In the name of God

Anatomy:

Cardiovascular System

Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

drmoradian@sums.ac.ir

2015

The Cardiovascular System

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A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

The heart pumps blood

Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body

The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

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The Heart

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Location

Thorax between the lungs

Pointed apex directed toward left hip

About the size of your fist.

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The Heart

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Figure 11.1

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The Heart: Coverings

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پریکارد

(لیفی)فیبروزی

(اپی کارد)سروزی

جداری

احشایی

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The Heart: Coverings

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Pericardium – a double serous membrane

Visceral pericardium

Next to heart

Parietal pericardium

Outside layer

Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium

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The Heart: Heart Wall

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Three layers

Epicardium

Outside layer

This layer is the parietal pericardium

Connective tissue layer

Myocardium

Middle layer

Mostly cardiac muscle

Endocardium

Inner layer

Endothelium7http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Serous membrane

Continuous with

blood vessels

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The Heart: Heart Wall

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The Heart: Chambers

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Right and left side act as separate pumps

Four chambers

Atria

Receiving chambers

Right atrium

Left atrium

Ventricles

Discharging chambers

Right ventricle

Left ventricle10http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Chambers of the heart; valves

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Blood Circulation

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Figure 11.313http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

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The Heart: Valves

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Allow blood to flow in only one direction

Four valves

Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles

Bicuspid valve (left)

Tricuspid valve (right)

Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Aortic semilunar valve15http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

The Heart: Valves

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Valves open as blood is pumped through

Held in place by chordae tendineae )“heart strings”(

Close to prevent backflow

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Operation of Heart Valves

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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels

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Aorta

Leaves left ventricle

Pulmonary arteries

Leave right ventricle

Vena cava

Enters right atrium

Pulmonary veins (four)

Enter left atrium20

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External Heart Anatomy

Slide 11.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 11.2a21http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Coronary Circulation

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Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium

The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system

Coronary arteries

Cardiac veins

Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

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Coronary Arteries

These arteries supply

blood to the heart

85% is supplied by the

left coronary artery

The left coronary

artery divides into the

left anterior

descending and

circumflex arteries

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Coronary Veins

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Heart Contractions

Slide 11.14b

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Figure 11.5

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Blood Vessels: The Vascular System

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Taking blood to the tissues and back

Arteries شریان / سرخرگ ها

Arterioles شریانچه / سرخرگ هاي كوچك

Capillaries مویرگ ها

Venules وریدچه / سیاهرگ هاي كوچك

Veins وریدها / سیاهرگ ها

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The Vascular System

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Figure 11.8b

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Differences Between Blood Vessel Types

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Walls of arteries are the thickest

Lumens of veins are larger

Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veinstoward the heart

Walls of capillaries are only one celllayer thick to allow for exchangesbetween blood and tissue

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Movement of Blood Through Vessels

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Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart

Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood

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See pp. 351-

359 for all

circuits

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Jugular Vein

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Pacemakers

Assists the heart in generating a perfusing

rhythm.

Can be either a single or dual chamber.

May function constantly or on demand.

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