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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues
The cell is the building block of all human things
Smallest unit capable of life by itself
Made of primarily 4 elementsC
H
O
N
Cell
arbon
ydrogen
xygen
itrogen
Includes many other elements important for functions
Cells are about 60% water and are bathed in interstitial fluid
Cells
The generalized cell is used to describe typical cell features.
In general all cells have 3 main parts
Cells
3 main parts:
•Nucleus
•Cytoplasm
•Plasma membrane
Cells
Nucleus
The Control Center
Genes located here
Genes contain coded information
that tells how protein molecules will be
made.
Nucleus
DNA has the instructions for building the body
Nucleus
Has 3 structures:
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Selective and permeable
Site where ribosomes are assembled Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis
When the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin.
When dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes
Nucleus
ChromatinWhen the cell is not dividing DNA is combined with protein to form chromatin.
When the cell is dividing the chromatin forms chromosomes
Plasma Membrane
Has 2 layers of lipids with 1 layer of protein. The two fats are phospholipids and cholesterol.
Some of the proteins are enzymes
Enzymes are special proteins
Plasma Membrane
Microvilli – tiny hair like projections that increase the surface area for absorption to occur more quickly
Cytoplasm
Outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.
Contains organelles: the “machinary” of the cell.
Organelles
Means “little organs”
We will look at 9 organelles
Organelles: Ribosomes
Tiny round dark bodies Made of protein and RNA
Site for protein synthesis
Some float free in cytoplasm,others attach to the cell membrane
Organelles: Ribosomes
2. ribosomes
Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Fluid filled canals twisting through the cytoplasm
Network of channels to carry substances through the cell Rough ER
Smooth ER
Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Studded with ribosomes.
Forms building material for cellular membranes
Does not synthesis protein. Does synthesis and breakdown cholesterol, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs
Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Smooth ER
8. Rough ER
11. Smooth ER
Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
Stack of flattened membraneous sacs.
A “traffic director” for proteins
Modifies and packages proteins.
Organelles: Golgi Apparatus
4. Golgi
Organelles: LYSOSOMES
Membaneous bags containing powerful digestive enzymes
Digest worn out or non usuable cell structures and foreign bodies
Especially abundant in WBC
Contains enzymes
Organelles: LYSOSOMES
9. lysosome
Organelles: Peroxisomes
Membaneous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful or poisonous substances
Disarms dangerous free radicals
Accumulated free radicals can cause Cancer
Especially abundant in liver and kidney cells
Organelles: Mitochondria
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Sausage shaped but can change shape continuously
Contain shelf like projections called Cristae
Contain enzymes used to break down food
As food is broken down, energy is released
Released as heat or used to form ATP
Abundant in liver and muscle cells
Organelles: Mitochondria
10. mitochondria
Organelles: Cytoskeleton
Network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm
Acts a cells bones and muscles
Includes :
•Intermediate filaments
•Microfilaments
•Microtubules
Gives cell shape and support
Organelles: Cytoskeleton
Organelles: Centrioles
Rod shaped bodies close to the nucleus
Important during cell division
Organelles: Centrioles
1. centrioles
Organelles: Cilia and Flagella
Projections to move substances along
Flagella are projections that are much longer then cilia.
Found in sperm cells and are used to propel the cell itself.
Organelles: Centrioles
5. Microvilli
6. nucleolus7. nucleus
Passive Transport
No energy required from cell.
1.Diffusion
2. Filtration
Passive Transport
Diffusion:
Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Kinetic energy
(energy of motion)
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Passive Transport
Osmotic pressure: tendency of a solution to hold water or pull water into it.
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Passive Transport
Hypertonic
Cell will shrink.
Solution has more solutes then inside cell.
More water inside cell then outside cell so water leaves cell and goes into solution.
Cell shrinks.
Passive Transport
Isotonic
Cell will stay the same
Same solute and water concentration as cell.
Cell stays the same.
Passive Transport
Hypotonic
Cell will swell
Solution has fewer solutes.
Water rushes into cell.
Cell swells.
Passive Transport
Salt SucksSalt SucksRemember:
Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
Filtration:Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure.
In the body the blood exerts hydrostatic pressure
Still Movement from a high concentration to a low
concentration.
Active Transport
The cell uses some of its ATP to move substances across the cell membrane
1. Solute Pumping
2. Bulk Transport
Active Transport
Or active transport.
Uses ATP to move substances from a low concentration to a high concentration
1. Solute Pumping
The cell keeps the intracellular solute concentration low by pumping out ions
Active Transport
Also uses ATP to go from a low concentration to a high concenration but is used when the substance cannot move across the plasma (cell) membrane
2. Bulk Transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Active Transport
Moves substances out of the cell.
Waste material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and spills out of the cell
Exocytosis
Active Transport
Moves substances into the cell.
Material are packaged in a sac that fuses to the membranes and moves into the cell
Endocytosis
Active Transport
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
When large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells are engulfed it is called:
Cell eating (large particles)
Cell drinking
Cell Division
Occurs to produce more cells for growth or repair
MitosisResults in the formation of 2 daughter cells with exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus
Mitosis
Meiosis
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2323
Cell Division
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase Page 69
Cell Division
ProphaseChromosomes appear
DNA replication has already occurred.
Each chromosome is actually made of 2 strands
Cell Division
Metaphase
Chromosomes cluster and become aligned @center of the spindle
Cell Division
Anaphase
Chromosomes begin to move apart to opposite ends of the cell.
Cells begin to split
Cell Division
TelophaseProphase in reverse.
Chromosomes become chromatin again.
Cells have completely split
Cell Division
Body Tissues
Groups of cells with a similar function form tissues
4 major type of tissues
Body Tissues
Epithelium
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
4 major type of tissues
Body Tissues
EpitheliumLining, covering and glandular tissues of the body
Protects Skin protects against bacteria
Lining of respiratory tract sweeps debris away
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Absorb
Filter
Secrete
Lines digestive organs and intestines to absorb food
In kidneys
Glands. Secrete perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes, mucous
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Generates easily.
Does not have their own blood supply.
Simple and Stratified
Squamous
Cubodial
Columnar
Glandular
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, esophagus, mouth, outer part of skin
Squamous1.
13.
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Glands and ducts, salivary glands, pancreas, walls of kidneys
Cubodial5.
9.
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Digestive tract: mouth to anus, mucous membranes
Columnar11.
15.
Body Tissues - Epithelium
Endocrine glands: secrete hormones into blood.
Exocrine glands: sweat and oil
Glandular
Body Tissues
Connective
Connects body parts
Most abundant of all tissue types
Most have their own blood supply
The exception is tendons and ligaments
Protect, support and bind together other body tissues
Body Tissues
ConnectiveBone
Cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Dense
Loose
Areolar & Adipose
Blood
Body Tissues - Connective
Bone
Osseous tissue
Protects and supports
14.
Body Tissues - Connective
CartilageMore flexible then bone 3.
Body Tissues - Connective
Cartilage – 3 types
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
Most wide spread. Larynx, ribs to breastbone, ends of bones
ears
Disc btw vertebrae
Body Tissues - Connective
Dense Form strong rope like structures like:
tendons
ligaments
Connects muscle to muscle and muscle to bone
Connects bone to bone
Body Tissues - Connective
Dense
10.
Body Tissues - Connective
LooseSofter
2 types:
Aerolar
Adipose
Body Tissues - Connective
LooseSofter
Aerolar
Cushions and protects. Acts as a glue to hold internal organs in place
17.
Body Tissues - Connective
LooseSofter
AdiposeAlso called FAT. Forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
Insulates and protects
Stores fat for fuel when needed
8.
Body Tissues - Connective
BloodVascular tissue
4.
Body Tissues
Muscle Contracts or shortens to produce movement
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Body Tissues - Muscle
Attached to the skeleton
Voluntary
Striated
Skeletal
You control movements
Stripes for strength
2.
Body Tissues - Muscle
Found only in the heart
Involuntary
Striated
Cardiac
not controlled by you
Stripes for strength
16.
Body Tissues - Muscle
Or visceral muscle tissue
Involuntary
nonstriated
Smooth
not controlled by you
No stripes, extra strength not needed
18.
Body Tissues
NervousMade of cells called neurons
Has the characteristic of:
Irritability
conductivity
senses stimuli
Reacts to stimuli
7
12.
Tissue Repair
Regeneration
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Tissue Repair
Fibrosis - repair with dense connective tissue
Tissue Repair
Epithelial tissue, fibrous connective and bone usually repairs well.
Tissue Repair
Skeletal muscle repair poorly
Cardiac and nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord are replaced only by scar tissue
Tissue Repair
NeoplasmAbnormal mass of proliferating cells.
Can be benign or malignant
Tissue Repair
Enlarged because of an irritant or stimulus.
benign
hyperplasia
Tissue Repair
Without development
Decrease in size. Occurs when decrease in stimulus. Muscles with no stimulus atrophy
atrophy
Meiosis
Mitosis
Review
The smallest unit capable of life
by itself is the _______________?cell
Review
What two substances are found in
the plasma membrane?
protein and lipids
Review
Which types of cells are most
likely to have microvilli?
those specializing in absorption
Which two organelles consume lots of oxygen?
Perioxisomes and mitochondria
Review
What is the coded information that dictates the structure of a protein molecule?
gene
Review
Groups of cells make?
tissues
Review
Groups of tissues make?
organs
Review
Groups of tissues make?
organs
Review
Powerhouse of the cell?
mitochondria
Review organelles
Synthesizes steroid hormones?
Smooth ER
Site of ribosome synthesis?
nucleolus
Review organelles
Assembles and packages materials to be secreted from the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Smooth cardiac and skeletal?
muscle
Review tissues
Lines body cavities, covers surfaces?
epithelium
Cartilage, adipose, areolar?
connective
Review tissues
Cubodial, columnar, squamous?
epithelium
Another name for adipose tissue?
fat
Review tissues
Which tissue is UNABLE to repair after injury?
Nervous – in the brain and spinal cord
A RBC in a hypertonic solution?
Will shrink
Review
A RBC in a hypotonic solution?
swells