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Anatomy and Physiology Assignments: 5/4/2020 – 5/15/2020
Directions: We will finish up the Lymphatic System with a fun project, then learn some new information about
the Respiratory system. I have also included an activity I wanted to do all year!
Join us on Google Classroom, if you can:
4th Period: zp7jrrq 7th Period: ndy5pfp
Week 1: ~ 5/4/2020 – 5/8/2020
Cereal Box Project: Using the knowledge you gained through the Bacteria vs Viruses
assignments, you will research a human disease and turn it into a fun cereal! I have attached the
instructions and rubric for the project. I also included an article with a variety of diseases to
choose from if you cannot use a computer. I highly suggest creating a physical project, so you
can use a cereal box, little Debbie box, tissue box, PowerPoint, Word or Google Docs, or hand
draw the pages. Have fun with this one!
Week 2: ~ 5/11/2020 – 5/15/2020
School year Survey: I would have liked us to complete a little survey about the year in my class,
at the end of the year. I have attached it for you to complete. This is for me to improve the class
for next year! Just be honest and thorough.
Respiratory article/ video: I have attached 3 Khan Academy articles that break down the parts of
the lungs. I recommend reading these before making your own Bottle Lungs!
Bottle lungs: This is an activity I really wanted to do with you guys this year. I have attached
pictures as well as a materials list. Give this a try but always be careful while constructing.
Microbes or Microorganisms – Diseases Caused by Microorganisms – Diseases Caused ByBacteria, Viruses, Protozoans and Fungi.
Source: NCERT Science Textbooks Class 6-12, Wikipedia
Microbes or Microorganisms
Microorganisms [microbes] include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, some algae, viruses,viroids and also prions that are proteinacious infectious agents. Viruses reproduce onlyinside the cells of the host organism, which may be a bacterium, plant or animal.
Type Of OrganismAffected
Details
Diseases Caused By BacteriaDiseases Caused By VirusesDiseases Caused By ProtozoansDiseases Caused By Fungi
2.0.0.4)
2.0.0.5)
2.1) 2.2) 2.3) 2.4)
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Microorganisms may be single-celled like bacteria, some algae and protozoa, ormulticellular, such as algae and fungi. They can survive under all types of environment,ranging from ice cold climate to hot springs and deserts to marshy lands.
Microorganisms like amoeba can live alone, while fungi and bacteria may live in colonies.
Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
Disease CausativeAgent
Mode OfTransmission
Type OfOrganismAffected
Details
1. Diseases Caused By Bacteria
Acne vulgaris(or simplyacne orpimples)
Propionibacteriumacnes
Directcontact/closecontact
Humans/
Adolescents
Skin disease that occurswhen hair folliclesbecome clogged withdead skin cells and oilfrom the skin.
Causes == Genetics +Excessive growth of thebacteriaPropionibacteriumacnes.
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracesContact withinfected meat
Mostanimalsincludinghumans
Causes skin infectionsand Gastrointestinal (GI)infection that are fatal.
French scientist LouisPasteur developed thefirst effective vaccine in1881.
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Water/food Humans Effects small intestine.The classic symptom islarge amounts ofwatery diarrhea thatlasts a few days.Vomiting and musclecramps may also occur.
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Diarrhea can be sosevere that it leadswithin hours to severedehydration andelectrolyte imbalance.
Citrus CankerXanthomonasaxonopodis
AirCitrus fruitplants
Infection causes lesionson the leaves, stems,and fruit of citrus trees.
Diptheria
Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae
Air/direct contact Humans
Symptoms: sore throatand fever. The neckmay swell in part due tolarge lymph nodes.Complications mayinclude myocarditis,inflammation of nerves,kidney problems, andbleeding problems dueto low blood platelets.Myocarditis may resultin an abnormal heartrate and inflammationof the nerves may resultin paralysis.
Pneumonia
[caused bybacteria orviruses]
Streptococcuspneumoniae andHaemophilusinfluenzae
Air bornedroplets ofsneeze
Humans
Pneumonia is aninflammatory conditionof the lung affectingprimarily themicroscopic air sacsknown as alveoli.
Peptic ulcers Helicobacter pylori HumansUlcers in the lining ofstomach and startingpart of small intestine
Plague Yersinia pestis Air/ direct Humans Unhygienic conditions
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contact is the main cause. [Youknow why Surat is oneof the cleanest cities inIndia?]
The symptoms ofplague depend on theconcentrated areas ofinfection in eachperson: bubonic plaguein lymph nodes,septicemic plague inblood vessels,pneumonic plague inlungs.
TuberculosisMycobacteriumtuberculosis
Air Humans
Tuberculosis generallyaffects the lungs, butcan also affect otherparts of the body. Mostinfections do not havesymptoms, known aslatent tuberculosis.About 10% of latentinfections eventuallyprogresses to activedisease which, if leftuntreated, kills abouthalf of those infected.The classic symptomsof active TB are achronic cough withblood-tinged sputum,fever, night sweats, andweight loss.
Typhoid Salmonella typhi Water Humans
Often there is a gradualonset of a high feverover several days.Weakness, abdominalpain, constipation, andheadaches alsocommonly occur.
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2. Diseases Caused By Viruses
AIDSHumanImmunodeficiencyVirus (HIV)
Blood exchangeHumans andprimates
Severely weakensimmunity and makesway for a number ofother pathogens.
Chicken Poxvaricella zostervirus (VZV)
Air/contact Humans
Chickenpox, also knownas varicella, is a highlycontagious disease. Thedisease results in acharacteristic skin rashthat forms small, itchyblisters. Less severethan small pox. Almosteradicated after theinvention ofvaccination.
Small PoxVariolamajor and Variolaminor
Air/contact/water Humans
One of the highlydreaded diseases that ishighly contagious.
Almost eradicated afterthe invention ofvaccination.
Chikungunya Chikungunya virus
Aedesmosquitoes, suchas A. aegypti andA. albopictus
Causes severe jointpains. Animal reservoirsof the virus includemonkeys, birds, cattle,and rodents. This is incontrast to dengue, forwhich primates are theonly hosts
Cold,influenza (flu)and mostcoughs
Rhino virusesAir bornedroplets ofsneeze
Humans
Summer are hostile forthe virus. Mostcommon during wintermonths.
Dengue fever Flavivirus Female Aedesmosquito
Humans high fever, headache,vomiting, muscle andjoint pains, and acharacteristic skin rash.
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In a small proportion ofcases, the diseasedevelops into the life-threatening denguehemorrhagic fever,resulting in bleeding,low levels of bloodplatelets and bloodplasma leakage, or intodengue shocksyndrome, wheredangerously low bloodpressure occurs.
Ebola Ebola virus Animal to manHumans andSomeAnimals
Ebola infection shows asudden onset of thedisease resultinginitially in flu-likesymptoms: fever, chillsand malaise.
As the diseaseprogresses, it results inmulti-systeminvolvements indicatedby the personexperiencing lethargy,nausea, vomiting,diarrhoea andheadache.
Foot andMouthDisease
Picornavirus[genusAphthovirus]
Close-contactanimal-to-animalspread
AnimalsSerious problem toanimal farming in India.
Hepatitis Bhepatitis B virus(HBV)
Blood Exchange,STD [Sexuallytransmitteddisease]
HumansAffects the liver. Acuteas well as chronic.
Measles measles virus Air Humans Complications occur inabout 30% and mayinclude diarrhea,blindness,
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inflammation of thebrain, and pneumoniaamong others.
Polio orPoliomyelitis
Poliovirus
Water/faecal-mouth
HumansWeak muscles leadingto deformations.
ZikaZika virus
Aedesmosquitoes, suchas A. aegypti andA. albopictus
Humans
3. Diseases Caused By Protozoans
Amoebiasis(amoebicdysentery)
Entamoebahistolytica
ContaminatedWater/food
Humans
Symptoms may includeabdominal pain, milddiarrhoea, bloodydiarrhea or severecolitis with tissue deathand perforation. Thislast complication maycause peritonitis.People affected maydevelop anemia due toloss of blood.
Dysentery Leishmania
Kala-Azar orVisceralleishmaniasis
Leishmania genus Sandflies Humans This disease is thesecond-largest parasitickiller in the world (aftermalaria).
The parasite migratesto the internal organssuch as the liver, spleen(hence “visceral”), andbone marrow, and, if
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Name:_______________________
1. Which activities did you enjoy most this year in Anatomy?
2. Which activities do you not enjoy this year?
3. What system(s) did you learn the best this year in anatomy (skin, bones, muscles, etc.)?
4. What would you like to learn about related to anatomy that we did not learn this year? Give as many
options as possible.
Respiratory Article
Vocabulary
alveoli
diaphragm
epiglottis
exhalation
external respiration
gas exchange
inhalation
internal respiration
larynx
pharynx
respiration
respiratory system
trachea
Roles of the Respiratory System
You breathe mostly without thinking about it. Remember how uncomfortable you felt the last time you had a
cold or a cough? You usually do not think about your respiratory system or how it works until there is a
problem with it. Every cell in your body depends on your respiratory system.
Your respiratory system is made up of the tissues and organs that allow oxygen to enter the body and carbon
dioxide to leave your body. Organs in your respiratory system include your:
Nose.
Mouth.
Larynx.
Pharynx.
Lungs.
Diaphragm.
These structures are shown in Figure below.
The respiratory system. Air moves in through the nose and mouth and down the trachea, which is a long,
straight tube in the chest.
Parts of the Respiratory System
Figure above shows many of the structures of the respiratory system. Each of the parts has a specific job. The
parts of the respiratory system include the following:
The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that spreads across the bottom of the rib cage. When the diaphragm
contracts, the chest volume gets larger and the lungs take in air. When the diaphragm relaxes, the chest
volume gets smaller and air is pushed out of the lungs.
The nose and nasal cavity filter, warm, and moisten the air you breathe. The nose hairs and mucus
produced by the cells in the nose catch particles in the air and keep them from entering the lungs. When
particles in the air do reach the lungs, what do you think happens?
Behind the nasal cavity, air passes through the pharynx, a long tube. Both food and air pass through the
pharynx.
The larynx, also called the "voice box," is found just below the pharynx. Your voice comes from your
larynx. Air from the lungs passes across thin tissues in the larynx and produces sound.
The trachea, or windpipe, is a long tube that leads down to the lungs, where it divides into the right and
left bronchi. The bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles in each lung.
Since food goes down the pharynx, how is it stopped from entering the trachea? A flap of tissue called
the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or inhaling food.
The bronchioles lead to the alveoli. Alveoli are the little sacs at the end of the bronchioles. They look
like little bunches of grapes, as shown in Figure below. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the
alveoli. Gas exchange is the name we give to the process that allows oxygen to enter the blood and
carbon dioxide to move out of the blood - the two gases are "exchanged."
The alveoli are the tiny grape-like structures in the lungs and the sites of gas exchange.
How We Breathe
Most of the time, you breathe without thinking about it. Breathing is mostly an involuntary action that is
controlled by a part of your brain that also controls your heart beat. If you swim, do yoga, or sing, you know
you can also control your breathing. Taking air into the body through the nose and mouth is called inhalation.
Pushing air out of the body through the nose or mouth is called exhalation. The man in Figure below is
exhaling before he surfaces from the pool water.
Being able to control breathing is important for many activities, such as swimming. The man in the photograph
is exhaling before he surfaces from the water.
How do lungs allow air in? As mentioned above, air moves into and out of the lungs by the movement of
muscles. The diaphragm and rib muscles contract and relax to move air into and out of the lungs. During
inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward. The rib muscles contract and cause the ribs to move
outward. This causes the chest volume to increase. Because the chest volume is larger, the air pressure inside
the lungs is lower than the air pressure outside. This difference in air pressures causes air to be sucked into the
lungs. When the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs. Exhalation is similar to letting
the air out of a balloon.
The walls of the alveoli are very thin and allow gases to enter into them. The alveoli are lined with capillaries.
These capillaries are shown in Figure below. Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries that
surround the alveoli. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction, from capillary blood to
the alveoli.
The bronchi and alveoli. During respiration, oxygen gets pulled into the lungs and enters the blood by passing
across the thin alveoli membranes and into the capillaries.
Breathing and Respiration
When you breath in, oxygen is drawn in through the mouth and down into the lungs. The oxygen then passes
across the thin lining of the capillaries and into the blood. The oxygen molecules are carried to the body cells by
the blood. Carbon dioxide from the body cells is carried by the blood to the lungs where it is released into the
air. The process of getting oxygen into the body and releasing carbon dioxide is called respiration.
Sometimes breathing is called respiration, but there is much more to respiration than just breathing. There are
actually two parts to respiration, external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration is the
movement of oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. Internal respiration is the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the cells of the body (Figure below).
The Journey of a Breath of Air
Breathing is only part of the process of bringing oxygen to where it is needed in the body. After oxygen enters
the lungs, what happens?
1. The oxygen enters the blood stream from the alveoli. Then, the oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart.
2. Oxygen-rich blood is then pumped through the aorta.
3. From the aorta, oxygen-rich blood travels to the smaller arteries and finally to the capillaries.
4. The oxygen molecules move out of the capillaries and into the body cells.
5. While oxygen moves from the capillaries and into body cells, carbon dioxide moves from the cells into
the capillaries.
Gas exchange is the movement of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood.
Breathing and Cellular Respiration
The oxygen that arrives at the cells from the lungs is used by the cells to help release the energy stored in
molecules of sugar. Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy (see the Cell
Functions chapter). The waste products of cellular respiration include carbon dioxide and water. The carbon
dioxide molecules move out of the cells and into the capillaries that surround the cells. As explained above, the
carbon dioxide is removed from the body by the lungs.
Lesson Summary
Your respiratory system is made up of the tissues and organs that allow oxygen to enter and carbon
dioxide to leave your body.
Respiratory system organs include your nose, mouth, larynx, pharynx, lungs, and diaphragm.
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and brings air into the lungs.
During exhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles relax and air is pushed out of the lungs.
Oxygen enters the lungs, then passes through the alveoli and into the blood. The oxygen is carried
around the body in blood vessels.
Carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves into the blood capillaries and is brought to the lungs to be released
into the air during exhalation.
The oxygen that arrives from the lungs is used by the cells during cellular respiration to release the
energy stored in molecules of sugar.
Review Questions
Recall
1. Name the five main organs in the respiratory system.
2. What is the main function of the respiratory system?
3. In what part of the lung does gas exchange occur?
4. What is the important gas that is carried into the lungs during inhalation?
Apply Concepts
5. A classmate says that lung muscles cause the lungs to move during breathing. Do you agree with your
classmate?
6. How do the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system work together?
7. Breathing is an involuntary action. Does this mean that you cannot control your breathing?
8. What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
9. What is the name of the waste gas that is released during exhalation?
Lung Anatomy in a bottle activity – Materials: Plastic bottle, washed out, label taken out
3 Small balloons
Straw
Construction Paper
Tape
Exacto knife
Instructions can be found under the book Maker Lab: 28 Super Cool
Projects. But the basic construct is that you will cut a bottle in half;
create a hole on the bottle cap and add a straw spliced in two taped to
two small balloons.
