ANATOMI CAUDAL

• The sacrum• The sacrum consists of five fused vertebrae. markedly concave anterior and

convex posterior surfaces.

ANATOMY FOR ANAESTHETISTS, Harold 2007

ANATOMY FOR ANAESTHETISTS, Harold 2007

• The posterior sacral foramina lie in a vertical line about 2 cm apart. The easiest foramen to detect is that of S2, which lies about 1 cm medial and below the postero-superior iliac spine• The sacral hiatus, the triangular - posterior aspect of

the lower end of the sacrum, - epidural space terminates and the hiatus thus forms a convenient portal of entry into this compartment. • The sacral hiatus results from failure of fusion of the

laminae of the 5th sacral segmenta

ANATOMY FOR ANAESTHETISTS, Harold 2007

• The sacral hiatus usually lies 5 cm above the tip of the coccyx and directly beneath the uppermost limit of the natal cleft. In clinical practice, it is better to locate it by direct palpation of the depression which it forms between the sacral cornua. • The hiatus is roofed over by the posterior

sacrococcygeal ligament (about 1–3 mm thick), subcutaneous fat and skin; its ease of location varies inversely with the depth of the fat.• The coccyx consists of four fused rudimentary

vertebrae, although the first often remains as a separate piece. This first segment carries poorly developed transverse processes and upper articular processes; the latter are termed the cornua of the coccyx.

ANATOMY FOR ANAESTHETISTS, Harold 2007

ANATOMY FOR ANAESTHETISTS, Harold 2007

ANATOMY FOR ANAESTHETISTS, Harold 2007

Danilo Jan kovic ,Regional Nerve Blocks and I nfi It rat ion Therapy Textbook and Color Atlas 4rd Edition 2009

Textbook of Regional Anesthesia 2003 EDITION

P. PRITHVI RAJ MD