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Anatomical Planes, Axes and

Directions and Body Systems

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Terms

Anatomy

study of the the structure and shape of the body

and body parts and their relationship to one

another.

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or

function.

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Definitions

Cell

Smallest unit of a living thing

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Definitions

Tissue

group of similar cellsthat have a common

function

4main types

Connective

Epithelial

Muscle Nervous

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Definitions

Organ

Structure that is composed of two or more tissue

typesand performs a specific function for the

body

Examples

Heart

Brain Lung

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Definitions

Organ System

A group of organsthat cooperateto accomplish a

common function

Examples

Digestive

Circulatory

Respiratory

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Definitions

Organism

highest level of organization in a living thing

11organ systems in the human body

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Organ Systems

Urinary (Excretory)

Respiratory

Integumentary

Muscular

Endocrine

Reproductive

Skeletal

Digestive

Circulatory (Cardiovascular)

Nervous

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Integumentary system

External body

covering - SKIN

Waterproofs, cushionsand protects

Serves in excretion

and temperature

regulation

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Skeletal System

Bones, cartilages,

ligaments and joints

Supports body

Provides framework for

muscles to cause

movement

Protects internal organs

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Muscular System

Enables the body to

move

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Nervous System

Fast acting control

system

Brain, spinal cord,nerves and sensory

organs

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Endocrine System

Slower-acting control

system

Glands that producehormones

Controls growth,

reproduction, food

use, etc.

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Cardiovascular System

3 main parts

Heart

blood vessels

blood

Carries oxygen,

nutrients, etc. to andfrom tissues.

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Lymphatic System

Helps return fluids

leaked from the blood

back to the bloodvessels

Cleanses blood

Role in immunity

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Respiratory System

Gets oxygen into the

body / bloodstream

Removes carbondioxide

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Digestive System

Tube running frommouth to anus

2 jobs that worktogether:

Breaks downfood

Absorbs nutrients

for use by the body

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Urinary System

Removes nitrogen

waste products from

blood and flushesthem from the body in

urine

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Major Life functions Maintaining boundaries

integumentary

Movement Muscular

skeletal

Responsiveness Nervous

Breaking down food digestive

Metabolism (using food to provide energy) Digestive; respiratory; circulatory; endocrine

Excretion Urinary

digestive Reproduction

Reproductive

endocrine

Growth endocrine

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Survival Needs

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water Body temperature

Atmospheric pressure

All these must be present in appropriateamounts

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Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Position

Left and right are from

SPECIMENSpoint ofview

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Regional Terms anterior landmarks

Abdominal

Axillary

Brachial

Carpal

Cervical

Coxal

Digital

Femoral

Nasal

Oral

Orbital Patellar

Pelvic

Pubic

Sternal

umbilical

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Regional Terms posterior landmarks

Calcaneal

Cephalic

Deltoid

Gluteal

Lumbar

Occipital

Sacral

Scapular Vertebral

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Directional Terms

Superior

Inferior

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Directional Terms

Anterior

Posterior

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Directional Terms

Medial

Lateral

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Directional Terms

Proximal

Distal

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Directional Terms

Superficial

Deep

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Body Planes and Sections

Section

Plane

Sagittal Frontal ; coronal

Transverse

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Planes

Sagittal

Left/right

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Planes

Frontal (coronal)

Anterior/posterior

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Body Cavities

Body cavities provide protection to organs

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Dorsal Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Contains brain

Spinal cavity Contains spinal

cord

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Ventral Body Cavity

Contains the visceral

organs

All structures in chest and

abdomen

2 divisions

Thoracic cavity

Above diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity Below diaphragm

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Two fundamental divisions of the

body

Axial

Appendicular

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Serous membranes

2 membranes

Parietal

lines body cavity

Visceral

Covers organs

Fluid in between

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