mayproduce a plug, which is an early sign of acne. The plug prevents sebum from reaching the surface ofthe skin through a pore. The mixture of oil and cells allows bacteriaPropionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) that normally live on the skin to grow in the plugged follicles. These bacteria produce attractwhite blood cells that cause inflammation. When the wall of the plugged follicle breaks down, it

spills everything into the nearby skinsebum, shed skin cells, and bacterialeading to lesions orpimples. Hormonal changes , heredity, and some medications.

How is it treated?Benzoyl peroxidedestroysP. acnes, and may alsoreduce oil productionResorcinolcan help break down blackheads and whiteheadsSalicylic acidhelps break down blackheads and whiteheads. Also helps cutdown the shedding of cells lining the hair follicles

Sulfurhelps break down blackheads and whiteheads What doesnt cause it? Chocolate, caffeine, greasy foods, dirt, stress- no effect

Who gets it? (Hint its not nobody) yup, anybody, slows down after40 or 50.


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In order to find out how we all get

pimples, we need to know the parts of

the skin.

Review parts of the skin


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So here is how it happens

.

orAcne

Treatment

Video
http://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/acnehttp://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/acnehttp://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/acnehttp://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/acne


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What is skin?

Its an organ

Made of cutaneous membrane. Superficial

epidermis made of stratified squamousepithelium and dense connective tissue.

Length of replacement? Youth: 28-30 days,

Elderly 45-50 days


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Is skin the same thing as the

integumentary system? No.

Skin is a cutaneous membrane

Integumentary system includes sweat and

oil glands, hair, and nails.

Integument= covering


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What is the jobs of the skin?

Pg. 95 Regulates heat loss.

Excretory functions for urea, salts, and

water. Water Retention

Manufactures proteins

Synthesizes vitamin D Integrate with the nervous system for touch

sensation


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What are the three layers of the

skin?*


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What is the job of the epidermis?

Keratinizes: becomes hard for protection

Avascular: only the lowest level of the

epidermis is close enough to capillaries togain nutrients. That means: the skin you see

is all dead! Shedding skin doesnt hurt!!!

Contains Melanin: pigment produced by

melanocytes.


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Layers of the Epidermis


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Layers of Epidermis

Stratum Basaledeepest, onlyepidermal cells

Stratum Spinosum-make Keratinocytes Stratum Granulosum-fuse cells

together

Stratum Lucidumonly on hands/feet Stratum Corneumtop layer, filled

with keratin


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Epidermis Skin Layers

Granulosum

Spinosum

Lucidum

Basale

Corneum


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What is the job of the dermis?

Its leather. Protective, strong, living, and

houses many other tissues.

Sweat Glands: maintain body temp.Excrete waste.

Hair follicles/bulbs: for warmth

Nerves: pain, pressure, temperature

Blood vessels: maintain body temp


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2 Regions of Dermis

Papillary layer

contain capillaries for nutrientsfor epidermis

pain and touch receptors

Regulates temperature


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2 Regions of Dermis

Reticular Layerdeepest skinlayer

Blood vessels, sweat and oilglands, and deep pressure

receptorsThick collagen strengthens skin


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Papillary and Reticular Layers


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Skin Color

Melanin (yellow, reddish brown, orblack)

Carotene

Oxygen bound to hemoglobin in

dermal blood vesselsPoorly oxygenated blood causes

cyanosis in Caucasians


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What do Melanocytes do?

Produces pigment to protect the cells DNA.


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Alterations in Skin Color

Redness (erythema)embarrassment, fever, allergy

Pallor (blanching)fear, anger

Jaundice (yellow)liver disorder,

excess bile Bruisesblood escaped circulated

and clots in tissue spaces


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What is an appendage of the

skin? Append= to hang on

These are things that hang on or are

attached to the skin.

Appendages include: Glands, Hair, and

Nails

All appendages are part of the epidermis


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What is the job of hair and hair

follicles? Guards the head and eyes as well as

respiratory tract from particles & impact.

Head Hair retains body heat. All other bodyhair is a vestigial feature.

Hair Follicles grow hair


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What are the parts of the hair follicle?

Pg. 96 Root of hair is enclosed in the hair follicle

(The hair bulb matrix= zone of growthwhich contains melanin).

Hair grows up the shaft to the surface of theskin.

The bulk of hair is dead. There are 3 layers

to hair: 1) Medulla, 2) Cortex, 3) Cuticle(Protection against abrasion, Damage=SplitEnds)


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Hair Growth


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What makes hair look different?

The amount of melanin secreted

The shape of the hair is regulated by the

shape of the hair follicle which changesthe shape of the hair shaft.

Round Hair (straight shaft)= Straight and

Coarse

Oval Hair= Wavy and Smooth

Curley Hair (hooked shaft)= Flat


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Used for protection

The root of the nail is embedded in theskin. Grows from the nail matrix. The

cells, heavily Keratinized die.

Extends along the nail bed. Lunulamoon shaped beginning of nail

Fig4.7 pg. 102 Lun= moon

What are the parts of the nail?


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Nail Growth


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What do the cutaneous glands

do? Exocrine glands that secrete onto the

surface of the skin. Sebaceous & Sweat

Sebaceous Glands- Produce oil all over thebody. Sebum used for softening, water

retention, killing bacteria. Increases when

testosterone is produced= Oily skin. Sweat Glands- helps maintain homeostasis


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What are the two types of sweat

glands? Eccrine Glands: Cover Body, Contain

H2O, Salt, Vit. C, Wastes, Lactic Acid

pH 4-6: antibacterial

Sweat pores are not easily visible, Contain

nerve endings for regulation

Develop 4th month gestation


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And the Other One?

Apocrine glands- auxiliary and genital

areas. Ducts empty into hair follicles.

Milky-yellowish in color, odorless. Bodyodor occurs when bacteria eat it. *Thought

to be used in excreting pheromones*

Develop 6th month gestation.Pheromones

And Mates
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.html


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Why do you not have wrinkles

when your young? Collagen fibers: Strong and keep the skin

hydrated (attract H2O).

Elastic fibers: Keep skin elastic. Like allelastic its less so after time.

Loose fat in the hypodermis. = sagging

Decrease in subcutaneous tissue, causes

dryness, cold sensitivity, and bruising in the

elderly


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What happens when the

epidermis and dermis separate? A blister

Caused by friction or burns.


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What causes goose bumps?

Smooth muscles called Arrector pili that

attach to hair follicles contract. Figure 4.5

pg. 100


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What is the job of the

hypodermis? Anchors the skin

Shock absorber

Insulates from temperature change

Gives shape to fatty areas of the body

Fat Lab

Time


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Skin Pop Quiz
http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_ehap_8/0,9797,1670743-,00.html


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Diseases of the Skin and Aging

Brace Yourself


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Problems of the skin

Bedsores orDecubitus Ulcers- Caused by

pinching off of the blood supply to the skin.

Occurs over bony areas of the body. Seefigure 4.4 on Pg. 98


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Alopecia

Fancy word for balding

By age 50, 1/3 of your hair follicles may be

lost

Severe alopecia can happen to anyone at

any age and is not thought to be genetic.

ALL BODY HAIR is lost!!!


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Infections and Allergies of Skin

Athletes foot (tinea pedis) fungus
http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_ehap_8/0,9797,1670743-,00.html


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More Diseases

Boils and carbuncles

inflammation of hair follicles and

sebaceous glands


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And another Disease

Cold soresherpes simplex virusactivated by emotional upset, fever or

UV radiation


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Contact Dermatitisitching,

redness, and swelling caused by

exposure to chemicals (poison ivy)


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Still more Disease

Impetigopink, water-filled,

raised lesions that develop a yellow

crust and rupturecaused by

staphylococcus


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Psoriasischronic condition of

reddened epidermal lesions

covered with dry scalestriggeredby trauma, infection, hormones,

stress
http://dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/colour/img/vitiligo4.jpghttp://dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/colour/img/vitiligo2.jpg


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Vitaligo

Three possible causes

Autoimmune attack

Malfunctioning nervesSelf destructive cells

Some treatments such as creams are

effective in early stages. Can effect anyone.
http://dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/colour/img/sunburn-vitiligo.jpghttp://dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/colour/img/vitiligo4.jpghttp://dermnetnz.org/common/image.php?path=/colour/img/vitiligo2.jpg


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What are the problems with

smoking and sun on theepidermis?

Leathery skin

Cold sore (herpes outbreak)

Depressed immune system

All from DNA damage.


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Review Burns and Skin Cancer

What are the ABCDs of Skin Cancer?

What are the 3deg. Of Burn?

Skin

Cancer

Link

Burns

http://www.virtualcancercentre.com/diseases.asp?did=539#What_is
http://www.understand.com/derm.asphttp://www.understand.com/derm.asphttp://www.understand.com/derm.asphttp://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=230475http://www.virtualcancercentre.com/diseases.asp?did=539http://www.virtualcancercentre.com/HumanAtlas/flash_content/clientNF.asp?anid=85http://www.virtualcancercentre.com/diseases.asp?did=539http://www.virtualcancercentre.com/HumanAtlas/flash_content/clientNF.asp?anid=85http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=230475http://www.understand.com/derm.asp


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Skin Cancer

Squamous Cell Basal Cell


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Administering Medications

Transdermal - skin patches for

nicotine, motion sickness, birth

controlslow absorption

Subcutaneousinsulin

moderate absorption Intramuscularvaccinesrapid

absorption


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Developmental Aspects

5th monthfetus covered withdowny hair (lanugo) that is shed by

birth Adolescenceskin and hairbecome more oily as sebaceousglands are activated (acne)


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Developmental Aspects

Aginghair thinning and baldnessmales

Gray hairdecreasing amount ofmelanin depositedcaused byanxiety, protein-deficiency,chemotherapy, excessive vitaminA, genetics

Documents

Anatomy Integumentary System Darlene